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La cornamenta del toro de lidia es la parte anatómica más delicada de este animal, dado que su carácter ofensivo y estresable hace que sufra lesiones traumáticas durante el año previo a la lidia. Actualmente, se protege el cuerno con una funda de fibra de vidrio, con el objetivo de proteger su integridad. Con este trabajo, se pretende estudiar la resistencia mecánica del cuerno del toro de lidia; se analiza la posible influencia del enfundado. Para ello, se ha recogido cuernos de 50 toros de lidia de 4 a 5 años; 25 de ellos habían sido enfundados 6 meses antes de su lidia. Se ha analizado la resistencia mecánica del cuerno: cepa, pala y pitón; se utiliza el equipamiento Instron Electropulse E10000, siguiendo una metodología similar a la empleada por Horcajada et al. (2009). Se realiza tres pruebas de resistencia mecánica: compresión directa, tracción indirecta y flexo-tracción. Todas reflejaron una alta resistencia del cuerno, sin diferencias entre sus partes. Se observa un efecto beneficioso del enfundado, favorece el espesor del estuche de queratina en la cepa del cuerno; el cual fue mayor en los cuernos de los animales enfundados. Además, se comprueba una mayor resistencia de los cuernos enfundados en la prueba de tracción indirecta. Por otra parte, los cuernos de mayor longitud y diámetro resistieron presiones más altas, absorbiendo el hueso cornal, mayoritariamente, la presión ejercida.

Diversos estudios relacionan la concentración plasmática de testosterona con un comportamiento agresivo del animal. En ellos se han estudiado diferentes especies animales, pero se desconoce cómo es esta relación en el toro de lidia, perteneciente a una raza bovina singular por su selección etológica hacia la agresividad. En este trabajo se analizó de forma objetiva el comportamiento en el ruedo de 302 machos adultos de la raza bovina de lidia. Se registraron 33 parámetros etológicos, el número y gravedad de las caídas experimentadas por el animal y el tiempo de las cuatro fases del espectáculo, para correlacionar dicha información con la concentración plasmática de testosterona. Los resultados mostraron diferencias en la media de concentración plasmática de testosterona entre ganaderías y entre las líneas genéticas de procedencia estudiadas en la muestra. Igualmente se constata una correlación positiva entre la concentración de testosterona y un grupo de ocho parámetros etológicos, que señalan ejercicio físico del animal; por otro lado se observó una correlación negativa con los parámetros etológicos: “sale suelto”, “querencia” y “tardea”, sinónimos de falta de casta, lo que podría indicar una correlación positiva entre la testosterona y la agresividad, como indica la bibliografía. Several studies relate the plasmatic concentration of testosterone with an aggressive behavior of the animal. Different animal species have been studied in them, but it is unknown what this relationship is like in the “lidia” bull, which belongs to a unique bovine breed due to its ethological selection towards aggressiveness. In this work, the behavior in the ring of 302 adult males of Lidia cattle were objectively analyzed. Thirty three ethological parameters, the number and severity of the falls experienced by the animal and the time of the four phases of the show were recorded to correlate this information with the plasma concentration of testosterone. The results showed differences in the mean plasma concentration of testosterone between herds and between the genetic lines of origin studied in the sample. Likewise, a positive correlation was found between the concentration of testosterone and a group of eight ethological parameters that indicate physical exercise of the animal, on the other hand, a negative correlation was observed with the ethological parameters: “comes loose”, “want” and “late”, synonymous with lack of caste, which could indicate a positive correlation between testosterone and aggressiveness, as indicated in the literature. juan.lomillos@uchceu.es

In this study, the effects of co-administration with biscuit flour and fermented defatted “alperujo” (FDA) on gut health were evaluated in a batch of laying hens (Hy-Line 2015) on a commercial farm. Animals were divided into two groups: control group and treatment group, and histological and morphometric analyses of all sections of the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and rectum) were performed at 10, 18, 25, 50 and 75 weeks of age. During the whole productive period, a decrease in the mortality rate (p = 0.01) was observed in treated hens, as well as an increase in the number of eggs produced (p &lt, 0.001), their size (p &lt, 0.025), and weight (p &lt, 0.024). In the early and late stages of production (10, 18 and 50 weeks), a significant increase (p &lt, 0.001) in the height and depth of the intestinal villi was observed in the treatment group. Villi height was also significantly higher (p &lt, 0.001) in the treatment group up to week 50 in the cecum, and at weeks 18 and 50 in the rectum. We concluded that an economical and sustainable feeding system with less environmental impact, such as co-supplementation with biscuit flour and FDA, could maintain gut health without negatively impacting laying hens’ productive performance.

The Lidia breed, originally from Spain, constitutes an important livestock sector in Spain and Portugal. These animals are also bred in southern France and in several countries of South America (Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela). The clinical management of this breed is different from other cattle breeds; therefore, it is essential to analyze the characteristics of the farm organization, the selection scheme, the reproduction, feeding, and healthcare management. The sector is currently evolving with high progress in feeding, selection, and assisted reproduction. Not surprisingly, there are several problems that the farmers and veterinarians must overcome such as health problems, the falling syndrome, and the danger of extinction of certain genetic lines.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/cientifica/article/view/36708/39547 La cornamenta en el toro de lidia (TdL) es uno de los elementos anatómicos más importante del animal, ya que le confiere su carácter ofensivo y a la vez le dota de pureza e integridad. En la actualidad se protege el Cuerno (C) durante el último año de cría del toro con una funda de fibra de vidrio. Con el presente trabajo se pretendió estudiar la dureza del C del TdL analizando la posible influencia del enfundado en la misma. Para ello se han recogido los C de 390 toros (4-5 años -a-) y novillos (3 a) en plazas de toros de España y Francia, contando con un grupo control de individuos no enfundados de 60 animales. Se ha analizado la dureza de las 3 partes del C: cepa, pala y pitón, mediante la utilización de un durómetro PCE-D shore®. A su vez, se recogió información biométrica del C, se anotó la presencia de lesiones en la cornamenta y la capa del animal. Se observa que los C de los animales enfundados presentaron una menor dureza superficial, tanto a nivel de la cepa como del pitón. Los C que mostraron alguna alteración como escobillado o astillado entre otros, la dureza superficial del pitón fue menor. Y, por último, los C de los toros jaboneros resultaron ser más blandos, fundamentalmente a nivel del pitón, que los pertenecientes a animales con otras capas. The bull’s Horn (H) is one elements of the anatomicals part of the animal, since it confers its offensive character and at the same time gives it purity and integrity. Currently the H is protected during the last year of bull breeding with a fiberglass sheath. With the present work, it has tried to study the hardness of the H of the fighting bull, analyzing the possible influence of the holster on it. For this, H of 390 bulls (4-5 years -yr- and steers (3 yr) have been collected in bullfights in Spain and France, with a control group of individuals not covered with 60 animals. The hardness of the three parts of the H, strain, shovel and python has been analyzed, using a PCE-D shore® hardness tester. In turn, biometric information was collected from the H, the presence of lesions on the antlers and the animal’s coat was noted. It was observed that the H of the sheathed animals showed a lower surface hardness both at the level of the strain and the H tip. The H that showed some alteration such as brushing or chipp/ing among others defects. The surface hardness of the H tip was lower. And finally, the H of soapy bulls turned out to be softer, mainly at the level of the python, than those belonging to animals with other layers.

Simple Summary We review the role of cobalt and vitamin B12 in animals, especially in ruminants. Vitamin B12 is an essential part of the enzyme systems involved in multiple metabolic reactions and mainly in the formation of energy from ruminal fermentation. Signs of deficiency, as well as cobalt toxicity, in animals are described. The level of cobalt in ruminants can be assessed by measuring the blood or tissue concentrations of cobalt or vitamin B12, as well as the level of some metabolites such as malonate, homocysteine or transobolamine in blood or methylmalonic acid in urine. The requirement for cobalt (Co) is around 0.11 ppm (mg/kg) dry matter (DM) in the diet, although current recommendations advise supplementing the diet up to 0.20 mg Co/kg DM, which seems to increase animal production, especially in dairy cattle. Abstract Cobalt, as a trace element, is essential for rumen microorganisms for the formation of vitamin B12. In the metabolism of mammals, vitamin B12 is an essential part of two enzymatic systems involved in multiple metabolic reactions, such as in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, some amino acids and DNA. Adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin are coenzymes of methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) mutase and methionine synthetase and are essential for obtaining energy through ruminal metabolism. Signs of cobalt deficiency range from hyporexia, reduced growth and weight loss to liver steatosis, anemia, impaired immune function, impaired reproductive function and even death. Cobalt status in ruminant animals can be assessed by direct measurement of blood or tissue concentrations of cobalt or vitamin B12, as well as the level of methylmalonic acid, homocysteine or transcobalamin in blood; methylmalonic acid in urine; some variables hematological; food consumption or growth of animals. In general, it is assumed that the requirement for cobalt (Co) is expressed around 0.11 ppm (mg/kg) in the dry matter (DM) diet; current recommendations seem to advise increasing Co supplementation and placing it around 0.20 mg Co/kg DM. Although there is no unanimous criterion about milk production, fattening or reproductive rates in response to increased supplementation with Co, in some investigations, when the total Co of the diet was approximately 1 to 1.3 ppm (mg/kg), maximum responses were observed in the milk production.

Simple Summary The Lidia breed has great economic and social importance and is one of the most interesting breeds worldwide from a genetic point of view. The economic, social, and genetic impact has not been reflected in zootechnical studies carried out on it because the difficulty of handling and approaching of this type of animal makes measurement of live individuals almost impossible. For this reason, the first morphological characterization of Lidia breed was carried out using photogrammetry. This technology facilitates measurements of animals at a distance from 3-dimensional photographs. In the present work, 264 adult individuals (males and females) were studied to determine 20 morphological measurements, 5 zootechnical indexes, and individual phaneroptic information. The results show a considerable internal variability, sexual dimorphism, and the zoomometric differentiation of various genetic lines, thus improving value and complexity of this breed. Abstract Morphometric studies in Lidia cattle are scarce due to the challenges of handling and approaching this breed of cattle. For this reason, the first morphological characterization of the Lidia breed was carried out using photogrammetry. In the present work, 264 adult individuals (184 males and 80 females), belonging to 21 different herds, were studied. A total of 20 morphological measurements and five indexes were determined in every individual. There were many positive correlations between the measures, giving the model great morphostructural harmony. Considerable internal variability of the studied parameters was observed. This breed reflected significant sexually dimorphic features and internal morphological differences between the different genetic lines of the breed. Lidia cattle are small and mostly have a sub-concave profile (58.4% males and 69.7% females). The male proportionality indexes and the relative depth of the thorax indicated great muscular development of the anterior third and high thoracic capacity. The phaneroptic information describes a mostly black animal with black mucous and hooves and an outstanding development of the dewlaps and the tail in the males.

Este artículo a texto completo en formato PDF puede consultarse y descargarse desde el siguiente enlace al índice de la revista: https://revistas.ces.edu.co/index.php/mvz/article/view/5581/3157 A bull’s horns are the most important anatomical part of the animal, since it confers its offensive character while simultaneously endowing it with purity and integrity. Currently, the veterinarian is the guarantor of the intangibility of the horns and the person in charge of examining them to prevent fraud. The present work aims to describe to the veterinary scientific community, the methodology for the analysis of the manipulation of bull horns. Both the methods described in the current legislation and other systems that could be used in the future based on the new technologies of image analysis have been collected. / La cornamenta del toro de lidia es la parte anatómica más importante del animal, ya que le confiere su carácter ofensivo y a la vez le dota de pureza e integridad. En la actualidad el veterinario es el garante de la intangibilidad de los cuernos y el encargado de examinarlos para evitar el fraude. Con el presente trabajo se pretende describir la metodología existente para el análisis de la manipulación del cuerno de cara a un mayor conocimiento de la comunidad científica veterinaria. Se recogen tanto los métodos descritos en la legislación vigente como otros sistemas que se podrían utilizar en el futuro basado en las nuevas tecnologías de análisis de imagen. / A cornadura ou chifres do boi é a parte da anatomia mais importante no animal, pois confere o seu caráter ofensivo e ao mesmo tempo pureza e integridade. Atualmente é o médico veterinário o encarregado de garantir a integridade dos chifres, sendo o responsável do exame para evitar fraudes. Este artigo pretende descrever a metodologia para a análise da manipilação dos cornos/chifres, a fim de obter uma melhor compreensão da comunidade científica. São tratados os métodos recolhidos na legislação atual, além dos possiveis métodos que poderiam ser usados no futuro com base nas novas tecnologias de análises mediante imagem.

Citizens worldwide are increasingly concerned about the animal welfare of farm animals but lack knowledge about animal production systems, as fewer and fewer people have a direct connection to rural environment. Veterinary students these days present low motivation for teaching subjects related to agricultural species because they are more focused on companion animals. The aim of this work was to evaluate the perception of veterinary students about the degree of utility for learing achieve, satisfaction and acceptability of participation on an service-learning activity integrated in a teaching innovation project. We choose the service-learning activity because learner-centered methodologies could be appealing to students to stimulate external motivation and, simultaneously, provide benefits for society. The participants reported increases in the awareness of lack of knowledge about food animal production aspects and the importance of university involvement in activities that provide social benefits. Together with a 94 % of high or very high self-reported learning increase about the specific topics of the curricula of the subject and an 80% of high or very high self-reported global satisfaction with the participation in the SL activity, despite some technical difficulties, led us to conclude that service-learning methodologies could be successfully integrated in the veterinary curricula.

P. 420-433 Lidia cattle are a heterogeneous Iberian cattle population known for its natural aggressiveness and resistance to traditional handling procedures making in vivo blood sampling and biological fluid collections extremely difficult. Blood variables are influenced by physical exertion and stressful situations; consequently, post-mortem blood analysis does not reflect basal concentrations for this species. Nevertheless, ocular fluids (aqueous and vitreous humour) maintain their stable composition after death and maybe could be used to estimate ante-mortem blood concentrations. So, 15 bulls which had fought (for 15-20 minutes) and, subsequently after death, blood, aqueous and vitreous humour were sampled. Total protein, albumin, triglycerides, uric acid, urea, AST, ALT, GGT, AP, CK, LDH, cholesterol, creatinine, glucose and lactate were measured. Statistical analysis and correlation coefficients between the three fluids were carried out. All variables showed high plasma concentrations of glucose, uric acid, LDH and CK, compared with normal bovine concentrations. Apart from urea, all plasma concentrations were greater than those found in ocular fluids. The measured enzymes activities were higher in the vitreous than in the aqueous humour, but only marked differences in uric acid, lactate, AP and AST were found. There was a significant correlation between creatinine in the plasma and aqueous humour, and between albumin and GGT in the plasma and vitreous humour. Glucose, creatinine and urea exhibit a high correlation between ocular fluids. All plasma concentrations were clearly modified, however ocular fluids do not seem affected, thus establishing important correlations between the blood and intraocular fluids. SI

Este artículo a texto completo en formato PDF puede consultarse y descargarse desde el siguiente enlace al índice de la revista: http://www.aida-itea.org/aida-itea/files/itea/revistas/2019/115-4/(376-398)%20ITEA%20115-4.pdf La raza de lidia ha variado su sistema de explotación partiendo de un manejo puramente extensivo hacia un régimen semiintensivo donde los animales se nutren del pasto de la finca ganadera con suplementaciones puntuales, salvo los machos que son sometidos a un cebo previo a la lidia durante su último año productivo. Se detectan dos puntos críticos: una subalimentación del animal durante la etapa de crecimiento y un padecimiento de acidosis ruminal durante la etapa de cebo intensivo del macho. Diversos autores proponen un nuevo manejo alimentario, que adecúa el tipo de concentrado a las necesidades fisiológicas del animal desde el destete y racionaliza los suplementos alimenticios durante toda la vida del toro. A su vez se ofrecen nuevas estrategias que podrían prevenir el padecimiento de acidosis ruminal: incrementar el porcentaje y calidad de fibra en la ración, incorporar carros mezcladores o aumentar la frecuencia de administración del alimento (entre dos y cuatro al día). Igualmente existen diversos tratamientos paliativos como el uso de aditivos químicos y microbianos o el tratamiento con ciertos antimicrobianos. Finalmente, el sector adolece de más estudios que clarifiquen los factores desencadenantes de la acidosis ruminal en el toro de lidia y confirmen las estrategias a seguir para prevenir las patologías secundarias a dicho proceso. The lidia breed has varied its exploitation system from a purely extensive management to a semi-intensive system where the animals feed on the pasture of the cattle farm with specific supplements, except for males, which are subjected to a fattening prior to the show during their last productive year. Two critical points are detected: an underfeeding of the animal during the growth stage and a ruminal acidosis condition during the intensive fattening stage of the male. Several authors propose a new alimentary management, which adapts the type of concentrate to the physiological needs of the animal since weaning and rationalizes the nutritional supplements throughout the life of the bull. At the same time, new strategies are offered that could prevent the suffering of ruminal acidosis: increasing the percentage and quality of fiber in the ration, incorporating mixer carts or increase the frequency of food administration (between two and four times a days). There are also various palliative treatments such as the use of chemical and microbial additives or the treatment with certain antimicrobials. Finally, the sector needs more studies in order to clarify the factors that trigger ruminal acidosis in the fighting bull and confirm the strategies to be followed in order to prevent secondary pathologies to this process.

Aproximación a la raza de Lidia y las características de su sistema deexplotación, centrándonos en su caracterización morfológica y en los nuevos manejosde alimentación y preparación física para la lidia., 316 p.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/8/6/97 Minerals are inorganic substances present in all body tissues and fluids that directly or indirectly influence the maintenance of multiple metabolic processes and, therefore, are essential for the development of various biological functions. The Lidia bull breed may be considered an athlete, as during a bull fight it displays considerable physical effort of great intensity and short duration in a highly stressful situation. The objective of this study was to assess plasma minerals concentration (macro- and microminerals) in Lidia bulls after intense physical exercise during a bull fight. Plasma Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo concentrations were measured in 438 male Lidia bulls. Ca, P and Mg were measured using a Cobas Integra autoanalyzer, while Na and K were determined by ICP-AES, and Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo were measured by ICP-MS. All macrominerals, (Ca: 2.96 0.31, Mg: 1.27 0.17, P: 3.78 0.65, K: 7.50 1.58, Na: 150.15 19.59 in mmol/L), and Cr (1.24 0.58), Ni (0.249 1.07), Cu (22.63 4.84) and Zn (24.14 5.59, in mol/L) showed greater mean values than the reported reference values in the published literature, while Co (0.041 0.07), Se (0.886 0.21) and Mo (0.111 0.08, in mol/L) values were lower than those reported for other bovine breeds. These increased concentrations could be justified mainly by muscle cell metabolism, hepatic need to provide energy, and intense dehydration and hemoconcentration by losses through sweat glands or urination.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://sia.revistas.inia.es/index.php/sjar/article/view/15989/5171 Aim of study: The aim of this work was to study the effect of different length of physical activity carried out by the bull prior to the show during the final performance of the animal, analyzing the behavior and physical activity displayed in the ring. Area of study: There is no clear scientific evidence of physical capacity improvements during the lidia show or “corrida”, in Lidia cattle, as a result of previous training. Material and methods: A total of 233 bulls from eight farms were studied and classified, on each farm, into three groups according to the length of the training period: group 1 (no training), group 2 (training for 3 months prior to the show) and group 3 (training for 6-9 months prior to the show). Locomotion times or percentage of time the animals moved were quantified, and number of falls, their severity and distribution during the show were registered. Main results: Trained animals performed last phase of the “corrida” show with a significantly longer length compared to untrained animals. Furthermore, they remained longer in motion during the initial phase of the “corrida”. However, trained animals experienced more falls of type 1 and 2 during the last phase (“muleta”). Research highlights: A training period of up to 3 months before the show is positive, providing animals a greater physical performance, improving the quality of the lidia show. However, longer training periods over 3 months prior to the show, can negatively affect the performance of these bulls during the “corrida”.

Simple Summary In the current socioeconomic situation, consumers’ concerns about farm animal welfare can prevent them from buying some products, and this influences the sustainability of intensive systems. Consumers perceive the need to increase the level of welfare in farm animals, despite the fact that their level of knowledge about farming and animal welfare issues is relatively low. Consumers concerns are not equally distributed among the different farm species, nor is there consistency in the willingness to pay to enhance animal welfare. Therefore, farmers, businesses, and members of the food chain need to be informed of the evolution of public perceptions and consumer concerns to make informed decisions that help them improve their sustainability, social responsibility, and public credibility, which will allow them to maintain their social license through social ethical approval. Abstract In this paper, we explore the evolution of consumers’ perceptions and concerns about the effects that intensification of production systems could have on the welfare of farm animals. Despite the differences in definitions of animal welfare that make perceptions about this complex subject extremely variable, there is a growing perception that farm animal welfare should be protected and improved. There is an increasing appreciation of animal welfare parameters over other quality attributes, and animal-friendly products are considered healthier, safer, tastier, more hygienic, authentic, environmentally friendly, and traditional by many consumers. The willingness to pay for the increases in price that higher levels of farm animal welfare could produce could be promoted by means of adequate information about management and housing conditions of the different farming species. Welfare-friendly products that are properly labeled with clear information provided by an internationally accepted, transparent, and traceable monitoring system will increase consumers’ confidence in the food chain participants. Both consumers and citizens have the opportunity to improve the welfare of millions of farmed animals now and in the future, consumers by assuming their responsibility at the buying point, purchasing welfare-friendly products, and citizens by driving legislation to achieve some minimum standard of welfare conditions that could meet animals’ needs.

This paper explores feeding patterns of wild Red-legged Partridges ( Alectoris rufa) at artificial feeders, a common management action for game species. Feeders were studied during two consecutive periods from October 2009 to May 2011 in an agricultural area of northwest Spain. Camera trapping was used in order to assess climatic effects on weekly feeding patterns, investigate the influence of shrub cover on feed-site selection and evaluate behavioural patterns displayed when using feeders. Red-legged partridges used feeders throughout the study period, but particularly from December to February. No significant correlations were observed between the weekly number of photographs and climate conditions. A bimodal circadian feeding pattern was observed during daylight hours with peaks of activity in the morning and evening while, in central hours, the feeding visits decreased. We observed significant differences in the number of partridges photographed during the feeding visits along the study period. The use of feeders was not influenced by the presence of surrounding vegetation nor type of feeder. The behavioural analysis classified partridges in five different categories: feeding (33.5 and 32.3% for each period respectively), vigilance (26.8 and 30.7%), moving/unknown (25.9 and 20.6%), pecking/ dusting (11.2 and 15%) and other behaviours (2.8 and 1.8%). The percentage of vigilant birds photographed at feeders was not related to the covey size. This study demonstrates the use of the feeders by Red-legged Partridges but does not prove the potential benefits.

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Como citar este articulo: Lomillos Perez JM, Alonso de la Varga ME, Garcia JJ, Gaudioso Lacasa VR. Monitorizacion del ganado lidia con tecnologia GPS-GPRS; estudio del comportamiento en pastoreo y la distribucion espacial. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2017;4(4). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.4.4.405 . En los ultimos anos, el comportamiento del ganado vacuno en pastoreo ha sido poco estudiado, en comparacion con el comportamiento en granja. Ademas, en determinadas razas criadas en sistemas extensivos, la presencia humana puede modificar o interrumpir sus pautas etologicas: los animales se alejan de quien los observa. El uso de la tecnologia GPS-GPRS en la monitorizacion de bovinos explotados en regimen extensivo nos permite disponer de datos de interes en tiempo real; proporciona informacion sobre desplazamientos, distancias recorridas, territorio pastoreado, zonas mas frecuentadas, pautas de comportamiento, etc. En esta investigacion, se monitorizaron, mediante la implantacion de collares GPS, 21 vacas de diferentes edades, de tres ganaderias de la provincia de Salamanca pertenecientes a la raza bovina lidia. El estudio se llevo a cabo durante ocho meses, distribuimos a los animales en cercados de diferentes dimensiones y caracteristicas orograficas, y recogimos datos de su posicion geografica cada 15 minutos. Ademas de corroborar el buen funcionamiento de los dispositivos GPS, se establecio el area de campeo para cada animal: la media fue de 56 ha. Elaboramos un grafico de su ritmo circadiano con las distancias recorridas por horas, donde se observa una tendencia a iniciar la actividad diaria unas horas antes del amanecer, atenuar su actividad al anochecer y durante la noche, asi como mantener una fase de reposo nocturno de aproximadamente siete horas. Tambien analizamos la distancia diaria recorrida (3.15 km media/animal), donde encontramos diferencias sustanciales en funcion de la edad, la superficie/animal disponible en el cercado, el dia y la noche, y la epoca del ano. Nuestros resultados son valiosos para un mejor manejo de las superficies pastables con cercados en los que los animales utilicen toda la superficie disponible. Figura 3. Imagen del cercado 5 con las posiciones de los tres animales monitorizados. Rojo, amarillo y azul.

P. 14-32 La raza de lidia se origina en la Edad Media en España y está constituida por 5 castas, 16 encastes y 6 líneas genéticas. En los últimos años el número de efectivos se ha visto disminuido por la crisis económica, que ha hecho a muchos ganaderos reducir o sustituir sus animales por razas más rentables. A pesar de que la raza no es considerada en peligro de extinción por el MAGRAMA, un censo realizado en 2010 arrojó datos alarmantes: 16 encastes en situación de peligro de extinción (con menos de 1000 vacas madres cada uno). La demostrada importancia genética del ganado de lidia hace necesaria una mayor coordinación entre los organismos y entidades implicados en su explotación y a su vez conveniente el establecimiento de un centro de estudio y conservación de la raza, que disponga del banco de germoplasma con un volumen suficiente de material genético que asegure su supervivencia. SI

This work presents and evaluates a new methodology for the measurement of animal morphometrics. With this method, measurements are obtained using 3D image analysis, or photogrammetry, from pairs of pictures taken with a portable instrument incorporating two synchronized cameras. The method facilitates measurements of animals in their natural environment without the need to immobilize or anesthetize the animals or to place any external measuring device in the environment. The proposed methodology is useful if traditional measurements of large animals are not possible or difficult, costly or dangerous, as is the case with wild animals such as elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses or dangerous or elusive species, such as fighting bulls and ostriches, which would be difficult to measure manually. To evaluate the methodology, zoometric measurements on cows were performed using both the proposed method and traditional methods. In general, the precision obtained by the proposed methodology was greater than or equal to that obtained with conventional instruments. There were no biases or systematic deviations greater than 1 cm and the photogrammetric measurements generally showed an accuracy within 0.5 cm.

This paper explores watering patterns of wild red-legged partridges at water troughs (WT) during three consecutive summers on a farm-land area of Spain where drought periods are frequent. Camera trapping was used in order to assess climatic effects on weekly and daily watering patterns, investigate the influence of shrub cover on water-site selection, evaluate behavioural patterns displayed when using WT, and describe age and number of birds observed at WT. Red-legged partridges used WT throughout the study period, but significant use did not occur until August, decreasing dramatically in mid September, and ending in October. A circadian watering pattern was observed during daylight hours with most photographs taken from 08:00 hours to 11:00 hours (54.8%). Partridges displayed different behaviours (drinking, feeding/dusting, vigilance, moving/unknown), but patterns did not vary significantly throughout the day. WT were used mostly by adult birds with only 26.5% of photographs also depicting young partridges. WT selection was strongly influenced by the presence of surrounding vegetation as partridges preferred troughs with shrub cover. We also found a significant negative relationship (P

[ES] Durante los últimos años la concienciación de los consumidores sobre la importancia del bienestar de los animales destinados a la producción de alimentos ha ido en creciente aumento. Así, se han desarrollado estudios y sistemas para evaluar y controlar la calidad del bienestar principalmente en las especies explotadas en sistemas intensivos y se han publicado protocolos con diversos parámetros a determinar. Sin embargo, todos ellos presentan problemas no existiendo una metodología universalmente aceptada. Por ello, partiendo de criterios y parámetros basados en el animal y en los alojamientos y manejo utilizados en protocolos existentes y en otros considerados importantes para la salud y el de bienestar de las vacas de leche por profesores de los Dpts. de Producción Animal y de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria de la Facultad de Veterinaria de León, se ha desarrollado un programa de software libre (Happy Cow) por parte de alumnos de la Escu, [EN] During the past years the consumer’s awareness about the importance of welfare of animals used for food production is increasing. In this way, studies and systems to evaluate and monitor the quality of the welfare, mainly in intensive systems productions, have been developed and guidelines and protocols with parameters to be determined have been published. However, they all have various problems and there is no universally accepted methodology. Therefore, based on criteria and parameters based on the animal and on facilities and handling recommended on the aforementioned project and other variables considered important for dairy cows health and welfare by professors from the Departments of Animal Production and Medicine, Surgery and Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of León, a free software program (Happy Cow) has developed by students of the School of Industrial Engineering and Computer ULE that achieves two objectives: to be used

1. The effects of predation isolation were studied in two lines of 10 month-old farmed red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). Birds came from bred generations in captivity (F) and directly from wild parents (W). 2. Releases were carried out in March for two consecutive years on private farmland with a stable population of wild red-legged partridge using 68 tagged birds (36 F, 32 W). 3. No statistical differences were found in survival time (mean 18 d) or home range values (mean 7·38 ha); 49% of mortality was attributable to raptors, 36% to wild canids and 15% had doubtful causes of death. F birds suffered more predation by raptors and W partridges more by mammalian carnivores. 4. A statistical difference was found in post-release dispersion: the means were 243·4 m in F and 593·3 m in W. 5. The result of predation isolation was similar in both groups, which confirms the adverse effects of current production systems on anti-predator behaviour. Farmers should consider the introduction of new rearing techniques with the aim of improving survival after release.

P. 94-111 La producción total de carne de ganado bravo supone de 6.000-7.000 t/año de carne, procedente de 25.000-30.000 reses/año, lo que supone el 1% de la carne de vacuno total producida en España, y tiene un valor en torno a 10 millones de euros. A pesar de que el rendimiento cárnico de la raza de lidia es inferior al de otras razas, su sistema de producción extensivo y su genética confieren a su carne una palatabilidad específica y diferente. La carne de lidia es una carne ecológica y natural, baja en grasa, con características entre las normales y las oscuras, duras y secas (DFD). Debido a la lidia se trata de canales con un mayor riesgo de contaminación microbiológica, por ello existe una normativa especial de tratamiento y comercialización (Real Decreto 260/2002). La creación de una figura de calidad específica, podría incrementar la valoración y demanda de este producto. SI

La osteocondrosis es un proceso degenerativo de las superficies articulares. Es una enfermedad del desarrollo animal descrita ampliamente en el caballo, con escasas referencias bibliográficas en bovino y prácticamente inexistentes en la raza de lidia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue registrar la afectación de osteocondrosis en toros y novillos, estudiar sus posibles causas y analizar la repercusión de esta patología en la movilidad del animal durante la lidia. Para ello se han estudiado 120 animales de la raza bovina de lidia, de 3, 4 y 5 años, lidiados en diferentes plazas de toros. Durante el faenado de las reses posterior a la lidia se realizó un estudio macroscópico de las articulaciones carpo-metacarpianas, estudiándose la presencia de lesión en las caras articulares implicadas y su grado de gravedad. Paralelamente se grabó la lidia de cada animal para el análisis de su movilidad y evaluación del síndrome de caída. Los resultados reflejan una lesión del cartílago articular en mayor o menor grado en aproximadamente el 80% de los animales estudiados, apareciendo en el 63 % de los casos sobre el aspecto medial de la articulación y mayoritariamente de forma bilateral. Se observa una influencia negativa en la tasa de caídas manifestadas por el toro durante la lidia, lo que hace necesario nuevas investigaciones y estudios dirigidos a determinar sus posibles causas: las alteraciones nutricionales y los inadecuados protocolos de entrenamiento.