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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T17:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-23 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Agencia Nacional de Promocion de la Investigacion, el Desarrollo Tecnologico y la Innovacion doctoral fellowship PICT We describe the hand and foot musculature of the fossorial Indian purple frog, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, and compare it to other members of Sooglossoidea: the Seychellean sooglossid genera Sechellophryne and Sooglossus. Due to the key phylogenetic position of Sooglossoidea, we compare its members with the diversity of Anura and define 52 characters from the hand and foot musculature, among which 26 are novel hypotheses of homology. We found several synapomorphies for Sooglossus, Sooglossidae, Nasikabatrachidae and Sooglossoidea. Additionally, we (1) propose synapomorphies for diverse anuran clades at different taxonomic levels, (2) re-evaluate the identity of some conflicting plantar and palmar muscles in the context of Batrachia and (3) discuss putative adaptations to hind limb digging behaviour resulting from morphological convergences. The lack of a clear pattern of convergences among hind limb digging species suggests the occurrence of a phenomenon of many-to-one mapping from form to function. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, Angel Gallardo 470,C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Delhi, Dept Environm Studies, Systemat Lab, Delhi 110007, India Univ Nacl Misiones, Fac Ciencias Exactas Quim & Nat, CONICET, Inst Biol Subtrop,Lab Genet Evolut Claudio J Bida, N3300LQF, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, Colecao Anfibios, BR-04263000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2012/10000-5 FAPESP: 2013/20423-3 FAPESP: 2015/11237-7 FAPESP: 2016/21401-1 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 FAPESP: 2019/24979-2 PICT: 2015-813 PICT: 2015-820 PICT: 2018-3349 PICT: 2019-346 PICT: 2019-2519 PICT: 2019-2557

Several species of Cophomantini are known to have an enlarged prepollex, commonly modified as an osseous spine. We surveyed the osteology and myology of the prepollex and associated elements of 94 of the 190 species of Cophomantini, sampling all genera, except Nesorohyla. Two distinct prepollex morphologies were found: a blade-shaped and a spine-shaped morphology. We described the observed variation in 17 discrete characters to study their evolution in the most inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis for Cophomantini. Both morphologies evolved multiple times during the evolutionary history of this clade, but the origin of the spine-shaped distal prepollex in Boana and Bokermannohyla is ambiguous. The articulation of metacarpal II with the prepollex through a medial expansion of the metacarpal proximal epiphysis is a synapomorphy for Boana. The shape of the curve of the spine, and a large post-articular process of the distal prepollex, are synapomorphies for the Boana pulchella group, the latter being homoplastic in the Bokermannohyla martinsi group. Muscle character states associated with the spine-shaped prepollex are plesiomorphic for Cophomantini. We discuss evolution, function, behaviour and sexual dimorphism related to the prepollical elements. A bony spine is associated with fights between males, but forearm hypertrophy could be more related with habitat than with territorial combat.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Vocal sacs are among the most conspicuous features of anurans and are particularly striking in casque-headed treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) with their wide array of morphologies. In this paper, we assessed the anatomy of vocal sacs in representatives of the Lophyohylini, described eight discrete characters and studied their evolution. We inferred that dorsolateral projections of the vocal sacs were already present during the early evolution of the tribe. Subsequently, they reached surprising volumes in some species, whereas in others they were notably reduced. We inferred between nine and 11 independent events of reduction of the size and lateral projections of the vocal sac, showing unprecedented levels of plasticity for the structure. Moreover, these events were strongly correlated with the colonization of phytotelmata as breeding sites, probably due to their confined space which hampers the inflation of large vocal sacs. Finally, we discuss the evolution of paired lateral vocal sacs in different groups of anurans, and the extent to which the paired and dorsally-projecting lobes of most Trachycephalus differ from those of distantly related taxa. Our findings highlight how variation in internal structure affects the shape of the inflated vocal sac and provides a framework applicable across the Anura. Laboratório de Herpetologia 11.330-900 Instituto de Biociências Campus Do Litoral Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo División Herpetologiá Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales bernardino Rivadavia- CONICET, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470 Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologiá Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Laboratório de Herpetologia 11.330-900 Instituto de Biociências Campus Do Litoral Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo

The most ventral muscles of the head (the mm. submentalis, intermandibularis, and interhyoideus) provide support to the gular region and lift the buccal floor during ventilation and feeding. These muscles show limited variation in most gnathostomes, but in Anura they exhibit a surprising diversity. The few studies that have explored this character system highlighted its potential as a source of phylogenetic information. In this paper we explored the diversity of this character system studying specimens of 567 anuran species and reviewing published data to cover a total of 1321 species, belonging to 53 of the 54 currently recognized anuran families, as well as caudates and caecilians. We defined 27 discrete characters including the number of muscle bellies, supplementary layers, hypertrophy and diversity of elastic fibres, and pigmentation, among others, and optimized them on a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis. We recognized 223 unambiguously optimized synapomorphies for numerous clades on different scales, including three for Anura and many for suprafamiliar clades with poor phenotypic support. Finally, we discussed the evolution of this highly diverse character system, including homology, development, and its functional role in vocalization and feeding. Interestingly, the striking levels of variation in some structures contrast with the amount of phylogenetic inertia, allowing us to recognize several general patterns. Supplementary elements of the m. intermandibularis evolved first as broad layers occuring in more than half of extant anuran species and then concentrated forming discreet bellies in several clades. The anterior portion of the gular region is not sexually dimorphic, and is likely related to ventilation and tongue protraction. Conversely, the diversity of the m. interhyoideus is strongly linked to vocal sacs, which are present only in adult males, suggesting the presence of two independent modules.

Anurans show a wide variety of anti-predator mechanisms, and the species of the Neotropical clade Leiuperinae display several of them. Most species of Edalorhina, Physalaemus and Pleurodema show eyespots, hidden bright colours, macroglands in a inguinal/lumbar position, defensive behaviours and/or chemical defence. We conducted a histological analysis of dorsal and lumbar skin and revised the colour patterns, defensive behaviours and glandular secretions to study the diversity and evolution of anti-predator mechanisms associated with macroglands. We describe 17 characters and optimize these in a phylogenetic hypothesis of Leiuperinae. In the most recent common ancestor of Edalorhina + Engystomops + Physalaemus + Pleurodema, a particular type of serous gland (the main component of macroglands) evolved in the lumbar skin, along with the absence of the Eberth–Katschenko layer. A defensive behaviour observed in leiuperines with macroglands includes four displays (‘crouching down’ behaviour, rear elevation, body inflation and eye protection), all present in the same ancestor. The two elements associated with aposematism (hidden bright colours and eyespots) evolved independently in several species. Our results provide phylogenetic evidence for the startle-first hypothesis, which suggests that behavioural displays arise as sudden movements in camouflaged individuals to avoid predatory attacks, before the origin of bright coloration.

The light that emerges from a biological entity is relevant from many aspects. In thefirst place, it allows the construction of the organism?s image and consequently itis responsible for visual perception and communication. Secondly, it can becomean important tool in obtaining both physiological and chemical information fromthe observed entity, in a non-destructive way. When an organism is illuminated,the non-absorbed energy emerges as transmitted or reflected light. Additionally,fluorescence, phosphorescence or bioluminescence may be emitted. In ourresearch group, we have studied and modelled the light released as reflectanceand fluorescence for different biological systems like flowers, fruits, plant leaves,canopies, bird?s plumage and amphibians. In this review, we present the advances we have made in this area. They rangefrom the development of theoretical approaches to the implementation of optical methodologies for practical applications.The analysis of light interaction with biological material, which is the domain of biophotonics, has recently acquired greatimportance in view of the increasing use of optical techniques to the study of living tissues. However, the interpretationof the photophysical and spectroscopic properties of these systems is usually complicated by several factors: elevatedchromophore?s concentration, optical inhomogeneity, multi-scattering of photons and presence of multi-layered structuresin most cases. Because of these, the accurate modelling of the interaction with light helps to avoid artifacts and to betterinterpret the processes that take place. Physical models used in the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves andcanopies with application in remote sensing, optical methodologies for food control and quantification of fluorescence in vivofor evaluation of its biological relevance are examples of the use of the emission of light and will be presented in this review. Fil: Lagorio, María Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; Argentina Fil: Cordon, Gabriela Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina Fil: Iriel, Analia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; Argentina Fil: Romero, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; Argentina Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Taboada, Carlos. University of Duke; Estados Unidos

Resumen: Una publicacion reciente reporto al hilido endemico del Bosque Atlantico Trachycephalus mesophaeus para la ecoregion Chaquena en Argentina. En este trabajo, analizamos el especimen de referencia y demostramos que se trata de un ejemplar incorrectamente determinado del microhilido asiatico Kaloula pulchra , una especie comercializada a nivel mundial. De esta forma, no existe evidencia para considerar que T. mesophaeus esta presente en Argentina. Abstract: A recent publication reported the Atlantic Forest endemic hylid Trachycephalus mesophaeus for the Chacoan ecoregion in Argentina. In this paper, we analyzed the voucher specimen and showed that it is a misidentified specimen of the Asiatic microhylid Kaloula pulchra , a species commonly commercialized in the pet trade worldwide. Therefore, there is no evidence for the occurrence of T. mesophaeus in Argentina.

Amphibians have a great diversity of bioactive peptides in their skin. The cDNA prepro-peptide sequencing allowed the identification of five novel mature peptides expressed in the skin of Boana pulchella, four with similar sequences to hylin peptides having a cationic amphipathic-helical structure. Whole mature peptides and some of their fragments were chemically-synthesized and tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The mature peptide hylin-Pul3 was the most active, with a MIC= 14 µM against Staphylococcus aureus. Circular dichroism assays indicated that peptides are mostly unstructured in buffer solutions. Still, adding large unilamellar vesicles composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol increased the α-helix content of novel hylins. These results demonstrate the strong influence of the environment on peptide conformation and highlight its significance while addressing the pharmacology of peptides and their biological function in frogs.

The frog clade composed of the alsodid genera Alsodes + Eupsophus is the most species-rich of the Patagonian endemic frog clades, including nearly 31 of the slightly more than 50 species of that region. The biology of this group of frogs is poorly known, its taxonomy quite complex (particularly Alsodes), and its diversity in chromosome number striking when compared with other frogs (collectively, there are species having 2n = 22, 2n = 26, 2n = 28, 2n = 30 or 2n = 34). We present a phylogenetic analysis of this Patagonian frog clade based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. We sequenced five mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase I, 12S, 16S, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) with three intervening tRNAs, and fragments of three nuclear genes (seven in absentia homolog 1, rhodopsin exon 1, RAG-1), for a maximum of 6510 bp for multiple specimens from 26 of the 31 species. We recovered Eupsophus as polyphyletic, with E. antartandicus, E. sylvaticus, and E. taeniatus in Batrachylidae, in accordance with most previous hypotheses. Based on this result, we transfer E. antartandicus and E. taeniatus back to Batrachyla, and E. sylvaticus to Hylorina (resurrected from the synonymy of Eupsophus), remediating the paraphyly of Eupsophus. Our results strongly corroborate the monophyly of Alsodes + Eupsophus (sensu stricto), the individual monophyly of these genera, and the monophyly of the species groups of Eupsophus. They also show the non-monophyly of all non-monotypic species groups of Alsodes proposed in the past. Our results expose several taxonomic problems particularly in Alsodes, and to a lesser extent in Eupsophus. This phylogenetic context suggests a rich evolutionary history of karyotypic diversification in the clade, in part corroborating previous hypotheses. In Alsodes, we predict three independent transformations of chromosome number from the plesiomorphic 2n = 26. All these, strikingly, involve increments or reductions of pairs of haploid chromosomes. Finally, the phylogenetic pattern recovered for Alsodes and Eupsophus suggests a trans-Andean origin and diversification of the group, with multiple, independent ingressions over cis-Andean regions. Fil: Blotto Acuña, Boris Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina Fil: Nuñez, José J.. Universidad Austral de Chile. Instituto de Zoología; Chile Fil: Basso, Nestor Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Ubeda, Carmen Adria. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Wheeler, Ward C.. American Museum Of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina

The hands of adult males of many dendrobatid poison frogs and their relatives possess swelling formed by glandular tissue hypothesized to secrete courtship pheromones delivered to the female during cephalic amplexus. Variation in the occurrence and external morphology of the swelling of finger IV has provided important evidence for dendrobatoid systematics for decades, but its underlying structure has not been investigated. We undertook a detailed comparative analysis of the integument of the hand, including both external morphology and histology, of 36 species representing the diversity of dendrobatoid frogs and several close relatives. The swelling is caused by four densely packed, hypertrophic, morpho-histochemical types of specialized mucous glands (SMGs). We observed type I SMGs on fingers II-V and the wrist, including areas that are not swollen, types II and IV exclusively on finger IV, and type III on finger IV and the wrist. Type I SMGs occur either in isolation or together with types II, III, or IV; types II, III, and IV never occur together or without type I. We delimited 15 characters to account for the variation in external morphology and the occurrence of SMGs. Our data suggest that type I SMGs are a new synapomorphy for Dendrobatoidea and that type II SMGs originated in either the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Dendrobatidae or independently in the MRCAs of Aromobatidae and Colostethinae, respectively, while types III and IV are restricted to Anomaloglossus. The discovery of these SMGs adds a new dimension to studies of poison frog reproductive biology, which have investigated acoustic, visual, and tactile cues in courtship, mating, and parental care across the diversity of Dendrobatoidea for decades but have almost entirely overlooked the possible role of chemical cues.

Vocal sacs are present in most species of frogs and are the product of the interaction of three elements: the gular skin, the superficial submandibular musculature and an internal mucosa derived from the buccal floor. In this paper, we surveyed the structural diversity in the vocal sac of microhylids and related families in 109 exemplar species, including 11 of the 13 currently recognized subfamilies. We defined five characters related to anatomical and histological properties of the m. interhyoideus, as well as the relationship of this muscle and the vocal sac internal mucosa. We describe a vocal sac configuration characterized by highly abundant elastic fibres in association with muscle fibres, a very unusual structure in animal tissues. We discuss the evolution of novel structures in a phylogenetic context and identify new synapomorphies for Microhylidae and internal clades. Furthermore, we comment on the functional implications that these features have in vocal sac inflation.

The Neotropical hylid genus Sphaenorhynchus includes 15 species of small, greenish treefrogs widespread in the Amazon and Orinoco basins, and in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Although some studies have addressed the phylogenetic relationships of the genus with other hylids using a few exemplar species, its internal relationships remain poorly understood. In order to test its monophyly and the relationships among its species, we performed a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of sequences of three mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, and 193 phenotypic characters from all species of Sphaenorhynchus. Our results support the monophyly of Sphaenorhynchus with molecular and phenotypic evidence, with S. pauloalvini as the earliest diverging taxon, followed by S. carneus, as the sister taxon of all remaining species of the genus. We recognize three species groups in Sphaenorhynchus (the S. lacteus, S. planicola and S. platycephalus groups), to facilitate its taxonomic study; only three species (S. carneus, S. pauloalvini and S. prasinus) remain unassigned to any group. Sequence data were not available for only two species (S. bromelicola and S. palustris) for which we scored phenotypic data; wildcard behaviour was detected only in S. bromelicola nested inside the S. platycephalus group. On the basis of the resulting phylogenetic hypothesis, we discuss the evolution of oviposition site and a number of phenotypic characters that could be associated with heterochronic events in the evolutionary history of this group. Fil: de Araujo Vieira, Katyuscia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Blotto Acuña, Boris Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Confalonieri, Ulisses. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Baptista Haddad, Célio Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina Fil: Grant, Taran. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Secondary sexual characters form a diverse group of traits widely spread in amphibians. Within anurans, the Hylini tribe represents an interesting group to examine the evolution of this type of characters because it has different skin structure modifications, including ventrolateral glands, nuptial pads, and unique swollen upper lips. We analysed the skin gland composition in the upper lip of Plectrohyla guatemalensis and the ventrolateral gland of Ptychohyla hypomykter (Hylidae: Hylinae: Hylini). Each of these species is characterized by a different type of sexually dimorphic skin gland; specialized mucous glands (SMGs) in Pl. guatemalensis and specialized serous glands (SSGs) in Pt. hypomykter. The SMGs conform to the general type of sexually dimorphic skin glands in amphibians, whereas SSGs are very rare. Because SMGs are likely involved in the production of sexual pheromones, their distinctive location and their co-occurrence with other secondary sexual characters like long and pointed maxillary and premaxillary teeth in Pl. guatemalensis suggests that the system used for their delivery may be a distinguishing behavioral feature in this species. The presence of both types of glands in Pt. hypomykter (SMGs in nuptial pads, and SSGs in ventrolateral glands) suggests a different or, at least, a complementary role of these two types of glands during reproduction. Fil: Luna, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Vásquez Almazán, Carlos Roberto. Universidad de San Carlos; Guatemala Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Brunetti, Andrés Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Rufford Foundation In this paper we present a phylogenetic analysis of the treefrogs of the Boana pulchella Group with the goals of (1) providing a rigorous test of its monophyly; (2) providing a test of relationships supported in previous studies; and (3) exploring the relationships of the several species not included in previous analyses. The analyses included>300 specimens of 37 of the 38 species currently included in the group, plus 36 outgroups, exemplars of the diversity of Boana and the other genera of the hylid tribe Cophomantini. The dataset included eight mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, CytB, COI, ND1, tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Leu), and tRNA(Val)) and five nuclear genes (RHO, TYR, RAG-1, CXCR4, SIAH1). The phylogenetic analyses recover the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group with lower support than previous studies, as a result of the inclusion of the B. claresignata Group, which is recovered as its sister taxon. Within the B. pulchella Group, the inclusion of almost all species of the group had little impact on previous notions of its phylogeny, except for the rejection of the hypothesized B. polytaenia Clade (B. goiana and B. phaeopleura are nested in the clade here called the B. prasina Clade), which is redefined. Phylogenetic support is strong for five major clades, which collectively include all but three of the species sampled: the B. balzani Clade (B. aguilari, B. balzani, B. gladiator, B. melanopleura, B. palaestes), the redefined B. polytaenia Clade (B. botumirim, B. buriti, B. cipoensis, B. jaguariaivensis, B. leptolineata, B. polytaenia, B. stenocephala, and two undescribed species), the B. prasina Clade (B. bischoffi, B. caingua, B. cordobae, B. goiana, B. guentheri, B. marginata, B. phaeopleura, B. prasina, B. pulchella, and one undescribed species), the B. riojana Clade (B. callipleura, B. marianitae, B. riojana), and the B. semiguttata Clade (B. caipora, B. curupi, B. joaquini, B. poaju, B. semiguttata, B. stellae, and two undescribed species). The monophyly of the B. prasina + B. riojana Clades, and that of the B. polytaenia + B. semiguttata Clades are well-supported. The relationships among these two clades, the B. balzani Clade, B. ericae + B. freicanecae, and B. cambui (representing the deepest phylogenetic splits within the B. pulchella Group) are recovered with weak support. We discuss the phenotypic evidence supporting the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group, and the taxonomy of several species, identifying three new synonyms of Boana polytaenia, one new synonym of Boana goiana, and one new synonym of B. riojana. Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, Angel Gallardo 470, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Sao Paulo, Lab Anfibios, Dept Zool, Inst Biociencias, Rua Matao,Travessa 14,101,Sala 137,Cidade Univ, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, IB, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Misiones, Lab Genet Evolutiva Claudio J Bidau, Inst Biol Subtrop CONICET UNaM, Fac Ciencias Exactas Quim & Nat, Felix de Azara 1552,CPA N3300LQF, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Univ Ghent, Dept Nutr Genet & Ethol, Fac Vet Med, Heidestr 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium Museo Hist Nat Noel Kempff Mercado, Ave Irala 565,Casilla 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Univ Brasilia, Lab Fauna, Dept Engn Florestal, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Brasilia, Unidades Conservacao, Dept Engn Florestal, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Fed Uberlandia, Lab Anuros Neotropicais, Inst Ciencias Exatas & Nat Pontal, Rua 20,1600, BR-38304402 Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil Museo Biodiversidad Peru, Urbanizac Mariscal Gamarra A-61,Zona 2, Cuzco, Peru Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Museo Hist Nat, Cuzco, Peru Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Vertebrados, Museu Nacl, BR-20940040 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Vale Rio Grande Sul, Lab Sistemat & Taxon, Sala E04224,Ave Unisinos 950, BR-93022750 Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil Univ Nacl Jujuy, Catedra Evoluc, Fac Ciencias Agr VICAM CONICET, Alberdi 47,Y4600DTA, San Salvador De Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol, 309 East Emerson St, Bloomington, IL 61761 USA Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Invertebrate Zool, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Zool, Ave Antonio Carlos 6627, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, IB, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil CNPq: 446935/2014-0 CNPq: 300903/2015-4 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 CNPq: 310301/2018-1 CNPq: 305169/2019-0 CNPq: 158681/2013-4 FAPESP: 2018/18473-6 FAPESP: 2019/25061-9 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2007-2202 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2011-1895 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2013-404 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-813 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-820 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-2381 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2018-3349 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET): PIP 11220110100889 Rufford Foundation: 39.05.07 Rufford Foundation: 77.04.09 Rufford Foundation: 9096-B Rufford Foundation: 1047-C

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-17 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica Anurans have the greatest diversity of reproductive modes among tetrapod vertebrates, with at least 41 being currently recognized. We describe a new reproductive mode for anurans, as exhibited by the Paranapiacaba Treefrog, Bokermannohyla astartea, an endemic and poorly known species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest belonging to the B. circumdata group. We also describe other aspects of its reproductive biology, that are relevant to understanding the new reproductive mode, such as courtship behavior, spawning, and tadpoles. Additionally, we redescribe its advertisement call and extend its vocal repertoire by describing three additional call types: courtship, amplectant, and presumed territorial. The new reproductive mode exhibited by B. astartea consists of: (1) deposition of aquatic eggs in leaf-tanks of terrestrial or epiphytic bromeliads located on or over the banks of temporary or permanent streams; (2) exotrophic tadpoles remain in the leaf-tanks during initial stages of development (until Gosner stage 26), after which they presumably jump or are transported to streams after heavy rains that flood their bromeliad tanks; and (3) tadpole development completes in streams. The tadpoles of B. astartea are similar to those of other species of the B. circumdata group, although with differences in the spiracle, eyes, and oral disc. The vocal repertoire of B. astartea exhibits previously unreported acoustic complexity for the genus. Bokermannohyla astartea is the only bromeligenous species known to date among the 187 known species within the tribe Cophomantini. We further discuss evolutionary hypotheses for the origin of this novel reproductive mode. Fundacao Conservacao & Prod Florestal Estado Sao, Nucleo Sao Sebastiao, Parque Estadual Serra Mar, Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura CAUNESP, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Programa Posgrad Zool, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Biol, Programa Posgrad Biol Comparada, FFCLRP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat, Div Herpetol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Fed ABC UFABC, Ctr Ciencias Nat & Humanas, Sao Bernardo Do Campo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura CAUNESP, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil CNPq: 141259/2014-0 FAPESP: 2008/54472-2 FAPESP: 2008/50928-1 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2014/50342-8 FAPESP: 2014/23677-9 CAPES: 440665/2015-9 CNPq: 202081/2015-0 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 CNPq: 312795/2018-1 CNPq: 310301/2018-1 FAPESP: 2017/27137-7 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-820 CAPES: 001

True toads of the genus Rhinella are among the most common and diverse group of Neotropical anurans. These toads are widely distributed throughout South America, inhabiting a great diversity of environments and ecoregions. Currently, however, the genus is defined solely on the basis of molecular characters, and it lacks a proper diagnosis. Although some phenetic species groups have traditionally been recognized within Rhinella, the monophyly of some of them have been rejected in previous phylogenetic analyses, and many species remain unassigned to these poorly defined groups. Additionally, the identity and taxonomy of several species are problematic and hinder the specific recognition and description of undescribed taxa. In this work, we first perform phylogenetic analyses of separate mitochondrial and nuclear datasets to test the possible occurrence of hybridiza-tion and/or genetic introgression in the genus. The comparative analysis of both datasets revealed unidirectional mitochondrial introgressions of an unknown parental species into R . horribilis (“ghost introgression”) and of R . dorbignyi into R . bernardoi; therefore, the mitochondrial and nuclear data-sets of these species were considered separately in subsequent analyses. We performed total-evidence phylogenetic analyses that included revised molecular (four mitochondrial and five nuclear genes) and phenotypic (90 characters) datasets for 83 nominal species of Rhinella, plus several undescribed and problematic species and multiple outgroups. Results demonstrate that Rhinella was nonmono-phyletic due to the position of R . ceratophrys, which was recovered as the sister taxon of Rhaebo nasicus with strong support. Among our outgroups, the strongly supported Anaxyrus + Incilius is the sister clade of all other species of Rhinella. Once R . ceratophrys is excluded, the genus Rhinellais monophyletic, well supported, and composed of two major clades. One of these is moderately supported and includes species of the former R . spinulosa Group (including R . gallardoi); the mono-phyletic R . granulosa, R . crucifer, and R . marina Groups; and a clade composed of the mitochondrial sequences of R . horribilis. The other major clade is strongly supported and composed of all the spe-cies from the non-monophyletic R . veraguensis and R . margaritifera Groups, the former R . acrolophaGroup, and R . sternosignata. Consistent with these results, we define eight species groups of Rhinella that are mostly diagnosed by phenotypic synapomorphies in addition to a combination of morpho-logical character states. Rhinella sternosignata is the only species that remains unassigned to any group. We also synonymize nine species, treat three former subspecies as full species, and suggest that 15 lineages represent putative undescribed species. Lastly, we discuss the apparently frequent occurrence of hybridization, deep mitochondrial divergence, and “ghost introgression”; the incomplete phenotypic evidence (including putative character systems that could be used for future phy-logenetic analyses); and the validity of the known fossil record of Rhinella as a source of calibration points for divergence dating analyses.

The uncertain identity of Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 has been a pervasive problem in the taxonomy of the genus Scinax. A species supposedly distributed from northeastern Brazil northwards to Colombia and Venezuela, described in a few lines without much information and with an accompanying figure, and its type specimen lost during World War II, combined to produce a curious situation. Twenty-one of the 39 species of the S. ruber Clade described in the last 50 years were considered to require a diagnosis from S. x-signatus by their authors. In most cases these had no other alternative than to gather information about this species from indirect sources, frequently pointing out the problems associated with its uncertain identity. In this paper, we review the taxonomic history of Hyla x-signata, designate a neotype, provide a redescription including advertisement call and sequence data, and diagnose it from all other species of the S. ruber Clade. Fil: de Araujo Vieira, Katyuscia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Pombal, José P.. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional; Brasil Fil: Caramaschi, Ulisses. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional; Brasil Fil: Novaes-e-Fagundes, Gabriel. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Orrico, Victor G. D.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 The two species of the Bokermannohyla claresignata species group (Anura: Hylidae) have not been collected for the last four decades. It is the only species group of the hyline tribe Cophomantini that has not yet been analysed genetically. Its phylogenetic position is thus uncertain, and it has a combination of adult and larval character states that make this group a crucial missing piece that hinders our understanding of Cophomantini phylogenetics and character evolution. We obtained DNA sequences from a museum larval specimen of Bok. claresignata, using specialized extraction methods and high-throughput DNA sequencing, and combined the molecular phylogenetic results with available phenotypic information to provide new insights into the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of its species group. Our phylogenetic results place Bok. claresignata as sister to the Boana pulchella group, supporting its inclusion in Boana, together with Bokermannohyla clepsydra. In light of this new finding, we recognize a newly defined Boana claresignata group to accommodate these species, thus resolving both the polyphyly of Bokermannohyla and the paraphyly of Boana. Considering the phylogenetic relationships of the Boana claresignata group, we also discuss the evolution of suctorial tadpoles and mature oocyte/egg pigmentation in Cophomantini. Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura I.B. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Do Estado de Minas Gerais, Campus Ubá, Avenida Olegário Maciel Laboratório de Anfíbios Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de Saõ Paulo Rua Do Mataõ Travessa Sala Cidade Universitária Saõ Paulo Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte Setor de Herpetologia Departamento de Vertebrados Museu Nacional Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics Institute for Biochemistry and Biology Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Straße School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University División Herpetologiá Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia'-CONICET Ángel Gallardo Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura I.B. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro

We report recent findings of Isthmohyla pictipes (Cope, 1875) in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, roughly two decades after it was last registered. We provide notes on microhabitat use, color variation, external morphology of adults and larvae, and geographic variation, and discuss some taxonomic characters employed to differentiate I. pictipes from I. tica (Starrett, 1966) and I. xanthosticta (Duellman, 1968). We also report fluorescence on the ventral surfaces of I. pictipes. Our findings are expected to shed light on the taxonomy of this species and should be useful in further population assessments and conservation plans. Key National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant DEB-9200081 UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET)

We describe the larval morphology of the stream-dwelling tadpole of Hyloscirtus antioquia based on specimens from the type locality, Antioquia, Colombia. The larvae of H. antioquia (belong to the suctorial ecomorphological guild) show morphological characters commonly associated with lotic habitats, like a depressed body, low fins, long tail, well-developed tail musculature, and oral disc with many labial tooth rows. In addition, the larvae of H. antioquia have the anterior and posterior jaw sheath with small serrations and the inner margin of nostrils with one simple triangular fleshy projection. As in other cases in Hyloscirtus, the tadpole H. antioquia has a large saccular structure that encloses the vent tube, and partially covers the hindlimbs during their development, and also it has the ventrolateral, unpigmented spots in the region proximal to the vent tube. Finally, some aspects concerning the larvae of the tribe Cophomantini are discussed. Fil: Rivera Correa, Mauricio. Universidad de Antioquia; Colombia Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-08-04 Human Frontier Science Program Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciencia y Tecnica Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Secretaria Nacional de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion del Ecuador (SENESCYT) (Arca de Noe initiative) Direccion General Academica Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador Many vertebrates have distinctive blue-green bones and other tissues due to unusually high biliverdin concentrations-a phenomenon called chlorosis. Despite its prevalence, the biochemical basis, biology, and evolution of chlorosis are poorly understood. In this study, we show that the occurrence of high biliverdin in anurans (frogs and toads) has evolved multiple times during their evolutionary history, and relies on the same mechanism-the presence of a class of serpin family proteins that bind biliverdin. Using a diverse combination of techniques, we purified these serpins from several species of nonmodel treefrogs and developed a pipeline that allowed us to assemble their complete amino acid and nucleotide sequences. The described proteins, hereafter named biliverdin-binding serpins (BBS), have absorption spectra that mimic those of phytochromes and bacteriophytochromes. Our models showed that physiological concentration of BBS5 fine-tune the color of the animals, providing the physiological basis for crypsis in green foliage even under near-infrared light. Additionally, we found that these BBS5 are most similar to human glycoprotein alpha-1-antitrypsin, but with a remarkable functional diversification. Our results present molecular and functional evidence of recurrent evolution of chlorosis, describe a biliverdin-binding protein in vertebrates, and introduce a function for a member of the serpin superfamily, the largest and most ubiquitous group of protease inhibitors. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn CONICET, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Inst Quim Fis Mat Medio Ambiente & Energia, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn CONICET, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, Dept Ciencias BioMol, Nucleo Pesquisa Prod Nat & Sintet NPPNS, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Misiones, Fac Ciencias Exactas, Inst Biol Subtrop CONICET UNaM, Lab Genet Evolut Claudio Juan Bidau, RA-3300 Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, Inst Biociencias, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol Genom & Bioinformat Cluster, Orlando, FL 32816 USA Pontificia Univ CatOlica Ecuador, Escuela Biol, Museo Zool, Aptdo 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Quim Inorgan Analit & Quim Fis, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Fdn Inst Leloir, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Invest Bioquim Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Nacl San Martin, Inst Invest Biotecnol, RA-1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, Inst Biociencias, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Human Frontier Science Program: LT 000660/2018-L FAPESP: 2014/20915-6 FAPESP: 2017/23725-1 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2011-1895 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2013-404 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2013-1895 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2014-1022 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2015-820 CONICET: 11220150100394CO Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciencia y Tecnica: 20020170100037BA FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2012/10000-5 FAPESP: 2014/50342-8 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 CNPq: 306623/2018-8

Although studies of anuran hand and foot musculature began in the first half of the 19th century, all studies to date have been taxonomically or anatomically restricted in scope, and none has considered the diversity of autopodial myology in Anura as a whole. As a model for future comparisons, we thoroughly describe the hand and foot musculature of an arboreal species (the hylid Triprion petasatus), define the layers in which these muscles are arranged, and attribute presumed functions. On the basis of our myological analysis of 155 species representing 46 of the 54 currently recognized families and main clades of anurans, we describe 20 characters related to hand and foot muscles. Optimization of these characters on the most recent and inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis of Anura results in synapomorphies for several major clades (Bombinatoridae, Alytidae, Xenoanura + Acosmanura, Xenoanura, Pipidae, Acosmanura, Anomocoela, Scaphiopodidae, Pelodytidae + Pelobatidae + Megophryidae, Megophryidae, Neobatrachia, Heleophrynidae, Sooglossidae, Laurentobatrachia, Calyptocephalellidae, Myobatrachoidea, and Nobleobatrachia), including new, nonhomoplastic synapomorphies for clades previously supported only by molecular evidence and a few conflicting phenotypic characters (e.g., Acosmanura, Anomocoela, Neobatrachia). Additionally, we (1) address controversies regarding the homology of anuran and caudate muscles in the context of putative synapomorphies for Ascaphidae + Leiopelmatidae and its sister clade Lalagobatrachia; (2) evaluate a recently proposed terminology for anuran hand and foot musculature; (3) discuss the identities of several hand and foot muscles with problematic homologies; (4) establish a unified terminology for anuran hand and foot muscles, including a list of synonyms for all names employed in the literature; and (5) propose hypotheses for the origin of several myological novelties (neomorphs).

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 The relationships of the hyline tribe Dendropsophini remain poorly studied, with most published analyses dealing with few of the species groups of Dendropsophus. In order to test the monophyly of Dendropsophini, its genera, and the species groups currently recognized in Dendropsophus, we performed a total evidence phylogenetic analysis. The molecular dataset included sequences of three mitochondrial and five nuclear genes from 210 terminals, including 12 outgroup species, the two species of Xenohyla, and 93 of the 108 recognized species of Dendropsophus. The phenomic dataset includes 46 terminals, one per species (34 Dendropsophus, one Xenohyla, and 11 outgroup species). Our results corroborate the monophyly of Dendropsophini and the reciprocal monophyly of Dendropsophus and Xenohyla. Some species groups of Dendropsophus are paraphyletic (the D. microcephalus, D. minimus, and D. parviceps groups, and the D. rubicundulus clade). On the basis of our results, we recognize nine species groups; for three of them (D. leucophyllatus, D. microcephalus, and D. parviceps groups) we recognize some nominal clades to highlight specific morphology or relationships and facilitate species taxonomy. We further discuss the evolution of oviposition site selection, where our results show multiple instances of independent evolution of terrestrial egg clutches during the evolutionary history of Dendropsophus. Tropical Herpetology Laboratory Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16 Laboratório de Anfíbios Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo División Herpetología Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Angel Gallardo 470 Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Grupo Herpetológico de Antioquia Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24A 1515 Laboratório de Ecologia da Paisagem - Superintendência de Conservação WWF-Brasil, Entre Quadra SHIS EQL 6/8 Conjunto E, Setor de Habitações Individuais Sul Department of Biology The University of Texas at Arlington Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd. Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West Doc Frog Expeditions Laboratório de Vertebrados Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8 Department of Zoology National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00 Prague 9 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Av. José Moreira Sobrinho Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado Coordenação de Zoologia Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Avenida Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS) CONICET-UNaM, Bertoni 85 Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24A 1515

This article reviews the biography and the contributions of Marcos Abraham Freiberg (1911-1990), emblematic figure of the popularization of zoological diversity in Argentina. His herpetological work is reviewed, as well as his contributions to entomology, ornithology, and the popularization of science., En el presente artículo se pasa revista a la biografía y a los aportes realizados por Marcos Abraham Freiberg (1911-1990), figura emblemática de la popularización de la diversidad zoológica en la Argentina. Se revisa su obra herpetológica, rama en la que tuvo su mayor producción científica, además de aportes entomológicos, ornitológicos, y a la popularización de la ciencia., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-27 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Rede Baiana de Pesquisa sobre Anfibios (RBPA) Fundacao O Boticario de Protecao a Natureza Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa da Bahia (FAPESB) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Smithsonian Institution (USA) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT) The South American and West Indian Casque-headed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) include 85 species. These are notably diverse in morphology (e.g. disparate levels of cranial hyperossification) and life history (e.g. different reproductive modes, chemical defences), have a wide distribution, and occupy habitats from the tropical rainforests to semiarid scrubland. In this paper, we present a phylogenetic analysis of this hylid tribe based on sequence fragments of up to five mitochondrial (12S, 16S, ND1, COI, Cytb) and six nuclear genes (POMC, RAG-1, RHOD, SIAH, TNS3, TYR). We included most of its species (> 96%), in addition to a number of new species. Our results indicate: (i) the paraphyly of Trachycephalus with respect to Aparasphenodon venezolanus; (ii) the nonmonophyly of Aparasphenodon, with Argenteohyla siemersi, Corythomantis galeata and Nyctimantis rugiceps nested within it, and Ap. venezolanus nested within Trachycephalus; (iii) the polyphyly of Corythomantis; (iv) the nonmonophyly of the recognized species groups of Phyllodytes; and (v) a pervasive low support for the deep relationships among the major clades of Lophyohylini, including C. greeningi and the monotypic genera Itapotihyla and Phytotriades. To remedy the nonmonophyly of Aparasphenodon, Corythomantis, and Trachycephalus, we redefined Nyctimantis to include Aparasphenodon (with the exception of Ap. venezolanus, which we transferred to Trachycephalus), Argenteohyla, and C. galeata. Additionally, our results indicate the need for taxonomic work in the following clades: (i) Trachycephalus dibernardoi and Tr. imitatrix; (ii) Tr. atlas, Tr. mambaiensis and Tr. nigromaculatus; and (iii) Phyllodytes. On the basis of our phylogenetic results, we analyzed the evolution of skull hyperossification and reproductive biology, with emphasis on the multiple independent origins of phytotelm breeding, in the context of Anura. We also analyzed the inter-related aspects of chemical defences, venom delivery, phragmotic behaviour, co-ossification, and prevention of evaporative water loss. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacl, Dept Vertebrados, Setor Herpetol, BR-20940040 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Estadual Santa Cruz, Dept Ciencias Biol, Trop Herpetol Lab, Rodovia Jorge Amado,Km 16, BR-45662900 Ilheus, BA, Brazil Univ Brasilia, Dept Engn Florestal, Lab Fauna & Unidades Conservacao, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Biol Anim, Museu Zool Joao Moojen, BR-36570900 Vicosa, MG, Brazil Univ West Indies, Zool Museum, Dept Life Sci, St Augustine, Trinidad Tobago Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do Sul, Lab Sistemat Vertebrados, Av Ipiranga 6681,Predio 40,Sala 110, BR-90619900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, UNaM, Inst Biol Subtrop, Lab Genet Evolut Claudio Juan Bidau, Felix Azara 1552,CPA N3300LQF Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Herpetol, Campus Litoral Paulista, BR-11330900 Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Nordeste, CONICET, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat & Agrimensura, Lab Herpetol,Dept Biol, Av Libertad 5470, RA-3400 Corrientes, Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Fdn Miguel Lillo, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, RA-4000 San Miguel De Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina Univ Koblenz Landau, Inst Integrated Sci, Dept Biol, Univ Str 1, D-56070 Koblenz, Germany Univ Fed Rural Rio De Janeiro, Inst Biol, Dept Biol Anim, Caixa Postal 74524, BR-23851970 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, Angel Gallardo 470,C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Herpetol, Campus Litoral Paulista, BR-11330900 Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2013/20423-3 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 FAPESP: 2003/10335-8 FAPESP: 2011/50146-6 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 FAPESP: 2012/10000-5 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2007/57067-9 FAPESP: 2012/12500-5 CNPq: 167387/20170 CNPq: 155198/2018-1 CNPq: 476789/2009-5 CNPq: 306823/2017-9 CNPq: 140412/2008-5 CNPq: 150377/2012-6 CNPq: 150122/2014-4 Fundacao O Boticario de Protecao a Natureza: 0991_20132 Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa da Bahia (FAPESB): 8951/2014 CAPES: 001 CAPES: 88881.133927/2016-01 CNPq: 140716/2016-5 FAPESP: 2014/50342-8 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT): PICT 2013-404 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT): 2015-820

The nuptial pad is a secondary sexual character found in anuran amphibians. It includes modified epidermal and dermal tissues and is usually located on the first digit of the hand of males. In this study, we review the structure and diversity of nuptial pads based on a large-scale sample of morphological and phylogenetic diversity. Our findings show that all nuptial pads are characterized by the presence of specialized mucous glands in the dermal component. We also report the co-occurrence of other types of glands in some species and characterize their histochemistry. We describe three primary nuptial pad morphologies: (1) nuptial pads with papillary epidermal projections (or simply, papillae), in which the epidermal projections are formed by an epidermal and dermal evagination; (2) nuptial pads with non-papillary epidermal projections, in which the epidermal projections lack a dermal core forming a papilla; and (3) smooth nuptial pads, which lack projections but have a slight thickening of the dermal area with respect to the adjacent skin. We compare nuptial pads with other secondary sexual traits and discuss several related topics, including morphological diversity, coloration, hormonal control, taxonomic usefulness, and hypotheses regarding their role in reproduction. Fil: Luna, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Mcdiarmid, Roy W. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina

The eyes of frogs and toads (Anura) are among their most fascinating features. Although several pupil shapes have been described, the diversity, evolution, and functional role of the pupil in anurans have received little attention. Studying photographs of more than 3200 species, we surveyed pupil diversity, described their morphological variation, tested correlation with adult habits and diel activity, and discuss major evolutionary patterns considering iris anatomy and visual ecology. Our results indicate that the pupil in anurans is a highly plastic structure, with seven main pupil shapes that evolved at least 116 times during the history of the group. We found no significant correlation between pupil shape, adult habits, and diel activity, with the exception of the circular pupil and aquatic habits. The vertical pupil arose at least in the most-recent common ancestor of Anura + Caudata, and this morphology is present in most early-diverging anuran clades. Subsequently, a horizontal pupil, a very uncommon shape in vertebrates, evolved in most neobatrachian frogs. This shape evolved into most other known pupil shapes, but it persisted in a large number of species with diverse life histories, habits, and diel activity patterns, demonstrating a remarkable functional and ecological versatility.

In this paper we present information on fluorescent frogs that will be of use to interested researchers. We describe practical details and provide new data on the phenomenon in Boana punctata, while reporting for the first time its occurrence in the closely related B. atlantica. Both species leave persistent fluorescent marks on the substrate in field and lab conditions, the biological role of which, if any, remains unknown. We discuss briefly the heuristic criteria employed to identify other anuran species most likely to be fluorescent—at least in a similar way to that described in B. atlantica and B. punctata—and provide a list of 281 species in seven families (Arthroleptidae, Centrolenidae, Hemiphractidae, Hylidae, Hyperoliidae, Mantellidae, and Rhacophoridae) that should be tested for the occurrence of fluorescence. Finally, we discuss some general aspects related to anuran coloration, fluorescence, and criteria to assess its biological role, if any, commenting on the role of pteridins and hypothetical situations where these could lead to fluorescence in a different way than how we see it in B. atlantica and B. punctata. Fil: Taboada, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; Argentina Fil: Brunetti, Andrés Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Alexandre, César. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Lagorio, María Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física; Argentina Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Among anuran embryonic structures, the adhesive (cement) glands appear posterolaterally to the stomodeum and produce a mucous secretion that adheres embryos to surfaces in and out of the egg. In this paper, we study the ontogeny of the adhesive glands in five species of Phyllomedusa representing the two main clades recognized in the genus, plus embryos of Agalychnis aspera and Phasmahyla cochranae. Clutches were collected in the field, and embryos were periodically fixed to obtain complete developmental series and then studied with a stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscopy and routine histological techniques. Structural variations include glands absent (in P. cochranae and Phyllomedusa boliviana), functional club-shaped glands (morphogenetic Type C in Phyllomedusa sauvagii, Phyllomedusa iheringii, and Phyllomedusa tetraploidea), and an unusual Type C-like pattern in Phyllomedusa azurea, characterized by large, oblong glands in a horseshoe-like disposition around the oral disc. This latter gland configuration is similar to that of A. aspera. Interspecific variations also include the arrangement and regression pattern of the secretory region, which are in turn different from those of Type C glands in other clades. To interpret the origin and evolution of gland developmental patterns in the group, we still need information on gland occurrence and development in the basal genera of Phyllomedusinae (Phrynomedusa and Cruziohyla) and in the basal taxa of the two major clades of Phyllomedusa. Entre las estructuras embrionarias de los anuros, las glándulas adhesivas (o de cemento) aparecen posterolaterales al estomodeo y producen una secreción mucosa que adhiere los embriones a las superficies dentro y fuera del huevo. En este trabajo estudiamos la ontogenia de las glándulas adhesivas de cinco especies de Phyllomedusa, representantes de los dos principales clados reconocidos en el género, y de embriones de Agalychnis aspera y Phasmahyla cochranae. Las puestas se colectaron en el campo, los embriones fueron fijados periódicamente para obtener series de desarrollo completas y luego estudiados con lupa estereoscópica, microscopía electrónica de barrido y técnicas histológicas de rutina. Las variaciones estructurales incluyen glándulas ausentes (en P. cochranae y Phyllomedusa boliviana), glándulas cónicas funcionales (Tipo morfogenético C, en Phyllomedusa sauvagii, Phyllomedusa iheringii y Phyllomedusa tetraploidea), y un patrón similar al Tipo C inusual en P. azurea, caracterizado por ser glándulas grandes, oblongas, con una disposición en herradura en torno al disco oral. Este último patrón es comparable al observado en A. aspera. Las variaciones interespecíficas también conciernen al arreglo y patrón de regresión de la región secretora, a su vez diferentes del de glándulas Tipo C de otros clados. Aún se requiere información sobre la ocurrencia y desarrollo de las glándulas en géneros basales de Phyllomedusinae (Phrynomedusa y Cruziohyla), y en los taxones basales de los dos clados principales de Phyllomedusa, a fin de interpretar el origen y evolución de los patrones morfogenéticos de las glándulas adhesivas en el grupo. Fil: Vera Candioti, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Taboada, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentina Fil: Salica, María José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Jujuy. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Jujuy; Argentina Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Departamento de Genética. Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva y Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Grupo de Estudios sobre Biodiversidad en Agroecosistemas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Pontes Baêta Da Costa, Délio. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil

The genus Scinax currently includes more than 120 species, recovered in two major clades, the S. catharinae and the S. ruber clades. The latter comprises 75 species, most of which remain unassigned to any species groups, while 12 are included in the S. rostratus and S. uruguayus groups. In this paper we present a taxonomic review of the two species currently included in the S. uruguayus group, discussing some putative phenotypic synapomorphies of this group. Although S. pinima and S. uruguayus have been considered as distinct species, this has been based on scant evidence, and several authors doubted of their distinctiveness. Our study of available specimens of S. pinima and S. uruguayus corroborates that both are valid and diagnosable species based on phenotypic evidence. Furthermore, our results show that S. pinima previously known only from its type locality, has a much widespread distribution than previously thought (including the Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul), which, added to the biological information presented here allows to suggest the removal of this species from the "Data Deficient" IUCN Red List category to "Least Concern". Also, we describe a new species formerly reported as S. aff. pinima and S. uruguayus from NE Argentina and some localities from the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul. All species are diagnosed and characterized using adult and larval morphology, osteology, vocalizations, cytogenetics, and natural history.

Hyla varelae Carrizo, 1992 is an Argentinean species only known from the holotype. The study of this specimen indicates that it pertains to the Boana pulchella group and it is a junior synonym of Hyla riojana Koslowsky, 1895 (currently Boana riojana). We traced the itinerary of the field trip in which the holotype was collected using the catalog of the collection where it was initially housed (Centro Nacional de Estudios Iológicos—CENAI). These data and the study of other specimens collected during that trip indicate that the type specimen was wrongly associated with the reported type locality of H. varelae (Selvas del Río de Oro, Chaco, Argentina; far away from the known distribution of B. riojana). The holotype was most probably collected in Horco Molle, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina. Fil: Pinheiro, Paulo D. P.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Carrizo, Gustavo Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina

The genus Scinax currently includes more than 120 species, recovered in two major clades, the S. catharinae and the S. ruber clades. The latter comprises 75 species, most of which remain unassigned to any species groups, while 12 are included in the S. rostratus and S. uruguayus groups. In this paper we present a taxonomic review of the two species currently included in the S. uruguayus group, discussing some putative phenotypic synapomorphies of this group. Although S. pinima and S. uruguayus have been considered as distinct spe- cies, this has been based on scant evidence, and several authors doubted of their distinc- tiveness. Our study of available specimens of S. pinima and S. uruguayus corroborates that both are valid and diagnosable species based on phenotypic evidence. Furthermore, our results show that S. pinima previously known only from its type locality, has a much wide- spread distribution than previously thought (including the Brazilian states of Parana ́ , Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul), which, added to the biological information presented here allows to suggest the removal of this species from the ?Data Deficient? IUCN Red List cate- gory to ?Least Concern?. Also, we describe a new species formerly reported as S. aff. pinima and S. uruguayus from NE Argentina and some localities from the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul. All species are diagnosed and characterized using adult and larval morphol- ogy, osteology, vocalizations, cytogenetics, and natural history. Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: de Araujo Vieira, Katyuscia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Cardozo, Dario Elbio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Borteiro, Claudio. Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Leal, Fernando. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Pereyra, Martín Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Kolenc, Francisco. Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Lucio Lyra, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Garcia, Paulo C. A.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Baptista Haddad, Célio Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Cascades and fast-flowing streams impose severe restrictions on acoustic communication, with loud broadband background noise hampering signal detection and recognition. In this context, diverse behavioural features, such as ultrasound production and visual displays, have arisen in the evolutionary history of torrent-dwelling amphibians. The importance of the vocal sac in multimodal communication is being increasingly recognized, and recently a new vocal sac visual display has been discovered: unilateral inflation of paired vocal sacs. In the diurnal stream-breeding Hylodidae from the Atlantic forest, where it was first described, this behaviour is likely to be enabled by a unique anatomical configuration of the vocal sacs. To assess whether other taxa share this exceptional structure, we surveyed torrent-dwelling species with paired vocal sacs across the anuran tree of life and examined the vocal sac anatomy of exemplar species across 18 families. We found striking anatomical convergence among hylodids and species of the distantly related basal ranid genera Staurois, Huia, Meristogenys and Amolops. Ancestral character state reconstruction identified three new synapomorphies for Ranidae. Furthermore, we surveyed the vocal sac configuration of other anuran species that perform visual displays and report observations on what appears to be unilateral inflation of paired vocal sacs, in Staurois guttatus -an extremely rare behaviour in anurans. Fil: Elías Costa, Agustín Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:36:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Guyana Environmental Protection Agency Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen Belgian Directorate-General for Development Cooperation King Leopold III Fund for Nature Exploration and Conservation National Science Foundation National Geographic The non-monophyly of both the genus Myersiohyla and the Boana punctata group has been recovered in a number of published phylogenetic analyses. In this paper we report on the analysis of sequences of Boana liliae, a species originally assigned to the B. punctata group, in a dataset of Cophomantini that recovered novel phylogenetic relationships for this hylid tribe. Our results reveal Myersiohyla to be paraphyletic with respect to B. liliae. Support for the placement of Myersiohyla kanaima is poor, but this taxon is recovered as the sister taxon of the other Cophomantini genera (excluding Myersiohyla) or as the sister taxon of the remaining species of Myersiohyla (including B. liliae). These results lead us to propose two taxonomic changes in order to remedy the paraphyly of Myersiohyla: (1) a new genus is described for M. kanaima, and (2) Boana liliae is transferred to Myersiohyla. We further provide notes on the natural history and vocalizations of the new monotypic genus, a new diagnosis of the former B. liliae in the context of Myersiohyla, and discuss the evolution of tadpole morphology and biogeography of the earlier diverging clades of Cophomantini. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zool, Lab Herpetol, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Vrije Univ Brussel, Biol Dept, Amphibian Evolut Lab, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Univ Mississippi, Box 1848, University, MS 38677 USA Coastal Plains Inst & Land Conservancy, 1313 Milton St, Tallahassee, FL 32303 USA Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, Angel Gallardo 470,C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zool, Lab Herpetol, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, Av 24A 1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil CNPq: 158681/2013-4 Guyana Environmental Protection Agency: 100703BR009 Guyana Environmental Protection Agency: 011206BR065 Guyana Environmental Protection Agency: 120707BR075 Guyana Environmental Protection Agency: 061212BR020 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT): PICT 2013-404, 2015-820 FAPESP: 2012/10000-5 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen: FWO12A7614N/FWO12A7617N National Science Foundation: DEB-0206562 National Geographic: 7509-03

This study describes the spermatozoa of 10 of the 15 species of the Neotropical frog genus Pleurodema through transmission electron microscopy. The diversity of oviposition modes coupled with a recent phylogenetic hypothesis of Pleurodema makes it an interesting group for the study of ultrastructural sperm evolution in relation to fertilization environment and egg-clutch structure. We found that Pleurodema has an unusual variability in sperm morphology. The more variable structures were the acrosomal complex, the midpiece, and the tail. The acrosomal complex has all the structures commonly reported in hyloid frogs but with different degree of development of the subacrosomal cone. Regarding the midpiece, the variability is given by the presence or absence of the mitochondrial collar. Finally, the tail is the most variable structure, ranging from single (only axoneme) to more complex (presence of paraxonemal rod, cytoplasmic sheath, and undulating membrane), with the absence of the typical axial fiber present in hyloid frogs, also shared with some other genera of Leiuperinae. J. Morphol. 277:957-977, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Miocene frog Wawelia gerholdi, from northern Patagonia, has previously been attributed to Ceratophryidae, the clade of the extant South American horned frogs, making it one of the older records known for this group. However, the only known specimen has juvenile attributes and a strong similarity with the australobatrachian Calyptocephalella. We re-examine the morphology of Wawelia gerholdi and provide additional anatomical information and comparisons with juvenile individuals of Ceratophryidae and Calyptocephalella gayi, the only extant species of the genus Calyptocephalella. We subsequently reject a close relationship between Wawelia gerholdi and Ceratophryidae. Furthermore, the holotype is indistinguishable from juveniles of C. gayi and manifests a similar character state combination that seems unique among anurans. We therefore consider Wawelia to be a junior synonym of Calyptocephalella. The problematic taxonomy of Calyptocephalella fossils, together with its untested monophyly, also prompts us to provisionally preserve the extinct species pending a comprehensive revision of all available remains. Fil: Nicoli, Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Muzzopappa, Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

The hyline tribe Lophyohylini includes 87 species of treefrogs, of which cytogenetics aspects have been studied in less than 20% of them. In order to evaluate the evolution of some of its chromosome characters (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 bands), we studied the karyotypes of 21 lophyohylines, 16 of them for the first time, and analyzed them in a phylogenetic context. Most species showed similar karyotypes regarding chromosome number (2n = 24) and morphology (FN = 48), excepting Phyllodytes edelmoi and Osteocephalus buckleyi with 2n = 22 (FN = 44) and 2n = 28 (FN = 50), respectively. The NOR location was variable among species and provided valuable phylogenetic information. This marker was located in pair 11 in all species of Trachycephalus, Itapotihyla langsdorffii, and Nyctimantis arapapa, representing the plesiomorphic condition of Lophyohylini. Besides, other apomorphic states were recovered for the clades comprising N. rugiceps and N. siemersi (NOR in pair 5), and Dryaderces pearsoni, Osteocephalus, and Osteopilus (NOR in pair 9). Phyllodytes presented variation for NORs position; they were in pair 2 in P. edelmoi, pair 7 in P. melanomystax, and pair 8 in P. gyrinaethes and P. praeceptor. Polymorphisms in size, number, and activity of this marker were observed for N. siemersi, Osteocephalus fuscifacies, and some species of Trachycephalus. Remarkably, in N. siemersi NORs were detected on a single chromosome in the two specimens studied by this technique, raising the question of how this complex polymorphism is maintained. Interstitial telomeric sequences were found in P. edelmoi,P. melanomystax, and Osteocephalus buckleyi, and their presence seems to be not related to the chromosome reorganization events. Finally, some species showed spontaneous rearrangements, possibly as a consequence of an uncommon phenomenon in anuran cytogenetics: the presence of fragile sites or secondary constrictions not associated with NORs. We propose that this rare feature would have played an important role in the evolution of this group of frogs. From the evidence obtained in this and previous studies, we conclude that Lophyohylini presents a complex chromosome evolution. Fil: Suarez, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Ferro, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Nagamachi, Cleusa Y.. Universidade Federal do Pará; Brasil Fil: Cardozo, Dario Elbio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Blasco zuñiga, Ailin. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Silva, Jéssica B.. Universidade Federal do Pará; Brasil Fil: Marciano Jr, Euvaldo. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Costa, Marco A.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Orrico, Victor G.D.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Solé, Mirco. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Roberto, Igor J.. Universidad Federal del Amazonas.; Brasil Fil: Rivera, Miryan. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Wiley, John E.. University School of Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Pieczarka, Julio. Universidade Federal do Pará; Brasil

Sphaenorhynchus platycephalus was briefly described on the basis of a single specimen, with only "S-Amerika" as its locality. Although it has been regarded as a distinct species, compelling evidence is lacking. A comparison of all currently described species of Sphaenorhynchus, including type specimens of several species, allowed us to provide morphological evidence that S. platycephalus and S. orophilus are conspecific, with S. orophilus being a junior synonym of S. platycephalus. Fil: de Araujo Vieira, Katyuscia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Caramaschi, Ulisses. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Grillitsch, Heinz. Natural History Museum Vienna; Austria Fil: Grant, Taran. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina