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t: Im Frühjahr 2020 hat die COVID-19-Pandemie unser tägliches Leben völlig abändert. Viele der Auswirkungen der Abschließungen und der Heimarbeit, die mit der Epidemie einhergingen, sind auch heute noch in der Gerichtspraxis zu spüren, sowohl positiv als auch negativ. Positiv zu vermerken ist, dass die Gerichte und Behörden das Potenzial der Online-Kommunikation erkannt haben, so dass einige Verfahren auch in den „Epidemiefreien” Zeiten, online abgehalten werden können, was Zeit und Energie spart. Die Tatsache, dass die Gerichte in Zivilverfahren immer mehr ausschließlich schriftliches Vorverfahren anordnen, viel öfter als früher, löst unterschiedliche Reaktionen aus. Schließlich als negatives Beispiel ist zu nennen dass es bisher zu keine zufriedende Lösung kam, wie das Gericht mit Fällen von Abwesenheit aufgrund plötzlicher Krankheit einen Umgang finden kann. Die Abhandlung untersucht die Praxis im Bereich der Abwesenheit im Krankheitsfall: Auf der Grundlage eines Beschlusses des ungarischen höchsten Gerichtshofes (der sog. Kuria) vom Februar 2021, der unter den besonderen Umständen des Pandemie-Notfalls erlassen wurde, versucht sie, den tatsächlichen Inhalt und die Rolle des Rechts auf Vertretung (und die Vertretung durch einen Anwalt) in Zivilverfahren zu beleuchten.

Az adatalapú, digitális megoldások jobb megelőzési, terápiás, és jóléti ajánlásokkal segíthetik az egészségügy szereplőit, hozzájárulnak a mesterséges intelligencia alapú döntéstámogatás fejlesztéséhez és bevezetéséhez a diagnosztikában és a terápiában, és támogatják az orvosbiológiai kutatások fejlődését, különös tekintettel a személyre szabott terápiák és diagnosztikumok fejlesztésére. Az egészségügyi mesterséges intelligencia kutatások áttekintésének egyik meghatározó tapasztalata, hogy kevés az olyan rendszerszintű vizsgálat, amely a fejlesztést a későbbi digitális ellátási modellekbe történőintegráció szempontjából közelíti meg. A Semmelweis Egyetem Tématerületi Kiválósági Programja keretében megvalósuló referenciaprojektben elkészül a mesterséges intelligencia algoritmus gyártósora. Jelen cikkben arra keressük a választ, hogy milyen kérdések előkészítésével tehetjük lehetővé több mesterséges intelligencia modul párhuzamos fejlesztését hosszú időn át, a megfelelő jogi és finanszírozási környezetben? Kialakítható-e a fejlesztési és bevezetési folyamat rendszerszinten is úgy mint egy professzionális és megbízható minőségben működő gyártósor? A folyamat lépései modalitáson-ként változhatnak, esetenként felcserélődnek, vagy össze érnek, de lényegében a következő főbb szakaszokra bonthatók: (1) koncepció kialakítás, (2) metszet- és adat-gyűjtés megszervezése, annotációs módszertan és felület kialakítása, (3) szakmai validáció (4) integráció (5) fel-használói validálás és bevezetés. A folyamat összetettsége holisztikus megközelítést igényel, mivel már a fejlesztési szakaszban át kell gondolni a kiválasztott technológia innovatív aspektusait, az általa nyújtott hozzáadott értéket, a minősítés és a klinikai vizsgálatok, vala-mint a technológiaértékelés mentén. Ennek megfelelően kell megtervezni és megszervezni a folyamatot és be kell vonni és professzionálisan támogatni a finanszírozót, az egészségügyi szolgáltatókat, a technológiai fejlesztőket, a szabályozókat, a polgárokat/pácienseket, a tudományos kutatókat: a digitális ökoszisztéma szereplőit. A 2022-ben induló Egészségbiztonság Nemzeti Laboratórium Adatvezérelt Egészségügy Divíziójában (D2H) ezen cikk eredményeire építve szeretnénk (1) bemutatni a mesterséges intelligencia fejlesztések és applikációk elterjedtségét az egészségügyben nemzetközi szinten, (2) összefoglalni a rendszerszintű bevezetésben rejlőkockázatokat Magyarországon és (3) azonosítani a széleskörű hazai bevezetéshez szükséges lépéseket.

Sports coaching is traditionally a male-dominated profession all over the world, though there is no explicit evidence that either gender outperforms the other in this profession. The current paper aimed to uncover the differences between female and male coaches regarding their pedagogical and professional beliefs. A total of 357 basketball coaches (30.8% women and 69.2% men) working in Hungary responded to an online questionnaire. A background analysis of the sample revealed that most of the coaches manage youth teams and that women coach younger age groups than men. Female coaches proved to be more educated than their male counterparts, both in general and on a professional level. The results showed that, regardless of gender, the coaches were well aware of their pedagogical functions. Significant differences were found in terms of relationships, personal development, motivation, and discipline; the women reported higher values in all cases. Female coaches were also more concerned about factors that help gain respect and appreciation. Based on the results, education, qualifications, and pedagogical and professional views of coaches do not justify the underrepresentation of women in sports coaching. Club managers, sports federation boards, and other decision makers should promote programs that are aimed at engaging more women in sports coaching.

A tanulmány bemutatja az Erdélyi Fejedelemségben zajlott felségsértési pereket valamint azok jellemzőit és változásait. Természetesen nem mutat be részletesen minden egyes nota infidelitatis pert, de egy képet szeretne adni ennek a pertípusnak az alakulásáról. Megvizsgálja, hogy az erdélyi fejedelmek hogyan használták ezeket a pereket a nemesség megfegyelmezésére. Bemutatja, hogy hogyan változott a perek lefolyása, a vádemelés és az ítéletek, valamint azok végrehajtása. Emellett arra is kitér, hogy milyen összefüggés látható az államrend szilárdsága és a felségsértési perek között.

Breakpoint chlorination (BC) and disinfection with chlorine-based disinfectant are widely used procedures in drinking water production. Both involve dosing chlorine into the raw water, where it can react with organic compounds, forming disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health concern. However, technological parameters (e.g., contact time, chlorine dosage, and bromide to residual free chlorine ratio) of the two chlorination procedures are different, which can lead to differences in DBP formation. To better understand this, a year-long sampling campaign was carried out at three waterworks in Hungary, where both BC and chlorine disinfection are used. To confirm the results of the field sampling, bench-scale experiments were carried out, investigating the impact of (a) bromide concentration in raw water, (b) residual free chlorine (bromide to residual chlorine ratio), and (c) contact time on DBP formation. The measured DBPs were trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and chlorate. During BC, the DBPs were formed in higher concentration, with the exception of one waterwork having elevated bromide content in the raw water. Bromine substitution factors (BSFs) were significantly higher during disinfection than BC in both field and laboratory experiments. After BC, the chlorate concentration range was 0.15–1.1 mg/L, and 96% of the samples exceeded the European Union (EU) parametric value (0.25 mg/L), whereas disinfection contributed only slightly. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters used to remove DBPs in waterworks were exhausted after 6–8 months of use, first for those chlorinated THMs, which are generated predominantly during BC. The biological activity of the filters started to increase after 3–6 months of operation. This activity helps to remove the biodegradable compounds, such as disubstituted haloacetic acid (DHAAs) and HANs, even if the adsorption capacity of the GAC filters are low.

Az Európai Unió jogának egyik fontos célkitűzése a belső piac megvalósítása. A tagállami kereskedelmi szabályok – mint például a reklámkorlátozások vagy reklámtilalmak – egy része tagállamonként jelentősen eltér. A belső piacon így mindenekelőtt az áruk szabad mozgását, valamint a szolgáltatások szabad áramlását akadályozhatják. Ennélfogva a gazdasági szabadságok érvényesülésének elősegítése érdekében az Európai Bíróság számos ítéletében meghatározta a tagállami reklámszabályok uniós jogi korlátait. Különösen az EUMSZ 56. cikke szerinti „szolgáltatások szabad áramlása” biztosítható csak abban az esetben, ha a határon átnyúló szolgáltatáskínálatot is megfelelő módon lehet reklámozni. E szabályozási hátteret fgyelembe véve az alábbiakban vizsgált, a szerencsejátékszolgáltatások reklámtilalmáról szóló magyar előírás [az 1991. évi XXXIV. törvény 1. §-ának (4) és (5) bekezdése, valamint 2. §-ának (7) bekezdése] különösen problematikusnak tűnik. Mindenekelőtt azért, mert ez a rendelkezés nem csupán a belföldön, hanem az Európai Unió más tagállamaiban (jogszerűen) kínált szolgáltatások reklámjára is vonatkozik.

Magnetic memory effect was measured in Fe-Ag granular multilayers by employing the so-called stop-and-wait protocol in order to reveal super-spin glass (SSG) behavior and explore the role of intra- and interlayer interactions which can influence the superparamagnetic (SPM) behavior of Fe particles separated by Ag layers. Calculations based on the relaxation of two-level systems are made to obtain the evolution of the magnetization of interaction-free SPM particles as a function of temperature and time for arbitrary annealing procedures, e.g., zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) susceptibility (low-field magnetization) or temperature-cycling measurements. In samples with a single Fe layer of different nominal thicknesses, both the observed memory effect and the low-temperature deviation of the measured FC magnetization from the calculated interaction-free FC curve are attributed to the effect of dipolar interactions. Estimates on the anisotropy energy suggest the importance of the surface anisotropy of the Fe particles in the magnetic behavior.

The different interface width and alloy composition of the Fe-on-Ti and Ti-on-Fe interfaces has been concluded recently from conversion-electron Mossbauer spectroscopy and x-ray reflectivity measurements of Ti/57Fe/Ti trilayers. Now it is shown by Mossbauer spectroscopy analysis that the asymmetric interfaces of the as-prepared samples result in different evolution of the phase compositions at the two interfaces under heat treatments below 300 °C. Room temperature conversion-electron Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements indicate that at the Ti-on-Fe interface the amount of both the paramagnetic and magnetic alloy components increase while at the Fe-on-Ti interface the amount of the paramagnetic alloy increases at the expense of the magnetic alloy component. The results are explained by the different thickness of the magnetic alloy at the two interfaces and the consequently different degree of layer formation.

Multilayers of 0.4 nm Fe and 5 nm Ag with repetition number, n =1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 were prepared by vacuum evaporation onto Si wafer. The blocking temperature was determined by measuring the field cooled and zero field cooled magnetization curves with a SQUID magnetometer and it was found to increase by almost an order of magnitude from around 20 K for the single Fe layer sample up to around 160 K for n =20. Significant increase of the average size of the superparamagnetic Fe grains by increasing the number of the Fe layers was excluded by conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements of the paramagnetic state. The role of the dipole–dipole interactions and their interplay with the out-of-plain magnetic anisotropy in the variation of the blocking temperature has been investigated by Monte-Carlo simulations.

Sports coaching in Hungary is an established profession. The coaching workforce, which is diverse in terms of age and coaching experience, is trained and paid. This study aimed to illustrate the impact of age on coaches’ values, beliefs and attitudes towards various aspects of their jobs. A total of 152 basketball coaches (105 male and 47 female) working in Hungary, with an average of 12.9 years (±11.5) coaching experience participated in an online survey. They were categorized into five age-groups i.e. < 23 years, 23-35 years, 36-45 years, 46-55 years and > 55 years; one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to identify the differences between groups. Regardless of their ages, coaches shared similar viewpoints on a range of aspects concerning coaching. Significant distinctions were mainly seen between coaches aged over 55 years and other age-groups suggesting that age has some effect on coaches’ beliefs and attitudes. Because respondents’ age and coaching experience were closely related, these differences could be attributed to age and commensurate experience.

Nb/Fe/Nb vacuum evaporated trilayers were studies by X-ray reflectometry, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and Mossbauer spectroscopy in order to obtain information on the properties of the Fe-on-Nb and Nb-on-Fe interfaces. According to the Mossbauer analysis the interfaces are rather sharp; chemical mixing forms less than 1 nm thick Fe-rich interfaces at both sides of the Fe layer. Comparison to X-ray reflectometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry results indicate that interface alloying and geometrical roughness equally contribute to the element distribution across the Fe and Nb layers.

Fe-Ag multilayers were prepared by vacuum evaporation in a wide range of Fe and Ag thicknesses (${t}_{\mathrm{Fe}}$, ${t}_{\mathrm{Ag}}$) and bilayer numbers $(n)$, while the magnetic properties as a function of these parameters were measured. Samples with discontinuous Fe layers are superparamagnetic (SPM) and our paper shows that ${t}_{\mathrm{Ag}}$ and $n$ affect the superparamagnetic blocking temperature (${T}_{\mathrm{B}}$) not only by affecting the interactions between the Fe grains but also through influencing the growth process of Fe and thereby modifying the magnetic-grain-size distribution. A magnetic ``phase diagram'' of our Fe-Ag multilayers is constructed in the ${t}_{\mathrm{Fe}}$, ${t}_{\mathrm{Ag}}$, $n$ parameter space, where the SPM and ferromagnetic behaviors are separated by a mixed zone showing the characteristics of both. The measured trend of the susceptibilities attained at the blocking temperature (${T}_{\mathrm{B}}$), increasing with increasing ${T}_{\mathrm{B}}$, was explained by the volume distribution of the magnetic particles, as illustrated by calculations for an ensemble of interaction-free magnetic particles.

The Fe-on-Ti and Ti-on-Fe interfaces were studied experimentally by Mossbauer spectroscopy (MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray reflectometry (XRR) on Ti/Fe/Ti trilayers grown on Si(1 1 1) substrates by vacuum evaporation. The nanoscale structure and composition were explored in cross sections using TEM, the layer structure and the interface widths by specular x-ray reflectometry. MS was applied to identify the interface alloy phases and to determine the pure and alloyed Fe layer fractions. The experimental results were compared with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of layer growth on Fe or Ti underlayers of different orientations. The concentration distributions provided by MD simulations show an asymmetry at the interfaces in the layer growth direction. The transition is atomically sharp at the Ti-on-Fe interface for the (0 0 1) and (1 1 0) crystallographic orientations of the Fe underlayer, while it spreads over a few atomic layers for Fe(1 1 1) underlayer and for all studied Ti underlayer orientations at the Fe-on-Ti interface. MS and XRR data on Ti/Fe/Ti trilayers confirm the asymmetry between the bottom and top Fe interface, but the inferred interface widths considerable exceed those deduced from the MD simulations.

Despite several therapeutic possibilities the morbidity and mortality of thromboembolic disorders remain high. Improving drug compliance – i. e. keeping up the doctor’s prescriptions – may be an effective tool to reach better results. To improve patients’ compliance, the risk factors of non-compliance should be recognized. Among these patients’ fear of adverse effects of drugs, their lack of knowledge about their illness and medication, forgetfulness, and other social, economic factors may be the most important. Furthermore, adherence may be worsened when the patient feels that the decision has been made over his/her head. Sustained medical adherence is important because anticoagulation may be a life-long treatment. The new oral anticoagulants make the matter of compliance to be current. These new type of drugs do not need regular laboratory monitoring and, therefore, compliance cannot be strictly followed. There are several studies concerning drug compliance to anticoagulant medications. Improvement of adherence is based on regular patient education after reviewing the factors of non-compliance, which needs teamwork with important roles of doctors, pharmacists, dietetics and nurses. Careful and accurate work of the participants of primary care might be complemented by the activity of anticoagulant clinics. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(32), 1281–1287.

A simple method is described which reduces those systematic errors of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer that arise from possible radial displacements of the sample in the second-order gradiometer superconducting pickup coil. By rotating the sample rod (and hence the sample) around its axis into a position where the best fit is obtained to the output voltage of the SQUID as the sample is moved through the pickup coil, the accuracy of measuring magnetic moments can be increased significantly. In the cases of an examined Co 1.9 Fe 1.1 Si Heusler alloy, pure iron and nickel samples, the accuracy could be increased over the value given in the specification of the device. The suggested method is only meaningful if the measurement uncertainty is dominated by systematic errors – radial displacement in particular – and not by instrumental or environmental noise.

Bulk and local magnetic properties were studied in [1 nm B + 1 nm 57 Fe + x nm Ag] 5 , x = 1, 2, 4, 5 and 10, multilayer samples. Although Ag does not mix with either of the other two elements the magnetic properties of the multilayers are strongly influenced by the Ag thickness below x = 5, whereas no such effect is observed above this value. The Mossbauer measurements indicate a complete amorphization of the thin Fe layers in each sample, as a result of intermixing with the B layers. The variation of the magnetic properties is explained by the variation of the average B concentration of the amorphous Fe–B layers, which depends on the thickness of the Ag barrier layers. The magnetization measurements indicate ferromagnetic behaviour of the ultra-thin amorphous layers with the presence of less than 10% superparamagnetic moments for x = 5 and 10. The average B concentration of the amorphous Fe–B alloy, as estimated from the Fe hyperfine fields, is around 40 at%. It is significantly lower than the 60 at% nominal B concentration, suggesting the presence of an unalloyed B layer, as well. This picture is supported by transmission electron microscopy investigations which reveal two amorphous layers of different B concentration in between the crystalline Ag layers.

Multilayers with Ag/Fe/B and Ag/B/Fe layer sequence were studied in order to reveal differences of top and bottom interfaces of Fe. The hyperfine field distribution depends on the layer sequence and the differences could be attributed to a different B concentration distribution at the top and bottom Fe–B interface.

The physical stability of 2 types of total nutrient admixtures was studied as a function of storage time and temperature. One of them contained only structured triglycerides and the other exclusively long-chain triglycerides as lipid components. To evaluate the possible changes in the kinetic stability of the emulsions and in the surface characteristics of the droplets during storage, particle size analysis, zeta potential, and dynamic surface tension measurements were performed. To follow any chemical decomposition processes that occurred during storage, the pH of the emulsions was also monitored. The mean droplet size of emulsions prepared with lipids containing exclusively long-chain triglycerides showed a remarkable increase after 4 days of storage, in contrast with that of the mixtures containing structured lipids. A combination of size distribution, zeta potential, and dynamic surface tension measurements proved to be useful for an adequate tracking of the kinetic stability of total nutrient admixtures. Structured triglycerides not only provide advantageous metabolic effects but improve the physical stability of total parenteral nutrition admixtures.

Magnetic multilayers of 57Fe with nominal thickness, T nom, between 0.4 and 1.0 nm separated by 3.0 nm Al spacer layers were prepared by alternate deposition of the constituents in high vacuum. The samples were investigated at 4.2 K in external magnetic field. A fraction of Fe atoms corresponding to about 0.3 nm equivalent Fe-thickness was found to mix into the Al spacer. The extremely strong magnetic anisotropy observed for T nom

The expression of many membrane bound [NiFe] hydrogenases is regulated by their substrate molecule, hydrogen. The HupSL hydrogenase, encoded in the hupSLCDHIR operon, probably plays a role in hydrogen recycling in the phototrophic purple bacterium, Thiocapsa roseopersicina BBS. RpoN, coding for sigma factor 54, was shown to be important for expression, suggesting a regulated biosynthsis from the hup gene cluster. The response regulator gene, hupR, has been identified in the hup operon and expression of hupSL was reduced in a chromosomal hupR mutant, which indicated that HupR was implicated in the activation process. The hupT and hupUV genes were isolated, and show similarity to the histidine kinase element of the H2-driven signal transduction system and to the regulatory hydrogenases of Ralstonia eutropha and Rhodobacter capsulatus, respectively. Although the genes of the entire H2 sensing and regulation system were present, the expression of the hupSL genes was not affected by the presence or absence of H2. Using reverse transcription PCR, we could not detect any mRNA specific to the hupTUV genes in cells grown under diverse conditions. The hupT and hupUV mutant strains had the same phenotype as the wild-type strains. The hupT gene product, expressed from a plasmid, repressed HupSL synthesis as expected while introduction of actively expressed hupTUV genes together derepressed the HupSL activity in T. roseopersicina. The gene product of hupUV behaves similarly to other regulatory hydrogenases and shows H-D exchange activity.

An (0.2 nm 57Fe/2.6 nm Ag)75 granular multilayer sample and heterostructures with additional continuous Fe layers in different sequences were studied in magnetic field applied at different temperatures. The broadening of the superparamagnetic lines was found to be very similar for the three samples in applied fields both parallel and perpendicular to the sample plane. While the layer sequence has no significant effect on the superparamagnetic properties, the continuous magnetic layers follow a different approach to saturation in perpendicular magnetic fields.

Fe(x)/Ag(2.6 nm) multilayer heterostructures containing Fe layers of periodically altered thickness have been prepared by molecular beam evaporation to study the influence of ferromagnetic layers on the magnetic properties of granular multilayers. The magnetic properties were examined by SQUID magnetization measurements and Mossbauer spectroscopy, and the magnetoresistance was measured in parallel and transversal magnetic fields up to 12 T. Samples with x=0.2 and 1.5 nm were prepared both as separated and as interleaved multilayer heterostructures. The average blocking temperature of the granular Fe layers (x=0.2 nm) is not altered when the thickness of every fourth layer is increased to 1.5 nm. On the other hand the temperature dependence of the magnetoresistance was found to be significantly different for the separated and the interleaved samples. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The superparamagnetic behaviour of nanocrystalline (nc) Fe80B12Zr7Cu alloys, having different amounts of body centred cubic (bcc) fraction controlled by DSC heat treatments was studied by high temperature SQUID magnetometry and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The granule diameter calculated from magnetic measurements is significantly higher than the X-ray determined grain size but is proportional to that value. The superparamagnetic behaviour is observed at substantially lower temperatures by the Mossbauer spectroscopy than by the macroscopic magnetisation studies, which means that the applied magnetic field significantly influences the superparamagnetic behaviour. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The purple (Sulphur) phototrophic bacterium, Thiocapsa roseopersicina BBS contains several [NiFe] hydrogenases, of which two are membrane bound. Mutant T . roseopersicina cells, carrying deletions in both gene clusters showed hydrogenase activity. This activity was located in the cytoplasm. The structural gene cluster hoxEFUYH was identi:ed and sequenced. In addition, genes homologous to hupUV=hoxBC, the hydrogen sensing hydrogenase have been identi:ed and sequenced. Regulation of hydrogenase biosynthesis was studied in detail for HydSL (renamed HynSL). A random mutagenesis system was optimised for T. roseopersicina. One of the mutations was in a gene similar to that coding for the HypF proteins in other organisms. Inactivation of the hypF gene resulted in a 60-fold increase in hydrogen evolution under nitrogen :xing conditions. In addition to hypF, the following accessory genes were identi:ed: hydD, hupK, hypC1, hypC2, hypDE. Characterisation of the corresponding gene products and search for additional accessory genes are in progress. ? 2002 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ag/Fe/Ag and Cr/Fe/Cr trilayers with a single 25 nm thick ferromagnetic layer exhibit giant magnetoresistance type behavior. The resistance decreases for parallel and transversal magnetic field alignments with a Langevin type magnetic field dependence up to B=12 T . The phenomenon is explained by a granular interface structure. Results on Fe/Ag multilayers are also interpreted in terms of a granular interface magnetoresistance.

Magnetoresistance and magnetic behaviour of a vacuum evaporated multilayer consisting of 1.4 nm Fe and 2 nm Ag layers were studied. The magnetisation of the multilayer shows normal ferromagnetic behaviour while the resistance decreases both in parallel and transversal geometry up to 12 T magnetic field and can be well described by squared Langevin functions. The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is attributed to a small amount of Fe clusters and/or single impurities in the Ag matrix. This explanation is supported by similar results on a 8 nm Ag/25 nm Fe/8 nm Ag trilayer. The concentration distribution due to interface mixing was studied by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) measurements.

Anomalous composition dependences of the Curie temperature of the residual amorphous phase in nanocrystalline Fe 92-x B x Zr 7 Cu 1 (2 < x < 23) alloys were studied by Mossbauer and magnetization measurements. The observed large (almost 300 K) increase with respect to that of the precursor amorphous phase at low B content is attributed to the volume effect. Mossbauer line broadening shows the presence of superparamagnetic relaxation of the bcc magnetization in nanocrystalline Fe 74 B 18 Zr 7 Cu 1 well below the Curie temperature of the residual amorphous phase suggesting that interphase exchange coupling is weaker than the dipolar magnetic fields.

Temperature dependence of the magnetic properties of Fe/Ag vacuum evaporated multilayers was studied in a wide range of layer thickness. For Fe thickness larger than 1 nm continuous magnetic layers can be found, but its hyperfine field is significantly lower than that of pure α-Fe at elevated temperatures. It is attributed to a decrease of the Curie temperature due to Ag impurities in the Fe layer. Below 1 nm Fe thickness magnetic relaxation and the formation of a granular alloy with 35 T average hyperfine field was observed. Magnetoresistance results indicate the presence of Fe clusters in the Ag matrix, as well.

Nanocrystalline Fe80Zr7B12Cu1 alloys with different amounts and sizes of bcc precipitates were prepared by appropriate annealing of amorphous ribbons. The 6–10 nm ferromagnetic bcc granules are embedded in a residual amorphous tissue with a thickness at least 4 nm. Above room temperature superparamagnetic relaxation characteristic for small magnetic particles was observed with increasing temperature, as indicated by a significant increase in the width of the Mossbauer lines belonging to the bcc precipitates. It shows the absence of magnetic coupling which is stronger than the dipole-dipole interaction between the ferromagnetic nanoparticles.

Melt-quenched amorphous Fe 92− x B x Zr 7 Cu 1 (2⩽ x ⩽23) ribbons were heat treated to the end of the first crystallization stage. The size of the BCC grains decreases from 20 to 6 nm with increasing B content, while the average thickness of the residual amorphous phase stays approximately constant at about 4 nm. The nanocrystalline BCC phase contains 2–4 at% of dissolved B and Zr, which is also reflected in its modified Curie temperature. The average composition of the residual amorphous regions in the nanocrystalline composite was established as Fe 2 (B 1− y Zr y ), which makes possible a direct comparison of macro- and nanophases of close composition.

The hyperfine parameters of iron atoms are studied in iron nanocrystallites prepared by different methods: ball milling of iron powder, partial crystallization of Fe-Zr-B-Cu amorphous ribbons, and vacuum evaporation of Fe-B polycrystalline multilayers. Careful analysis of the spectral contribution of the possible impurities and chemical mixing at interfaces reveals that no specific grain boundary contribution can be separated in the M\"ossbauer spectra when the grain size is in the 2--10 nm range. The results indicate that excluding chemical effects the hyperfine fields of iron atoms at the bcc interfaces are very close to those in the bulk, and M\"ossbauer spectra of the iron nanocrystallites studied can be understood without supposing a separate grain boundary phase with very distorted structure or highly reduced density.

The structure and magnetic properties of soft magnetic nanocrystalline composites crystallised from amorphous ribbons are reviewed. The Fe-Early Transition Metal-Boron (Nanoperm-type) nanostructures are discussed in details and compared to the Si containing (Finemet) alloys. The nanocrystallization process was studied by calorimetry; the spatial dimension, the composition and the relative fraction of the bcc and the residual amorphous phases were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. A small fraction of Fe atoms (about 4%) was found which cannot be assigned either to the residual amorphous or to the bcc phase. It is suggested that the magnetic anisotropy of the bcc phase is decreased due to the dissolved Zr and B impurities. The Curie point and Fe atomic moments in the residual amorphous tissue are determined and compared to that of a macrosized amorphous phase of similar composition. The observed deviations do not scale with the average characteristic size of the amorphous phase and thus cannot be explained in the framework of the existing models. Magnetic dipolar coupling and tensile stresses between the grains of the different phases are suggested for explaining the soft magnetic behaviour of the nanostructures.

Iron nanocrystallites of ball-milled iron powder, partially crystallized melt quenched amorphous alloys and polycrystalline multilayers were studied. The change in the hyperfine field at iron atoms due to grain boundaries does not exceed the experimental linewidth.

A discontinuous Fe/Ag multilayer and a granular alloy, both with the overall nominal composition of Fe 10 Ag 90 , were studied by bulk magnetization and Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements. The superparamagnetic blocking temperatures, as measured by the low-field susceptibility, agree quite well but the external-field dependence of the magnetization shows large difference for the two samples at all temperatures and the grain sizes obtained from a Langevin fit to the bulk magnetization differ in almost a factor of two. The discrepancy is attributed to the different directions of anisotropy in the samples, as observed by Mossbauer measurements as well as by comparison of the magnetizations measured in parallel and perpendicular applied fields. Similar grain size is obtained for the two samples by both techniques when a simple large-field approximation ( M ( H ) ∼ M (∞)(1 − kT / μH )) is applied in the calculations.

The composition dependence of the Curie temperature and the magnetic moment of the nano-size residual amorphous phase in partially crystallized Fe92-xZr7BxCu1 (2 x 23) amorphous alloys were determined by 57Fe M?ssbauer spectroscopy. Both quantities show broad minima and for increasing relative Zr content (i.e. for decreasing B concentration) surpass the usual monotonic decrease observed for the bulk counterparts. The deviation does not scale with the characteristic size of the residual amorphous regions, which was found to be constant, ruling out explanations based on interphase exchange interaction. A magnetovolume origin of the observed anomalous composition dependence and the improved soft-magnetic characteristics of these nanocrystals is proposed.

Amorphous Fe2(B1-yZry) alloys, which are important as the residual amorphous matrices in nanocrystalline Fe - Zr - B - Cu systems, were prepared by rapid quenching from the melt for . The iron magnetic moment determined by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic measurements shows an unexpected initial increase when Zr is substituted for B. This behaviour, together with the uncommon crystallization sequence, is attributed to the highly attractive B - Zr interaction.

The magnetic behaviour of nanosize ferromagnetic bcc granules embedded in an amorphous tissue (i.e., partially crystallized amorphous alloy) was studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The results are compared with the bulk counterparts: bcc-Fe and amorphous . Size dependent enhancement of the Curie point of the nanosize amorphous phase was not observed. At temperatures well above the Curie point of the amorphous phase superparamagnetic relaxation of the bcc crystallites is observed opening new possibilities to study the anisotropy energy of nanosize ferromagnetic grains.

The direction of the spontaneous magnetization changes from out of plane to in plane at around x= 0.6 in [Ag(2.6 nm)/ Fe(x nm)] 10 multilayers (0.2 ≤ x ≤1) prepared on Si(1 11) substrate by vacuum evaporation. Transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements of removed samples with a thick capping layer are compared to conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements of samples on the Si substrate with a thin capping layer. The stress arising because of the application of a thick capping layer and the removal of the samples from the substrate is shown to have negligible effect on the spontaneous magnetization. The results support that the appearance of the perpendicular anisotropy below x = 0.6 is an intrinsic property of Fe/Ag multilayers.