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Contextualización: la creciente producción de biodiesel está causando un aumento progresivo de los cultivos de palma de aceite en la región norte de Brasil, lo que está generando un gran volumen de residuos sólidos y líquidos que, de no ser controlados adecuadamente, pueden causar efectos negativos al medio ambiente. Uno de estos residuos, es la torta de palmiste (TP), subproducto usado en alimentación de bovinos en asociación con concentrados o forrajes como una forma de reducir los costos de alimentación animal. Vacío de conocimiento: se hace necesario el conocimiento de los efectos de la inclusión de la TP en la respuesta nutricional de bovinos, bien como en sus productos derivados, siendo estos, leche y carne. Propósito: el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura sobre el efecto de la inclusión de TP en la alimentación de bovinos sobre el metabolismo ruminal y la composición química de la leche y la carne de esta especie. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de literatura resumiendo los principales resultados referentes a los efectos de la inclusión de la torta de palma en la respuesta nutricional de bovinos y la calidad composicional de leche y carne de estos. Resultados y conclusiones: la inclusión de TP en la dieta del ganado, resulta en la reducción del consumo de materia seca y en un grado moderado en el rendimiento de bovinos, pero sin comprometer la calidad final de la carne, la leche o sus derivados. Por lo tanto, la TP se puede utilizar en la alimentación del ganado de carne o leche, en cuanto su valor de mercado siga siendo competitivo, dado que su inclusión puede afectar el rendimiento del ganado, aunque en un grado modesto.

Na flora amazônica, incontáveis plantas possuem compostos bioativos, que potencialmente podem ser utilizados como moduladores da fermentação ruminal. Apesar da importância, poucos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos para avaliar a utilização de plantas amazônicas como aditivos alimentares naturais na nutrição de ruminantes. Assim, objetiva-se apresentar um panorama dos dados científicos da literatura sobre os efeitos do uso dos extratos de açaí, copaíba, salva-do-marajó, pupunha e bacuri na fermentação ruminal e os seus potenciais de utilização na dieta de ruminantes. O açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), possui 16,08 mg/g de matéria seca de flavonoides, compostos com potente ação antimicrobiana. Estudos com suplementação do óleo de açaí tem mostrado efeitos modulatórios na fermentação ruminal e na produção de leite de ovelhas e vacas. Adicionalmente, a oleoresina de copaíba (Copaifera spp.) e a manteiga das sementes de bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.), possuem, respectivamente, 88% e 41% de terpenos; a composição fitoquímica do óleo de salva-do-marajó (Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth) ainda não está completamente caracterizada, mas esta fonte está majoritariamente composta por terpenos cânfora (33,62%), 1,8-cineol (19,76%) e α-pineno (15,24%), que apresentam atividade in vitro antimicrobiana, capaz de reduzir a produção total de gás em ambiente ruminal in vitro. A pupunha, fruto da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.), possui 355,95 mg/kg de carotenoides, com efeito antimicrobiano in vitro contra algumas cepas bacterianas. Os achados desta revisão demonstram as potencialidades dos extratos amazônicos na maximização da produção animal, em razão dos possíveis efeitos na modulação da fermentação ruminal, sendo encorajada a realização de estudos adicionais visando uma maior exploração deles. Embora, atualmente, não existam estudos associados aos efeitos do açaí, salva-do-marajó, pupunha e bacuri na fermentação ruminal, pressupõe-se que pela sua composição fitoquímica, poderiam ter um efeito semelhante aos ionóforos na produção de ruminantes.

Antecedentes: En la actualidad, existe una constante demanda de alimentos que puedan sustituir a los tradicionalmente utilizados (soja y maíz) en el mercado en la nutrición de los animales de granja. Así, se han realizado varios estudios, explorando alimentos alternativos. Uno de estos alimentos es el fruto de la palma babasú, que genera varios subproductos con potencial uso en la alimentación de rumiantes. Vacío de conocimiento: Existe la necesidad de un mayor número de informaciones en relación con la composición y los efectos biológicos de subproductos derivados de la fruta de babasú en la nutrición de los rumiantes. Propósito: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura con el fin de presentar hallazgos relacionados con los efectos de la inclusión de subproductos del fruto del babasú sobre los parámetros ruminales y el comportamiento ingestivo de ovinos, así como la calidad de la leche y la carne en bovinos. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, resumiendo las principales referencias con relación a los efectos de la inclusión de subproductos del fruto del babasú sobre la nutrición de ovinos y calidad de producto derivados de bovinos. Resultados y conclusiones: La revisión reveló que los subproductos del babasú tienen características nutricionales compatibles con los alimentos utilizados convencionalmente en la nutrición de rumiantes. El subproducto de babasú más abundante en los estudios encontrados fue la HMB (harina de mesocarpio de babasú), un subproducto rico en almidón y ampliamente utilizado en la nutrición de ovinos y bovinos. La presente revisión también reveló que la inclusión de subproductos de babasú debe hacerse con precaución en las dietas de los rumiantes, y que estos pueden conferir características deseables en la carne y la leche del ganado.

Background: pH, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), and color are fundamental variables to define the organoleptic characteristics of meat. However, multivariate relationships of those traits remain unexplored in bovine meat. Objective: To investigate the multivariate relationships among pH, subcutaneous fat thickness, and color parameters in bovine meat using canonical correlation analysis. Methods: A dataset containing 173 individual records of pH, SFT, and color parameters (a*: intensity of red color, b*: intensity of yellow color, and L*: lightness) from five Brazilian beef cut types (Breed: Nellore; cuts: acém, contrafilé, fraldinha, patinho and picanha) was constructed. Multivariate relationships between color variables (a*, b*, and L*) and chemical variables (pH and SFT) were explored using the CANCORR procedure of SAS. Results: Two canonical correlations between U (a*, b*, and L*; color variables) and V (pH and SFT; chemical variables) variates were significant (p

The objectives of this study were to examine the physicochemical and structural properties of peptide derivatives of dermaseptin S4, investigate their detrimental effects on red blood and sperm cells and ascertain their antibacterial potency to control bacterial contaminants in fresh bovine semen. The dermaseptin S4 peptide derivatives used in this study were K4S4, S4(5-28), S4(5-28)a, K20S4(5-28), K4S4(1-16)a, K4S4(1-15)a and K4S4(1-15). Peptides K4S4, S4(5-28)a, K20S4(5-28), K4S4(1-15)a and K4S4(1-16)a, with a higher positive charge, were the most potent against the bacterial strains tested, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), whereas S4(5-28) and K4S4(1-15), with a lower positive charge, showed the highest MIC (p < .01). Haemolysis percentage depended on peptide concentration (p < .01). The K4S4 was the most powerful haemolytic peptide, showing the highest haemolysis percentage at all peptide concentrations (p < .01). In contrast, S4(5-28), S4(5-28)a, K20S4(5-28) and K4S4(1-15) were not able to produce 50% cell lysis up to 100 µM (p < .01). All peptides reduced sperm motility in a dose-dependent manner when used in concentrations from 16 to 64 μM (p < .01). The highest reduction was seen due to K4S4 activity, and the lowest reductions of sperm motility were observed due to K4S4(1-16)a and K4S4(1-15)a activity (p < .01). Hence, we can conclude that K4S4(1-16)a and K4S4(1-15)a at a concentration of approximately 15 µM are the most promising peptides as antibacterial agents in fresh bovine semen, because at this concentration, they showed the most potent antibacterial activity against evaluated strains without significant effects on haemolysis or a reduction in sperm motility.

This study explored the effects of different supplementation strategies in the dry and rainy seasons in the tropics on the carcass traits, meat quality, and economic viability of Nellore cattle produced under grazing conditions. For this purpose, twenty-eight non-castrated male animals (18 months) with an initial body weight of 327.93 ± 4.22 kg were used. The animals were equitably distributed in a randomized complete design thorough four supplementation strategies as follows: i) mineral supplementation (MS) in both dry and rainy seasons (MS/MS), ii) MS in the dry season and concentrate supplementation (CS) in the rainy season (MS/CS), iii) CS in the dry season and MS in the rainy season (CS/MS), and iv) CS in both dry and rainy seasons (CS/CS). Thereafter, carcass traits, primary carcass cut yields, meat quality traits, chemical composition of meat, and economic viability of cattle production across different supplementation strategies were determined. Data revealed that animals under CS/CS showed the greatest (P < 0.01) hot carcass weights among the other supplementation strategies evaluated. Conversely, supplementation strategy did not affect (P > 0.05) carcass traits (the ribeye area, final pH, and forequarter), meat quality traits (shear force, myofibrillar fragment index, sarcomere length, and color), and meat chemical composition (crude protein, fat, and moisture) of the animals. The effective operational cost, total cost, gross revenue, and profit of animals under CS/CS showed the greatest values, whereas the lowest ones were obtained for the animals under MS/MS. In conclusion, data suggest that concentrate supplementation during at least one season (dry or rainy) produces similar meat quality traits and chemical composition of meat, but different hot carcass weight, backfat thickness and hindquarter proportion to those observed when animals were supplemented with concentrate in both seasons. Additionally, CS/CS animals, despite having a higher total cost, have greater profitability when raised in tropical pasture.

El tejido adiposo (TA) y hepático influencian el metabolismo de ácidos grasos (AG), al ser en gran parte los responsables de regular su biosíntesis, degradación y almacenamiento en tejidos corporales, como también de su secreción en leche y carne de animales en producción. De esta forma, un mejor entendimiento de la funcionalidad del metabolismo de AG en estos tejidos y los factores que lo afectan, podría dar las bases para el diseño de estrategias productivas en rumiantes. Así, el objetivo de esta revisión es presentar un panorama general de la funcionalidad y metabolismo de los AG en el TA y hepático en rumiantes de producción. A partir de la revisión, se pudo establecer, que el tipo de lípidos mayoritarios en TA y hepático, lo forman los AG y triglicéridos. El TA es el principal sitio de almacenamientobenergético tanto en rumiantes como en no rumiantes. El TA se encuentra. metabólicamente asociado con el tejido hepático mediante un equilibrio que regula los procesos de β-oxidación, síntesis de novo y transporte de AG a nivel tisular. Finalmente, se pudo establecer que el metabolismo de AG en TA y hepático es afectado por diversos factores, tales como la nutrición, nivel de restricción dietaria, genética, estado fisiológico y medio ambiente, de los cuales, la nutrición tiene el mayor impacto.

The rumen biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids has an important effect on the final compositional quality of ruminant meat and milk. Hence, diverse methodological approaches have been developed to understand and modulate this biochemical process that occurs in the rumen. Therefore, in the current method article, a protocol is presented to conduct an in vitro assay for understanding the biohydrogenation of dietary fatty acids in the rumen. The protocol enabled the evaluation of the effects of different relationships between linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in supplements on the production of fatty acid intermediaries derived from the biohydrogenation of these unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen, with satisfactory results.

Contextualización: La productividad de los sistemas agropecuarios se define como la combinación de las variables climáticas y edáficas que los caracteriza. Por tanto, el entendimiento de la interrelación de tales variables debe ser estudiado bajo un abordaje multivariado. Vacío del conocimiento: Hasta ahora, no han sido desarrollados estudios que determinen la estructura multivariada de variables asociadas a climatología y edafología de los sistemas agropecuarios en Colombia. Propósito: determinar la estructura multivariada de variables climáticas y edáficas en los sistemas agropecuarios colombianos usando la técnica de análisis multivariado factorial mixto (AMFM). Metodología: Se construyó una base de datos con 167 registros de variables climáticas (altitud, temperatura y humedad relativa) y edáficas (textura del suelo, pH, actividad enzimática de la ureasa y actividad enzimática de la catalasa) de predios destinados a la producción agrícola o pecuaria primaria en 21 departamentos y 120 municipios de Colombia. La estructura de las variables anteriormente mencionadas fue analizada usando un AMFM utilizando el software Statistica, versión 7.0, siendo estas clasificadas en factores latentes. Una variable era asociada a un factor latente, cuando el valor absoluto de su correlación con el factor era mayor que 0.5. Resultados y conclusiones: Usando el AMFM, se extrajeron cuatro factores latentes para las siete variables estudiadas, los cuales representaron un 75% de la varianza total. El primer factor se asoció positivamente con la altitud (0,950) y negativamente con la temperatura (-0,957), siendo denominado como “Climático”. El segundo factor se correlacionó negativamente con la humedad relativa (-0,790) y la actividad ureasa (-0,706). Adicionalmente, este tuvo una asociación negativa secundaria con el pH (-0,343), siendo denominado como “Ureasa-agua-pH”. El tercer factor fue denominado como “Fisicoquímica-suelo” y se correlacionó positiva y fuertemente con la textura del suelo (0,917). Variables como la humedad relativa (-0,281), pH (0,306) y actividad ureasa (0,211), también tuvieron una contribución secundaria a este factor. El cuarto factor se correlacionó positivamente con el pH (0,544) y la actividad catalasa (0,887), siendo denominado como “Catalasa-pH”. Del presente estudio se puede concluir que el AMFM reveló la estructura multivariada de variables climáticas y edáficas asociadas a los sistemas de producción agropecuaria colombiana.

The development of novel methods to estimate the number of protein genetic variants of caseins (CN) and whey proteins in buffalo’s milk is necessary to optimize the technological and nutritional properties of dairy derivative products from this species. The literature has shown that buffalo’s milk CN and whey proteins can be successfully quantified using RP-HPLC-DAD. However, pure standards of genetic variants of CN and whey proteins in buffalo’s milk are not commercially available. This condition makes necessary their isolation and purification by preparative chromatography, which is difficult and requires specialized equipment. Thus, we proposed a protocol to quantify different casein genetic variants and major whey proteins in the milk of water buffaloes, using the combination of measurements derived from RP-HPLC-DAD and NIRS techniques. Our data showed estimates of casein variants and whey proteins similar to those reported by the classical method RP-HPLC-DAD that uses purified proteins and calibration curves.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of cracked babassu coconut (CBC) in the supplement on nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of dairy cows grazing Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa. Five multiparous Holstein × Zebu mid-lactation cows (125 ± 16.5 days in milk) were assigned to five dietary treatments (replacement of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of ground corn with CBC, on a dry matter (DM) basis) in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The intake of DM from the supplement, crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), fat (ether extract (EE)), and total digestible nutrients (TDNs) decreased linearly (P 0.05), while the intake of DM from forage increased linearly (P 0.05), with the increase in CBC inclusion in the supplement. Conversely, total DM intake was unaffected (P 0.05). The DM, NFC, EE, and TDN digestibility decreased linearly (P 0.05), while organic matter (OM) digestibility decreased in a quadratic fashion (P 0.05), as CBC inclusion in the supplement increased. Nevertheless, digestibility of CP was unaffected (P 0.05). Milk yield and composition (lactose, fat, protein, casein, and majority of FA) showed a linearly decreasing pattern (P 0.05) with the increasing of CBC inclusion. However, proportions of trans-vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, total monounsaturated FA, and odd- and branched-chain FAs increased linearly (P 0.05). On the opposite, total saturated FA (SFA) and the n-6:n-3 FA ratio in milk fat decreased linearly (P 0.01). Hence, replacement of corn meal with CBC up to 80% in the supplement decreases nutrient intake and digestibility, as well as milk yield response in grazing dairy cows. However, CBC inclusion may enhance the nutritional properties of milk fat.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T05:29:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-06-07 This study aimed to estimate the protein requirements for the maintenance of growing Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) using two methods and applying a meta-analysis. For this purpose, two datasets were used. One dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the comparative slaughter technique. This dataset was composed of 185 individual records (80 intact males, 62 castrated males, and 43 females) from six studies. The other dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the N balance method. This dataset was composed of 136 individual records (59 intact males, 43 castrated males, and 34 females) from six studies. All studies applied an experimental design that provided different levels of N intake and different levels of N retention, allowing the development of regression equations to predict the net protein requirement for maintenance (NPM) and the metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for maintenance (MPM) in Saanen goats. The efficiency of MP use for maintenance (kPM) was computed as NPM/MPM. The efficiency of MP use for gain (kPG) was calculated using the equation of daily protein retained against daily MP intake above maintenance. A meta-analysis was applied using the MIXED procedure of SAS, in which sex was considered a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were considered as random effects. The NPM did not differ between sexes, irrespective of the approach used. The daily NPM estimated was 1.23 g/kg0.75 BW when using the comparative slaughter technique, while it was 3.18 g/kg0.75 BW when using the N balance technique for growing Saanen goats. The MPM estimated was 3.8 g/kg0.75 BW, the kPM was 0.33, and the kPG was 0.52. We observed that the NPM when using the comparative slaughter technique in growing Saanen goats is lower than that recommended by the current small ruminant feeding systems; on the other hand, the MPM was similar to previous reports by the feeding systems. Sex did not affect the protein requirements for maintenance and the efficiencies of use of metabolizable protein. Department of Animal Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista Institute of Studies of the Humid Tropic Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará Department of Animal Science Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia University of New England Department of Animal Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista

Contextualización: la alimentación representa entre el 60 y 70% de los costos de un sistema de producción animal. Vacio del conocimiento: por lo tanto, se hace necesario el diseño de estrategias nutricionales de bajo costo y directamente en la propiedad para superar esta limitación. Propósito del estudio: el objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar las respuestas productivas de un concentrado experimental compuesto por harina de maíz y harina girasol (66:34) y la de un concentrado comercial, para la alimentación de cerdos en crecimiento. Metodología: fueron usados 10 machos castrados y cruzados Pietrain × Landrace de 12 kg de peso vivo inicial, los cuales fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 5 animales: el primer grupo fue sometido a una dieta control (DC, uso de concentrado comercial) y el segundo a una dieta experimental (DE, concentrado formado por 66% de harina de maíz y 34% de harina de girasol, preparado directamente en la propiedad). La comparación entre tratamientos se realizó usando un diseño completamente al azar mediante el paquete estadístico SAS y el nivel de significancia adoptado fue de P

Short-chain fatty acid profile (SCFAs) in silage provides significant information regarding its fermentative patter in the rumen. Thus, we developed a protocol to extract, identify, and quantify the SCFAs of silages. The proposed method was tested with satisfactory results in corn silages. Despite literature findings suggest that the most common instrumental method for determining SCFAs is the gas chromatography technique, the liquid chromatography technique using both C18 column and ion-exchange columns can be proposed as analytical technique for SCFAs determination as well. The use of the C18 column in HPLC-DAD has a particular limitation because it does not allow efficient separation of butyric and iso-butyric acids. However, considering that the concentration of iso-butyric acid in silages is significantly lower than that of butyric acid, a good estimation of butyric acid can be obtained.

This study evaluated the multivariate relationship among the crude protein (CP) intake and digestibility, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility, and the nitrogen excretion in hair sheep fed Mombasa grass silage mixed with acai palm seeds using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). For this purpose, a dataset was constructed using the information derived from a metabolic experiment with Santa Ines sheep (BW ± SE: 33.9 ± 1.37 kg) allocated into a 5 × 5 Latin square. The following two multivariate relationships were explored using CCA: (1) the N in both feces (Nfeces) and urine (Nurine) (canonical variate U) versus the intake of both CP (CPI) and NDF (NDFI) (canonical variate V). (2) the Nfeces and Nurine (canonical variate W) versus the digestibility of both CP (CPD) and NDF (NDFD) (canonical variate Z). Canonical loadings for relationship No. 1 revealed that Nfeces (0.971) and Nurine (- 0.249) had a positive and negative correlation, respectively, with U. Both CPI (0.960) and NDFI (0.997) had a positive and similar correlation with V. Regarding relationship No. 2, both Nfeces (0.860) and Nurine (0.500) had a positive correlation with W. Conversely, both CPD (- 0.910) and NDFD (- 0.889) had a negative and similar association with Z. In conclusion, our data showed that when a multivariate approach is used, an increase in both CPI and NDFI produces an increase in Nfeces, as well as a decrease in Nurine. Additionally, a decrease in both CPD and NDFD produces an increase in both Nfeces and Nurine.

In ruminant animals, volatile fatty acids (VFA) or short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are derived from the protein and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microorganism. Hence, the VFA determination in rumen fluid allows the evaluation of the nutritional quality of a diet, as well as its potential impact on the chemical composition of ruminant milk and meat. Thus, we developed a protocol to extract, identify, and quantify acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and caproic acids in ruminal fluid samples using RP-HPLC-DAD. Despite literature findings had shown that the most suitable column for VFA chromatographic separation under HPLC-DAD is an ion-exchange column, our protocol showed that a C18 column also allows an efficient VFA separation of the aforementioned acid, except for butyric and iso-butyric acids. This condition may constitute a limitation of the Hypersil GOLD C18 column use for VFA determination. However, considering that the concentration of iso-butyric acid is significantly lower than that of butyric acid, a good estimation of butyric acid can be obtained.

Determination of the chemical composition in the body and carcass of ruminants is important for both nutritional requirement studies and the meat industry. This study aimed to develop equations to predict the body and carcass chemical composition of hair sheep using the chemical composition of body parts, carcass measurements and shrunk BW as predictors. A database containing 107 individual records for castrated male hair sheep ranging from 24 to 43 kg BW was gathered from two body composition studies. The empty body, carcass and body parts were analyzed for water, ash, fat and protein contents (%). The body parts used to estimate body and carcass composition were fore leg, hind leg and 9–11th rib section. The carcass measurements used were leg length, thoracic circumference, hind circumference, hind width, thoracic width, thoracic depth and chest width. Each model performance was evaluated using a leave-one-out cross-validation. Multiple regression analysis considering the study as a random effect revealed that body parts in association with carcass measurements were significant for predicting the chemical composition in the body of castrate male sheep. However, the use of the chemical composition of hind leg produced the best models for predicting the ash and fat contents in the empty body, whereas the water and protein contents in the empty body were better predicted when using the chemical compositions of 9–11th rib section and fore leg, respectively. Multiple regression analysis also revealed that most body parts were suitable for predicting the carcass composition, except for 9–11th rib section whose chemical composition did not produce significant prediction equations for ash and protein carcass contents. The use of the chemical composition of hind leg in association with carcass measurements produced the best models for predicting the water and fat contents in the carcass, while the ash and protein contents in the carcass were better predicted when using the chemical composition of fore leg. In conclusion, precision, accuracy and goodness-of-fit of the equations drove the selection of the chemical composition of hind leg and carcass measurements in a multivariate approach, as the most suitable predictors of the chemical composition of the body and carcass of hair sheep. However, the chemical composition of fore leg may be used as well. The developed equations could improve the accuracy of the empty body and carcass composition estimations in sheep, optimizing the estimation of nutrient requirements, as well as the carcass quality evaluation for this species.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:38:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-01 Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sex on the daily net requirements of calcium (NCam), phosphorus (NPm), potassium (NKm), and magnesium (NMgm) for maintenance in Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg BW. Two datasets were used: the first dataset was composed of 154 individual records (53 castrated males, 46 females, and 55 intact males) from three studies, and was used to estimate the NCam, NPm, NKm, and NMgm using the comparative slaughter technique (CST). The second dataset was assembled from 160 individual records (67 castrated males, 45 females, and 48 intact males) from four feeding trials, and was used to estimate the NCam, NKm, and NMgm in Saanen goats, using the minimum endogenous losses method (MEL). A meta-analytic approach was applied using a mixed model, in which sex was considered a fixed effect and study a random effect. Using the CST, the results revealed that sex did not affect NCam, NPm, or NKm (21.1, 22.8, and 4.0 mg/kg BW, respectively; P > 0.10), but NMgm of intact males was greater than for castrated males or females (2.6 versus 1.4 mg/kg BW; P = 0.077). On the other hand, sex did not affect the NCam, NKm, or NMgm (38.0, 25.2, and 7.4 mg/kg BW, respectively; P > 0.10), when MEL was used. The findings of this study suggest that Ca, P, and K requirements for maintenance in goats are not influenced by sex. Conversely, Mg requirement for maintenance should be discriminated by sex. Also, that P requirements for maintenance were significantly lower than current feeding system recommendations. Department of Animal Science UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Department of Animal Science UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado: 1 Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado: 166754 FAPESP: 2014/14734 FAPESP: 9

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-05T13:16:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-04-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The objectives of the current study were to investigate the dynamics of body calcium (Ca) and to estimate the net Ca maintenance requirements (NCam) of Saanen goats, using Ca-45 as a radiotracer. Eighteen castrated male Saanen goats (25 +/- 2.3 kg body weight (BW)) received a basal diet (ground ear maize, ground maize and vitamin-mineral premix). The treatments consisted of adding limestone to the basal diet to provide Ca content of 0.6, 1.7 and 3.0 g/kg dry matter (DM). The experiment lasted 45 days (i.e. 36 d of adaptation and 9 days of measurements). On day 38, 0.5 ml of 7.4 MBq Ca-45 solution was administrated before feeding. From days 39 to 45, samples of faeces, blood and urine were collected, and Ca concentration determined. The Ca intake, Ca in faeces, Ca in urine, faecal endogenous Ca and true absorbed Ca increased linearly as Ca content in the diets increased, while retained Ca increased at a decreasing rate. Dry matter intake decreased at an increasing rate with increased Ca content in the diets. In contrast, Ca content in the diets did not affect biological availability of Ca, or Ca in plasma. The true biological availability of Ca from limestone in Saanen goats was 0.72. The daily NCam was 11.6 (+/- 1.3) mg/kg BW. The current results might help to understand Ca dynamics in goats and enhance the formulation of balanced diets to best meet Ca requirements of Saanen goats. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Energia Nucl Agr, BR-13400970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 05107-0/1996 FAPESP: 58351-5/2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the net requirements of growth for Ca (NCa), P (NP), Na (NNa), K (NK), and Mg (NMg) in Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg BW, with or without consideration of the degree of maturity. A database containing 209 individual records for Saanen goats (69 castrated males, 71 intact males, and 69 females) was generated from 6 comparative slaughter studies. Total amounts of Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg in the body were fitted to logarithmized allometric equations using empty BW (EBW) or degree of maturity (EBW/mature EBW) as regressors. The equations were fitted using a mixed model, where sex was considered a fixed effect and study was considered a random effect. Net requirements were estimated by the first derivative of the logarithmized allometric equations. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the uncertainty of calculated net requirement values. Without considering the degree of maturity, sex did not affect NCa, NP, and NNa ( > 0.10). Conversely, considering the degree of maturity, NCa and NP of intact males were 5% and 2%, respectively, greater than those of castrated males and females ( 0.10), NK decreased by 26% (i.e., without considering the maturity degree) or 27% (i.e., considering the degree of maturity) from 5 to 45 kg BW. Therefore, the consideration of maturity stage highlights differences across sexes in the net macromineral requirements for growth in goats. Elucidation of sex effects on macromineral requirements for growth may be useful for improving the accuracy of recommendations for mineral requirements for dairy goats.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T06:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization in growing Saanen goats. A database from 7 comparative slaughter studies that included 238 Saanen goats was gathered to provide information for the development of prediction equations of energy requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization. The experimental design provided different levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and empty body weight (EBW). The data were analyzed so that sex (e.g., intact males, castrated males, and females; n = 98, 80, and 60, respectively) was a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were random effects. For the development of linear and nonlinear equations, we used the MIXED and NLMIXED procedures in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Nonlinear regression equations were developed to predict heat production (HP, kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW; dependent variable) from MEI (kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW; independent variable). Using the comparative slaughter technique, the net energy requirement for maintenance (NEM) was calculated as the value of HP at MEI equal to zero. Additionally, NEM was evaluated based on the degree of maturity. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated as the value at which HP is equal to MEI. Efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (k(m)) was calculated as the ratio between NEM and the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance. Efficiency of energy utilization for growth (k(g)) was assumed to be the slope of the linear regression of retained energy (RE) on MEI above the maintenance stage (model intercept equal to 0). Efficiencies of RE as protein (k(p)) and as fat (k(f)) were calculated using the multiple linear regression of MEI above the maintenance (model intercept equal to 0) on RE as protein and as fat, respectively. Sex affected NEm (75.0 +/- 1.76 kcal/kg(0.)(75) of EBW for males and 63.6 +/- 2.89 kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW for females) and sex did not affect k(m) (0.63). In contrast, sex no longer affected NEM when degree of maturity was considered on its estimation. The k(g) was different between sexes (0.31 for castrated males and females, and 0.26 for intact males), but k(p) (0.21) and k(f) (0.80) were similar between sexes. These results may be useful for improving robustness of the energy requirement recommendations for dairy goats. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Anim Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sul & Sudeste Para, Inst Estudos Trop Umido, BR-68557335 Xinguara, PA, Brazil Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Columbus, OH 43201 USA Univ New England, Sch Environm & Rural Sci, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Anim Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/14734-9 CAPES: 001

We aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, production yield, and economic viability of Minas Frescal cheese produced with milk from buffaloes supplemented with acai seed as a substitute for corn meal. The experiment used five Murrah crossbred buffaloes with a mean body weight of 577 ± 20.4 kg, maintained under Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaca grazing in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The treatments comprised four concentrate supplements, in which acai seed replaced corn meal at 0, 33, 66, and 100% substitution, and a control with no concentrate supplementation. Replacement of corn meal with acai seed in buffalo diet had no effect on chemical composition of produced cheese (P > 0.05) nor was there any difference in chemical composition between the control group and animals supplemented with concentrate (P > 0.05). The adjusted cheese yield (kg cheese/cow/day) demonstrated a quadratic pattern with maximum production at 33% acai seed substitution (P

These experiments estimated Ca, P, Mg, K, and Na requirements of intact male, castrated male, and female Saanen goats. Two experiments were performed: one to determine the net macromineral requirements for maintenance (Exp. 1) and another to determine net macromineral requirements for growth (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, 75 goats (26 intact males, 25 castrated males, and 24 females) with initial BW (iBW) of 15.76 ± 0.10 kg were used. These animals were divided in 2 groups: baseline animals and pair-fed animals. Twenty-one goats (8 intact males, 7 castrated males, and 6 females) were slaughtered (16.6 ± 0.96 kg BW) at the beginning of the experiment to be used as the baseline group. The 54 remaining goats (18 intact males, 18 castrated males, and 18 females) were pair fed in 6 blocks of 3 goats per sex. The goats within each block were then randomly allocated to 1 of 3 levels of intake: ad libitum, restricted fed to 75% of the ad libitum intake, and restricted fed to 50% of ad libitum intake. When the animal fed ad libitum reached 31.2 ± 0.58 kg BW, it and the other goats from the same block were slaughtered. The effects of sex and level of intake were evaluated in a split-plot design, where sex was the main plot observation and level of intake was the subplot. Daily net macromineral requirements for maintenance did not differ among the sexes ( > 0.05), and the average values obtained were 35.4 mg Ca, 24.7 mg P, 2.5 mg Mg, 5.0 mg K, and 3.30 mg Na per kg BW∙d. The net requirements for growth in Exp. 2 were obtained using 58 goats (20 intact males, 20 castrated males, and 18 females) with 15.8 ± 0.11 kg iBW, all fed ad libitum. These animals were assigned in a completely randomized design and allocated in 3 slaughter weight groups: 16.6 ± 0.96, 23.1 ± 1.33, and 31.2 ± 0.58 kg BW. The net Ca, P, and Mg requirements for growth were not different among the sexes ( > 0.05). There was a sex effect on net K and Na requirements for growth ( < 0.05). The net K requirements for growth (g/kg ADG) of intact males were greater ( = 0.03) and increased approximately 16%, whereas females and castrated males decreased approximately 11% as BW increased from 15 to 30 kg BW. The net Na requirements for growth (g/kg ADG) increased 9.5% for intact males and decreased 22% for females when the goats grew from 15 to 30 kg BW. Sex, therefore, affects net K and Na requirements for growth, but it does not affect net macromineral requirements for maintenance in Saanen goats.

The inclusion of rice bran in lamb diets as energetic concentrate has been explored at low levels as it was believed that at high inclusion, it might be detrimental for fiber intake and digestibility. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional effects of partial and total substitution of corn meal with rice bran in lamb diets. Four levels of inclusion of rice bran (0, 7.4, 14.9, and 22.5% of total diet) in substitution to corn meal were evaluated and four Santa Ines castrated male lambs with average body weight (BW ± SD) of 35.3 ± 1.30 kg were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. There was no effect of the inclusion level of rice bran on the dry matter and nutrient intakes (P > 0.05), except for fat and non-fiber carbohydrate intakes, which linearly increased and decreased respectively, as rice bran proportion increased in the diet (P 0.05). Therefore, rice bran could be used as an alternative feedstuff to corn meal in lamb diets.

Background: Multivariate factor analysis (MFA) could be used for analyzing the complex pattern of correlations among fatty acids (FAs) in the rumen. Objective: To investigate the potential use of MFA to extract information on unbranched FAs metabolism in bovine rumen fluid. Methods: A dataset containing 107 individual records of 26 unbranched FAs from two in vitro ruminal incubation studies was constructed. The MFA was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software. Results: The MFA extracted four latent factors, accounting for 86.7% of the total variance. The first factor was positively associated with short (6:0), medium (8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0), and long (17:0, 20:0, and 23:0) saturated FAs (SFAs), as well as with cis and trans monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) from 14 to 16 carbon atoms (14:1- t5, 14:1-c9, 15:1-t10, 16:1-c9, and 16:1-t9). The second factor was positively correlated with 18:0 and the majority of cis and trans MUFAs of 18 carbon atoms (18:1-t9, 18:1-t11, 18:1-c6, 18:1-c9, and 18:1-c11). The third factor was positively related to 18:3-c9,c12,c15 and 18:2-t11,c15, and negatively to 18:2-c9,t11. The fourth factor was positively correlated with 18:1-t6 and 19:0; however, 19:0 was also negatively associated with the second factor. The 18:2-c9,c12 was negatively correlated with the second and third factors. Conclusion: Multivariate factor analysis (MFA) allowed the reduction of a large number of fatty acids in bovine ruminal fluid to a few latent factors with biological meaning. Resumen Antecedentes: El análisis multivariado factorial (MFA) podría usarse para evaluar el complejo patrón de correlaciones entre ácidos grasos (FAs) en el rumen. Objetivo: Investigar el uso potencial del AMF para extraer información sobre el metabolismo de FAs no ramificados en fluido ruminal de bovinos. Métodos: Se construyó una base de datos conformada por 107 registros individuales de 26 FAs no ramificados, provenientes de dos estudios de incubación in vitro. El MFA se desarrolló usando el programa SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Resultados: El MFA extrajo cuatro factores latentes, cuantificando el 86.7% de la varianza total. El primer factor se correlacionó positivamente con FAs saturados (SFAs) de cadena corta (6:0), media (8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0 y 16:0) y larga (17:0, 20:0 y 23:0) como también con FAs monoinsaturados (MUFAs) de 14 a 16 átomos de carbono (14:1-t5, 14:1-c9, 15:1-t10, 16:1-c9 y 16:1-t9). El segundo factor se correlacionó positivamente con 18:0 y con la mayoría de MUFAs cis y trans de 18 átomos de carbono (18:1- t9, 18:1-t11, 18:1-c6, 18:1-c9 y 18:1-c11). El tercer factor se correlacionó positivamente con 18:3-c9,c12,c15 y 18:2-t11,c15 y negativamente con 18:2-c9,t11. El cuarto factor se correlacionó positivamente con 18:1-t6 y 19:0; sin embargo, 19:0 también se correlacionó negativamente con el segundo factor. El 18:2-c9,c12 se correlacionó negativamente con los factores segundo y tercero. Conclusión: El análisis multivariado factorial (MFA) permitió reducir el gran número de ácidos grasos del fluido ruminal a unos pocos factores latentes con significado biológico. Resumo Antecedentes: A análise multivariada fatorial (MFA) poderia ser aplicada na análise do padrão complexo de correlações entre ácidos graxos (FAs) no rúmen. Objetivo: Investigar o potencial de uso do MFA para extrair informação sobre o metabolismo de FAs não ramificados no fluido ruminal de bovinos. Métodos: Construiu-se um banco de dados formado por 107 registros individuais de 26 FAs não ramificados, oriundos de dois estudos de incubação in vitro. A MFA foi desenvolvida usando o programa SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Resultados: A MFA extraiu quatro fatores latentes, quantificando 86.7% da variância total. O primeiro fator correlacionou-se positivamente com FAs saturados (SFAs) de cadeia curta (6:0), meia (8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0 e 16:0) e longa (17:0, 20:0 e 23:0) bem como com os FAs monoinsaturados (MUFAs) de 14 a 16 átomos de carbono (14:1-t5, 14:1-c9, 15:1-t10, 16:1-c9 y 16:1-t9). O segundo fator correlacionou-se positivamente com 18:0 e com a maioria de MUFAs cis y trans de 18 átomos de carbono (18:1-t9, 18:1-t11, 18:1- c6, 18:1-c9 e 18:1-c11). O terceiro fator correlacionou-se positivamente com 18:3-c9,c12,c15 e 18:2-t11,c15 e negativamente com 18:2-c9,t11. O quarto fator correlacionou-se positivamente com 18:1-t6 e 19:0; porém, 19:0 também se correlacionou negativamente com o segundo fator. O 18:2-c9,c12 se correlacionou negativamente com os fatores segundo e terceiro. Conclusão: A análise multivariada fatorial (MFA) permitiu reduzir um número grande de ácidos graxos no fluido ruminal a poucos fatores latentes com significado biológico.

The objective of this study was to evaluate sex effects on the daily net requirements of calcium (NCam), phosphorus (NPm), magnesium (NMgm), and potassium (NKm) for maintenance in Saanen goats of 5 to 45 kg BW. For this purpose, two datasets were used: the first dataset was composed of 154 individual records (53 castrated males, 46 females, and 55 intact males) from three comparative slaughter studies, and was used to test the sex effects on NCam, NPm, NMgm, NKm in Saanen goats, using the comparative slaughter technique (CST). The second dataset was assembled from 155 individual records (67 castrated males, 40 females, and 48 intact males) from four feeding trials, and was used to evaluate the sex effects on NCam, NMgm, and NKm in Saanen goats, using the minimum endogenous losses method (MEL). The meta-analyses were performed using a mixed model, in which sex was considered a fixed effect and study a random effect. Sex did not affect NCam, NPm, and NKm in Saanen goats of 5 to 45 kg BW, when mineral requirements were estimated using CST (P > 0.10). The NCam, NPm, and NKm were 21.1, 22.8, and 4.0 mg/kg BW, respectively. In contrast, sex affected the NMgm of Saanen goats (P = 0.077). The NMgm for castrated male and female Saanen goats was 1.4 mg/kg BW, while for intact males, NMgm was 2.6 mg/kg BW. Sex did not affect the NCam, NMgm, or NKm in Saanen goats of 5 to 45 kg BW, when mineral requirements were estimated using MEL (P > 0.10). The NCam, NMgm, and NKm were 38.0, 7.4, and 25.2 mg/kg BW, respectively. The daily net macromineral requirements for maintenance reported herein may be relevant for the development of feeding systems for goats, and for optimizing mineral nutrition management of growing Saanen goats. Key Words

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:33:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982018000100618.pdf: 561491 bytes, checksum: a2ca38f27714aef67bc8f7426fee863e (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Asociacion Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP) The objective of this study was to investigate the multivariate relationship among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in Saanen goats of different sexes (castrated males, females, and intact males) using canonical correlation analysis. Individual records of 274 Saanen goats combined from 10 studies was used. Two sets of body constituents were established: the first one contained variables related to body protein or fat (canonical variate U) and the second contained variables related to body calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, or potassium (canonical variate V). Two canonical pairs were identified for each sex. However, irrespective of sex, first canonical pairs accounted for more than 87% of variance of the dependent variables, these only being used for the analysis. For canonical variate U 1, canonical weights for protein were greater than that for fat (in castrated males, protein = 0.62 and fat = 0.41; in females, protein = 0.96 and fat = 0.039; and in intact males, protein = 0.81 and fat = 0.20). For canonical variate V 1, in males, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and phosphorus, whereas the lowest were for calcium (in castrated males, potassium = 0.485 > phosphorus = 0.259 > magnesium = 0.206 > sodium = 0.129 > calcium = 0.081, and in intact males, potassium = 0.499 > phosphorus = 0.459 > sodium = 0.105 > magnesium = 0.024 > calcium = 0.001). On the other hand, in females, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and calcium, whereas the lowest was for magnesium (potassium = 0.539 > calcium = 0.201 > phosphorus = 0.178 > sodium = 0.088 > magnesium = 0.081). The current results may help to understand the role of sex on strength and nature of the association among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in growing Saanen goats. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zootecnia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zootecnia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/14734-9 Asociacion Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP): 166754-1

Requirements for growth in the different sexes remain poorly quantified in goats. The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating net protein (NPG) and net energy (NEG) for growth in Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW). A data set from 7 comparative slaughter studies (238 individual records) of Saanen goats was used. Allometric equations were developed to determine body protein and energy contents in the empty BW (EBW) as dependent variables and EBW as the allometric predictor. Parameter estimates were obtained using a linearized (log-transformation) expression of the allometric equations using the MIXED procedure in SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The model included the random effect of the study and the fixed effects of sex (intact male, castrated male, and female; n = 94, 73, and 71, respectively), EBW, and their interactions. Net requirements for growth were estimated as the first partial derivative of the allometric equations with respect to EBW. Additionally, net requirements for growth were evaluated based on the degree of maturity. Monte Carlo techniques were used to estimate the uncertainty of the calculated net requirement values. Sex affected allometric relationships for protein and energy in Saanen goats. The allometric equation for protein content in the EBW of intact and castrated males was log10 protein (g) = 2.221 (±0.0224) + 1.015 (±0.0165) × log10 EBW (kg). For females, the relationship was log10 protein (g) = 2.277 (±0.0288) + 0.958 (±0.0218) × log10 EBW (kg). Therefore, NPG for males was greater than for females. The allometric equation for the energy content in the EBW of intact males was log10 energy (kcal) = 2.988 (±0.0323) + 1.240 (±0.0238) × log10 EBW (kg); of castrated males, log10 energy (kcal) = 2.873 (±0.0377) + 1.359 (±0.0283) × log10 EBW (kg); and of females, log10 energy (kcal) = 2.820 (±0.0377) + 1.442 (±0.0281) × log10 EBW (kg). The NEG of castrated males was greater than that of intact males and lower than that of females. Using degree of maturity for estimating NPG and NEG, we could remove the differences between sexes. These results indicate that NPG and NEG differ among sexes in growing Saanen goats, and this difference should be accounted for by feeding systems. Including the degree of maturity as predictor cancels out those differences across sexes in protein and energy requirements.