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La estimación de periodos de retorno de caudales tiene una gran incertidumbre debido a la poca o nula información disponible de datos medidos en muchas cuencas de México y del mundo. Este estudio muestra una metodología para generar una serie de tiempo sintética de caudales con mayor longitud que los datos observados y poder estimar periodos de retorno de caudales con menor incertidumbre. Para esto, se usan datos de repronósticos climatológicos del ECMWF, con un tiempo de espera de 5 a 8 días, como insumos en un modelo hidrológico agregado y continuo en la cuenca del Río La Silla, en Monterrey, México. El modelo hidrológico fue calibrado manualmente, obteniendo un comportamiento satisfactorio. Los periodos de retorno estimados a partir de las series de tiempo sintéticas son menores, pero muestran un comportamiento similar y están en su mayoría dentro del rango de incertidumbre a los obtenidos con datos observados. Finalmente, la incertidumbre se redujo de 2 a 7 veces dependiendo del periodo de retorno comparado, y para un periodo de retorno de 1000 años, esta se redujo alrededor de un 60%.

A través del apoyo financiero de un proyecto reciente por una fundación internacional, se han iniciado los trabajos de monitoreo de lahares en la cuenca Jamapa superior, localizada en el flanco norte del volcán Pico de Orizaba, al interior del Parque Nacional Pico de Orizaba, donde histórica- y recientemente ha tenido lugar la ocurrencia de este tipo de fenómenos. La puesta en marcha de este sistema enfocado al monitoreo, estudio y posteriormente también el alertamiento de lahares, implica la adquisición de datos multiparamétricos entre los que se incluyen principalmente los de tipo hidrometeorológico, sísmico y visual. Por tratarse de un sistema que cumplirá con la función de alertamiento, es imprescindible que los datos estén disponibles a tiempo inmediato en el centro de monitoreo del Observatorio Sismológico y Vulcanológico de Veracruz (Xalapa) para su almacenamiento, procesamiento y evaluación oportuna. Para tal fin, se ha implementado una red de telemetría local que, en primera instancia, obtiene los datos de los instrumentos en los sitios de interés y posteriormente, procede a la concentración de todos ellos en un punto que aloja a la estación permanente de monitoreo sísmico POHV del volcán Pico de Orizaba, siendo este último un sitio adecuado para transmitir toda la información que genera esta red a la ciudad de Xalapa.

Data centers are power hungry facilities. Energy-aware task scheduling approaches are of utmost importance to improve energy savings in data centers, although they need to know beforehand the energy consumption of the applications that will run in the servers. This is usually done through a full profiling of the applications, which is not feasible in long-running application scenarios due to the long execution times. In the present work we use an application signature that allows to estimate the energy without the need to execute the application completely. We use different scheduling approaches together with the information of the application signature to improve the makespan of the scheduling process and therefore improve the energy savings in data centers. We evaluate the accuracy of using the application signature by means of comparing against an oracle method obtaining an error below 1.5%, and Compression Ratios around 39.7 to 45.8.

Objective It is recognised that professionalism should play a central role in dental education. However, its implementation into the curricula of dental schools is still limited. Our objective was to identify the main values related to professionalism based on the perceptions of students and faculty members from the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile. Methods A Dental Values Survey was validated and culturally adapted in order to guarantee the greatest possible internal validity. The adapted survey was administered to students and faculty members (416 and 225, respectively). The final survey contained 64 items rated on a Likert scale of 1-5. Each item was categorised according to five dimensions: Altruism, Consciousness, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life and Professional Status. The values were compared between faculty and students and among students at different courses. A values scale was constructed by selecting the five items with the highest average score for each dimension. Results Survey respondents composed 34.32% of the universe, of which 50.46% were faculty and 49.54% were students. Values associated with Altruism, Consciousness and Professional Status, were the highest rated by students and faculty. Values associated with Personal Satisfaction and Quality of Life received the lowest scores for both groups. Conclusions To provide the best possible attention to patients (Consciousness), and that patients have access to affordable dental care (Altruism), are the values at the top of our scale. On the other hand, to maintain financial stability and to be well paid (Quality of Life) were the less considered. Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica

Objective This study uses polysomnography and the Epworth sleepiness scale to assess the efficiency of the Ocluch©MAD in patients with Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS), on overall respiratory disturbance indices (RDI), supine respiratory disturbance index (SRDI), minimum oxygen saturation, microarousals, CT90 (or ID90), sleep efficacy and snoring. These data are associated with skeletal class and facial biotype in order to establish predictive parameters for its effectiveness according to craniofacial morphology. Methods 22 adult patients (between 38 and 60 years of age) of both sexes (7 women, 15 men) diagnosed with OSAS in the Hospital de Carabineros de Chile (HOSCAR) Neurology Unit were recruited and given the Ocluch© MAD in the hospital's dental clinic, for its use during a three-month period. Patients were assess at the beginning and in the end of this period. Results 87.5% of patients with mild OSAS achieved the success criterion and normalization; 71.5% of patients with moderate OSAS achieved the success criterion and 33.3% achieved normalization; 85.7% of patients with severe OSAS achieved the success criterion and 57.1% achieved normalization. All class I and mesofacial patients achieved normalization, but class II patients had the greatest proportional improvement. Conclusions The Ocluch MAD is an efficient low-cost alternative that should be considered among the therapeutic arsenal for a multidisciplinary approach to treating this disease.

ResumenObjetivoPara el manejo de los trastornos temporomandibulares y del bruxismo de sueño (BS) se ha recurrido durante años a los dispositivos oclusales rígidos superiores (DORS). Estos dispositivos podrían modificar la posición de la mandíbula induciendo una posición más posterior de la lengua y del hueso hioides, comprometiendo la permeabilidad de la vía aérea superior y agravando los trastornos respiratorios del sueño. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el cambio de las dimensiones lineales y de área de la luz de la vía aérea faríngea en pacientes diagnosticados con BS que estén usando un DORS, mediante una telerradiografía lateral.MetodologíaSe reclutaron 20 pacientes del Hospital de Carabineros, de ambos sexos, diagnosticados con BS probable manejados con un DORS, a los cuales se les tomó una telerradiografía lateral sin DORS y otra con DORS sin modificar la postura para evitar distorsiones por posición craneocervical. Se analizó el área y profundidad faríngea por medio de cefalometría para medir el espacio faríngeo.ResultadosSe observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la disminución del área de la orofaringe (promedio: 41,2mm2, p=0,035) y la profundidad al nivel del gonion (promedio: 0,38mm, p=0,019) y la úvula (promedio: 1,38mm, p=0,009). No se encontró correlación entre el aumento de la dimensión vertical y las diferencias dimensionales.ConclusiónBajo las condiciones de este estudio el uso de un DORS produce una tendencia a la disminución del área y profundidad orofaríngea.AbstractObjectiveThe use of the superior rigid occlusal splint (SROS) has been used to management temporomandibular disorders and sleep bruxism for many years. These SROS could change the mandibular position leading to a more posterior position of the tongue and hyoids bone, and compromising the upper airway flow permeability and make sleep-breathing disorders worse. The aim of this study is to evaluate the linear and area changes of lumen in patients with sleep bruxism who are using a SROS, measured by lateral teleradiograph.MethodologyThe study included 20 patients, of both sexes, from the Hospital de Carabineros, Chile, who were diagnosed with probable sleep bruxism due to using and SROS. The cephalometric analysis was performed of the area and pharyngeal depth in order to measure the pharyngeal space, by obtaining a lateral teleradiograph without SROS and a second teleradiograph using SROS, at the same time, to avoid dimensional variation due to possible craniocervical positional changes.ResultsA statistical significance was found for oropharynx reduction (mean: 41.2 mm2, P=.035), for the gonion linear depth (mean: 0.38mm, P=.019), and at uvula level (mean: 1.83mm, P=.009). No correlations were found between the increasing vertical dimensions using SROS and pharyngeal spaces.ConclusionThe using of a superior occlusal splint (SROS) could reduce the oropharyngeal depth and space.

In order to optimize the energy use of servers in Data Centers, techniques such as power capping or power budgeting are usually deployed. These techniques rely on the prediction of the power and execution time of applications. These data are obtained via dynamic profiling which requires a full execution of the application. This is not feasible in High Performance Computing (HPC) applications with long execution times. In this paper, we present a methodology to estimate the dynamic CPU and memory energy consumption of an application without executing it completely. Our methodology merges static code analysis information and dynamic profiling via the partial execution of the application. We do so by leveraging the concept of application signature, defined as a reduced version of the application in terms of execution time and power profile. We validate our methodology with a set of CPU -intensive, memory-intensive benchmarks and multi-threaded applications in a presently shipping enterprise server. Our energy estimation methodology shows an overall error below 8.0% when compared to the dynamic energy of the whole execution of the application. Also, our energy estimation methodology allows to estimate the energy of multi-threaded applications with an RMSE equal to 12.7% when compared to the dynamic energy from the complete parallel execution.

Objective This study uses polysomnography and the Epworth sleepiness scale to assess the efficiency of the Ocluch©MAD in patients with Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS), on overall respiratory disturbance indices (RDI), supine respiratory disturbance index (SRDI), minimum oxygen saturation, microarousals, CT90 (or ID90), sleep efficacy and snoring. These data are associated with skeletal class and facial biotype in order to establish predictive parameters for its effectiveness according to craniofacial morphology. Methods 22 adult patients (between 38 and 60 years of age) of both sexes (7 women, 15 men) diagnosed with OSAS in the Hospital de Carabineros de Chile (HOSCAR) Neurology Unit were recruited and given the Ocluch© MAD in the hospital’s dental clinic, for its use during a three-month period. Patients were assess at the beginning and in the end of this period. Results 87.5% of patients with mild OSAS achieved the success criterion and normalization; 71.5% of patients with moderate OSAS achieved the success criterion and 33.3% achieved normalization; 85.7% of patients with severe OSAS achieved the success criterion and 57.1% achieved normalization. All class I and mesofacial patients achieved normalization, but class II patients had the greatest proportional improvement. Conclusions The Ocluch MAD is an efficient low-cost alternative that should be considered among the therapeutic arsenal for a multidisciplinary approach to treating this disease.

Data centers are huge power consumers and their energy consumption keeps on rising despite the efforts to increase energy efficiency. A great body of research is devoted to the reduction of the computational power of these facilities, applying techniques such as power budgeting and power capping in servers. Such techniques rely on models to predict the power consumption of servers. However, estimating overall server power for arbitrary applications when running co-allocated in multithreaded servers is not a trivial task. In this paper, we use Grammatical Evolution techniques to predict the dynamic power of the CPU and memory subsystems of an enterprise server using the hardware counters of each application. On top of our dynamic power models, we use fan and temperature-dependent leakage power models to obtain the overall server power. To train and test our models we use real traces from a presently shipping enterprise server under a wide set of sequential and parallel workloads running at various frequencies We prove that our model is able to predict the power consumption of two different tasks co-allocated in the same server, keeping error below 8W. For the first time in literature, we develop a methodology able to combine the hardware counters of two individual applications, and estimate overall server power consumption without running the co-allocated application. Our results show a prediction error below 12W, which represents a 7.3% of the overall server power, outperforming previous approaches in the state of the art.

Genetic analysis of 49 biopsy samples from North Pacific right whales Eubalaena japonica in the eastern (48) and western (1) North Pacific revealed 24 individual whales with 7 mitochondrial haplotypes. Three pairs of large and small individuals were identified in the field; genotype analysis indicated that 2 of these could represent motheroffspring pairs; for the third small individual, no sampled female genetically qualified as a potential mother. In aggregate, the population appears to have lost some genetic diversity, though not to the degree of North Atlantic right whales E. glacialis, and males outnumber females 2:1. A comparison of the eastern Pacific samples to a single Russian sample suggested that the 2 populations are isolated to some degree. The effective population size for the eastern North Pacific was calculated to be 11.6 (95% CI: 2.9�75.0), based on the estimated linkage disequilibrium. These results further indicate that this population is at immediate risk of extirpation.

Las inclusiones fluidas estudiadas en filitas y metavolcanoclasticos en Taxco y Taxco el Viejo son del tipo liquido+ vapor (L+V) a liquido dominante, con presencia de gases carbonicos y con temperaturas de homogeneizacion (Th) de 205°a 250°C. A baja temperatura los fluidos son de dos tipos: 1) del sistema H2O-NaCl y 2) fluidos con H2O+sales+compuestos carbonicos. Los del primer tipo presentan temperaturas de fusion (Tf) de -7.6° a -19.8 °C, lo que implica salinidades del orden de 11.22 a 22.24 % eq. peso de NaCl. En los metavolcanoclasticos de Teloloapan, los fluidos son a L+V. Presentan Th = 141° a 193°C y Tf = -1.5° a -6.4 °C, lo que corresponde a salinidades de 2.5 a 9.7 % eq. peso de NaCl. En la Formacion Amatepec la temperatura de homogeneizacion promedio fue de 132 °C con presencia de CO2 en clataratos y abundancia de inclusiones fluidas unifasicas de liquido. Estos datos microtermicos representan los valores minimos del evento metamorfico y muestran una diferencia significativa con los esquistos negros de Tejupilco estudiados con anterioridad. Estos, por mas de veinte anos se han agrupado con los metavolcanoclasticos de Teloloapan y los esquistos de Taxco y Taxco el Viejo, lo que ha conducido a atribuir edades muy diferentes a todos estos conjuntos (desde Paleozoico hasta Cretacico). En el presente trabajo se presume que los esquistos negros de Tejupilco (prejurasicos) presentan una historia estructural y termica diferente a la observada en los metavolcanoclasticos que afloran en Teloloapan y Taxco y en la Formacion Amatepec, miembros del subterreno Teloloapan del Jurasico-Cretacico.

ResumenTanto en la práctica clínica como en la academia, siempre está presente la interrogante de cuál es la mejor posición mandibular para organizar una oclusión terapéutica y satisfacer los requerimientos estéticos y funcionales de los pacientes. Esta pregunta se podría responder desde la perspectiva de las diferentes escuelas de oclusión, siguiendo sus técnicas y utilizando su aparatología. Sin embargo, debido a que no existe suficiente evidencia científica que sustente la superioridad de una escuela sobre la otra, es preciso hacer una revisión donde se expongan los principios en que se basan las distintas filosofías oclusales, los autores que les dieron origen, la época en que surgieron y la terminología que usaron -desde el siglo pasado hasta nuestros días-, contrastándolas con la literatura científica actual. Esta no es una tarea fácil, ya que los estudios disponibles acerca de oclusión presentan gran variabilidad en la definición operacional de los términos, haciendo difícil su comparación. Se sugiere para el futuro buscar una estandarización de las definiciones y técnicas de registro, con el objeto de generar evidencia científica confiable, conducente a la creación de protocolos de recomendación para la toma de decisiones clínicas predecibles desde el punto de vista oclusal.AbstractBoth in clinical practice and academia, there is always the question about what is the best mandibular position to organize a therapeutic occlusion that satisfies functional and aesthetic requirements from patients. This question could be answered from the point of view of different occlusion schools of thought, following their techniques and using their apparatuses. However, due to the lack of scientific evidence to support the pre-eminence of a particular school over the rest, it is necessary to go through the princip les that provide the foundations for the different occlusal philosophies: the authors who gave birth to each school of thought, the time in which they were formed and the terminology they used, from the early 20th century to present times and making a comparison with current scientific literature. This is not an easy task, given that available studies about occlusion feature a great variability in the operational definition of terms, making comparison difficult. The article suggests that it would be necessary for the future to look for a standardization of recording definitions and techniques. The aim is to generate reliable scientific evidence for the creation of protocols of recommendation for predictable decision-making from an occlusal point of view.

The pre-Oligocene structure of southwest Mexico, south of the trans-Mexico volcanic axis, is investigated from Taxco (Guerrero state, abbreviation: Gro) to the Pacific coast. Three volcano-sedimentary units are recognized; from east to west the calc-alkaline Teloloapan, tholeiitic Arcelia and calc-alkaline Zihuatanejo suites. Structural and stratigraphic data show that the Teloloapan volcanic arc, active during ?Late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, was built upon continental basement. The Teloloapan lavas are overlain by the Albian–Cenomanian Morelos platform carbonates and followed by the Upper Cretaceous Mexcala flysch. In contrast, the Arcelia pillow lavas are associated with sandstones and cherts of Albian-?Cenomanian age. The Zihuatanejo arc was also installed upon continental basement and its magmatic activity was in part coeval with Arcelia magmatism. Unlike the almost undeformed Zihuatanejo volcanic rocks, all the other volcanic units are involved in east-vergent thrusting and recumbent folding associated with ductile tectonics, as well as the Late Cretaceous Mexcala flysch overlying the Morelos platform carbonates. Contrasting with previous views, the present results do not support a major mid-Cretaceous thrusting event in the study area. The new geodynamic interpretation proposed here considers that the Arcelia rocks were formed in a marginal basin situated east of the Zihuatanejo arc. Closure of this basin in Paleocene times is responsible for the east vergent thrust tectonics in SW Mexico.

The North Pacific right whale ( Eubalaena japonica ) was heavily exploited by both nineteenth century whaling and recent (1960s) illegal Soviet catches. Today, the species remains extremely rare especially in the eastern North Pacific. Here, we use photographic and genotype data to calculate the first mark–recapture estimates of abundance for right whales in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands. The estimates were very similar: photographic = 31 (95% CL 23–54), genotyping = 28 (95% CL 24–42). We also estimated the population contains eight females (95% CL 7–18) and 20 males (95% CL 17–37). Although these estimates may relate to a Bering Sea subpopulation, other data suggest that the total eastern North Pacific population is unlikely to be much larger. Its precarious status today—the world's smallest whale population for which an abundance estimate exists—is a direct consequence of uncontrolled and illegal whaling, and highlights the past failure of international management to prevent such abuses.

Se presenta un listado y se discuten las edades K/Ar de 54 muestras de rocas ígneas y metamórficas de varias localidades de México determinadas en el marco de un convenio entre el Consejo de Recursos Minerales (ahora Servicio Geológico Mexicano) y el Instituto de Geología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se analizaron rocas de los siguientes estados: Baja California Sur, Colima, Durango, Estado de México, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa y Zacatecas. Se reporta la información relevante de cada muestra, ubicación, unidad geológica, descripción petrográfica, mineral analizado, edad calculada y el contexto geológico regional. Asimismo, se proporcionan en forma de tabla los datos analíticos de todas las muestras. El rango de las edades obtenidas varía de 2 Ma a 249 Ma; alrededor del 30% de las muestras fechadas corresponden a cuerpos de rocas volcánicas y plutónicas del Oligoceno, distribuidos en la Sierra Madre Occidental y Sierra Madre del Sur.

La deformación intencional craneana tiene como consecuencia la alteración permanente de los atributos anatómicos externos del cráneo humano. Entre las poblaciones prehispánicas del extremo norte de Chile esta práctica se extendió por un lapso de cinco mil años. En algunos casos, la presencia en el cráneo de restos bioculturales impide la aplicación de las técnicas morfométricas normalmente utilizadas en cráneo seco. Con el fin de superar esta limitación y conocer el patrón de variación de la forma craneana de muestras representativas de las poblaciones prehispánicas de Arica, se obtuvieron radiografías laterales que fueron analizadas mediante morfometría geométrica. Los resultados del presente trabajo muestran que: (1) la variación de los componentes de la forma craneana depende de la magnitud y dirección con que se aplicaron y orientaron originalmente los aparatos deformadores sobre los ejes anatómicos mayores del cráneo, (2) la deformación intencional involucra a los hitos anatómicos del neurocráneo y de la cara y (3) el tipo de la deformación intencional sería independiente del período cronológico durante el cual se llevó a cabo esta práctica, sugiriendo la ocurrencia de una continuidad morfológica entre las poblaciones arqueológicas de la costa y valles de Arica. Se discuten las consecuencias de esta discrepancia con los resultados obtenidos al aplicar morfometría convencional, se constata la importancia del uso de las técnicas radiográficas y la morfometría geométrica para comprender las consecuencias morfológicas de la deformación intencional del cráneo, y se discuten las eventuales aplicaciones clínicas de este enfoque morfométrico en poblaciones actuales

Objective: This study uses polysomnography and the Epworth sleepiness scale to assess the efficiency of the Ocluch©MAD in patients with Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS), on overall respiratory disturbance indices (RDI), supine respiratory disturbance index (SRDI), minimum oxygen saturation, microarousals, CT90 (or ID90), sleep efficacy and snoring. These data are associated with skeletal class and facial biotype in order to establish predictive parameters for its effectiveness according to craniofacial morphology. Methods: 22 adult patients (between 38 and 60 years of age) of both sexes (7 women, 15 men) diagnosed with OSAS in the Hospital de Carabineros de Chile (HOSCAR) Neurology Unit were recruited and given the Ocluch© MAD in the hospital’s dental clinic, for its use during a three-month period. Patients were assess at the beginning and in the end of this period. Results: 87.5% of patients with mild OSAS achieved the success criterion and normalization; 71.5% of patients with moderate OSAS achieved the success criterion and 33.3% achieved normalization; 85.7% of patients with severe OSAS achieved the success criterion and 57.1% achieved normalization. All class I and mesofacial patients achieved normalization, but class II patients had the greatest proportional improvement. Conclusions: The Ocluch MAD is an efficient low-cost alternative that should be considered among the therapeutic arsenal for a multidisciplinary approach to treating this disease.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el objetivo de este estudio in vitro fue comparar el grado de transportación de los canales radiculares utilizando tres técnicas de instrumentación rotatoria: HERO Shaper, ProTaper Universal y RaCe. MÉTODOS:se seleccionó una muestra de treinta canales vestibulares de molares humanos superiores con ángulo de curvatura entre 25 y 35° con conductos finos y formación radicular completa que fue dividida en tres grupos arbitrarios de diez conductos cada uno, los que fueron preparados por los sistemas de instrumentación rotatoria HERO Shaper, ProTaper Universal y Race respectivamente, todos hasta el diámetro # 30 a la longitud de trabajo, utilizando el motor Endo-Mate TC NSK con control de torque y velocidad controlada. Se tomaron radiografías previas y posteriores a la instrumentación, las que fueron digitalizadas con escáner Agfa Duoscan T1200 a resolución de 2.400 dpi en escala de grises, luego mediante el método de morfometría lineal utilizando el sistema computacional para imágenes digitales NIH ImageJ se hicieron un total de 12 mediciones por canal, 4 para el ancho total radicular, 4 para la pared cóncava y 4 para la pared convexa, todos a 1, 2, 4 y 6 mm, respectivamente, desde el vértice radiográfico del conducto. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante eálisis estadístico no paramétrico Mann Whitney Rank Sum y Kruskal Wallis para muestras independientes. RESULTADOS: se observa transportación del canal radicular hacia la pared cóncava al utilizar el sistema ProTaper Universal, siendo estadísticamente significativa. (p = 0,01). CONCLUSIÓN: el sistema rotatorio ProTaper Universal produce mayor número de transportaciones al compararlo con los sistemas RaCe y HERO Shaper.INTRODUCTION:the objective of this in vitro study was to compare the degree of transportation of root canals using three rotary systems: HERO Shaper, ProTaper Universal, and Race. METHODS:a sample of thirty buccal root canals of upper molars with curvatures between 25 and 35° was divided into three random groups of ten canals each, which were then instrumented by using the rotary systems HERO Shaper, ProTaper Universal, and Race respectively, all to a diameter # 30 to the working length, using the motor NSK Endo-Mate TC to control torque and speed. Radiographs were taken before and after mechanical instrumentation, and they were scanned with DuoScan Agfa T1200 scanner at a resolution of 2400 dpi gray scale. Afterwards, by the method of lineal morphometry and using the computer system for digital images NIH imageJ, a total of 12 measurements per root canal were done: 4 for the total root width, 4 for the concave wall and 4 for the convex wall, all at 1, 2, 4 and 6 mm respectively from the radiographic apex of the canal. The data were analyzed by using the Mann Whitney Rank Sum and Kruskal Wallis nonparametric statistical analysis for independent samples. RESULTS:Transportation was observed from the root canal to the concave wall when the ProTaper Universal system was used, being statistically significant (p = 0,01). CONCLUSION:the ProTaper Universal rotary system produced the greatest number of transportations when compared with HERO Shaper and RaCe systems.