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Abstract This study aimed to examine the relationship between problem gambling and subjective well-being in the general population. Previous research on the subject has shown that problem gambling has varied harmful consequences, while controlled gambling could lead to recreation, sharing with others, and achieving higher levels of well-being. A representative, probabilistic, and multistage sample of 1032 cases was used for the study (54.65% women; mean age of 44.06 years, SD = 16.84). The instruments used were the Spanish validation of the National Opinion Research Center DSM Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) and the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI). It is estimated that 74.98% of the population have gambled the past year and 14.28% were people who experience gambling problems at some point in their lives. Recent estimates indicate prevalence rates of gambling disorder among current adult gamblers ranging between 0.12 and 5.8% worldwide, but these figures are higher when problem gambling is also taken into consideration. Moreover, people who experience gambling problems report lower levels of life satisfaction than people who do not experience gambling problems. Participants that did not gamble during the last year and the group that did gamble, but did not qualify as problematic gambler, showed the same levels of Satisfaction With Life (SWL). At the same time, based on a multigroup analysis carried out through modeling with structural equations (SEM), it was observed that gambling had a strong direct and negative effect on SWL of the group of people who experience gambling problems (λ = -0.382; p

Abstract Adolescents' subjective well-being and physical activity have been found to be correlated in previous studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship, especially the potential contribution of emotional self-regulation, have received little attention. This study aims to investigate the extent to which emotional self-regulation mediates the association between adolescent physical activity habits and their subjective well-being. The study involved 9585 adolescents who completed a cross-sectional survey. Participants were aged between 10 and 19 years old and attended primary and secondary schools in all 16 regions of Chile. The survey utilized a self-report questionnaire to measure physical activity habits, subjective well-being, and emotional self-regulation. Sociodemographic variables, such as age, gender, and socioeconomic level, were also considered in the analysis. The results showed that physical activity habits, emotional regulation, and subjective well-being were positively correlated. Among these factors, the strongest association was found between subjective well-being and emotional self-regulation. The mediation analysis revealed a partial mediation effect of emotional self-regulation between physical activity habits and subjective well-being. In other words, physical activity habits affect subjective well-being to the extent that these habits affect emotional self-regulation. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the link between physical activity habits and subjective well-being among adolescents. They also offer useful information for the development of public programs and policies aimed at promoting physical activity habits and subjective well-being in young people.

IntroductionOlder people are the group with the greatest digital gap, so their digital literacy is important to improve the conditions in which they age.MethodsA study was conducted with pre- and post-evaluation of a digital literacy (DL) intervention in people aged 60 years and over. A total of 56 participants (experimental group N = 32 and control group N = 24) were recruited for convenience in community centers. The intervention was adapted to the needs of the participants, there were five face-to-face sessions and remote reinforcement for three months, carried out by trained university students for five months. Sociodemographic variables such as self-perception of socioeconomic level and education, among others, were evaluated. The impact was assessed using the digital literacy scale (MDPQ16), indicators of frequency and types of internet and mobile phone use, health literacy (SAHLSA and NSV), quality of life (SF-12), hedonic well-being (Diener’s SWLS and Cummins’ PWI) and perceived social support using the Zimet scale.ResultsThe intervention had a significant impact with an effect size of r = 0.27 on digital literacy, separate t-test comparisons revealed a markedly significant change for digital literacy in the experimental group, before and after the pre-post t-test(31) = 3.56, p = 0.001, but not in the control group, t(23) = 0.082, p = 0.93. No direct impact on health literacy, health-related quality of life, and hedonic well-being was identified. We examined the indirect impact of change in digital literacy and found that it correlated with improvements in well-being and social support, as well as quality of life. Individuals with significant changes were detected and compared with those who did not change.DiscussionEvaluation that contributes by identifying elements for improvement in future interventions and discusses the importance of culturally adapting continuing education in older people.

The aim of this study is to explore the levels of Social Well-being of Chilean teachers and its relationship with Trust in Institutions and Attitude towards Citizenship. This is an empirical study, using validated Likert-type scales. Correlation and regression analyses were used to explore the relationships between these variables and to understand how they influence each other. The results indicate significant correlations between teachers' Social Well-being and their Attitude towards Citizenship, as well as their level of Trust in Institutions. In addition, moderate interactions were observed in which Trust in Institutions influenced the relationship between Attitude towards Citizenship and Social Well-being. The results showed lower levels of Social Well-being than other similar studies on teachers. Both Trust in Institutions and Attitude towards Citizenship showed significant positive correlations, although of moderate strength, and somewhat stronger in the Non-Conventional dimension of Attitude towards Citizenship.

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la evolución que presenta la conducta criminal a través del transcurso de la vida de un grupo de 824 mujeres detenidas por delitos de violencia intrafamiliar, en 2007, por parte de Carabineros de Chile. El diseño es longitudinal pseudo prospectivo, lo que permite su seguimiento a través de 9 años, tal como si correspondiera a un estudio longitudinal prospectivo. Se consideró como reincidencia cualquier nueva detención o denuncia en su contra, entre 2007-2016. El 60,6% de las mujeres reincidieron, acumulando un total de 2.583 delitos. Las trayectorias criminales de esta población se extendieron bastante más allá de los 30 años, generando una curva edad/delito alargada, dado que una parte importante de estas mujeres se mantuvieron cometiendo delitos hasta los 40 años, alejándose de la tradicional forma que adquiere la curva edad/delito.

La crisis de representatividad política en Chile ha llevado a que la participación de jóvenes disminuya en elecciones y aumente en movimientos sociales. Estos cambios podrían afectar la forma en que perciben su capacidad para ejercer cambios mediante la política. El presente estudio transversal analiza, mediante escalas de autoreporte, las diferencias por género en la relación entre el sentido de eficacia política interna y la importancia otorgada a la participación política convencional y no convencional en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos (N = 949). Los resultados muestran que la importancia otorgada a la política convencional se asocia al sentido de eficacia política interna en hombres y mujeres, mientras que la importancia otorgada a la política no convencional solamente en mujeres. Los resultados se discuten en relación con la importancia de distintas formas de participación política en la formación de jóvenes ciudadanos políticos, en el contexto de las movilizaciones feministas.

The data comes from a survey applied to 1027 scientists working in Chile. The survey was originally distributed to 5571 scientists. The research was carried out with the purpose of explaining the Entrepreneurial intention of the scientists. The survey consisted of 35 items in total, structured in five sections: (a) academic background and previous entrepreneurship (14 items), (b) Entrepreneurial intention (6 items), (c) Attitude towards entrepreneurship (5 items), (d) subjective social perception of support towards Entrepreneurship (3 items) and Control of Perceived Behavior towards Entrepreneurship (6 items). The data are linked to the theoretical model proposed in Acuña_Duran, Oyanedel y Pradenas-Wilson (2021).

Physical activity plays an important role in the well-being and development of adolescents. Physical activity habits expressed in terms of frequency and duration are consistently associated with sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status. However, there is less evidence of the relationship between the type and context of physical activity in adolescents. The aim of this article is to analyze physical activity habits and their relationship with sociodemographic factors in Chilean adolescents. The cross-sectional study consisted of 7,263 adolescents aged between 10 and 20 years old, students from both public and private schools in all regions of Chile. Physical activity habits were examined by means of a self-report questionnaire. The age groups were classified according to the three stages of adolescence (early: 10 to 13, middle: 14 to 16, and late: 17 to 20 years old). Socioeconomic level was established based on the school vulnerability index (SVI) of the school attended by each adolescent. In the study it was obvious to the level of physical activity for the adolescents was below the international recommendations. A statistically significant association can also be found between the sociodemographic factors studied and the physical activity habits reported by the young people. The multivariate regression analysis established that the risk of not achieving the physical activity recommendations was 2.8 times higher in females than in males, 2.4 times higher in the older age groups (14–16 and 17–20 years old) compared to the 10–13-year age range and 1.1 times in the medium and high vulnerability groups than in the low socioeconomic vulnerability group. These findings highlight the importance of considering all these factors holistically whenever designing programs or public policies that promote the development of healthy physical activity habits in adolescents.

Foundation: sleep is recognized as an indicator of quality of life and, in a student´s daily life, it acquires great importance for its relationship with cognitive functioning and academic activities.Objective: to identify and evaluate factors associated with quality of sleep presented by the Chilean students of the Obstetric training program, according to years studied.Methods: cross-sectional and analytical study conducted in the 2018 school year in a Chilean university, which included all the students of Obstetrics, who answered a questionnaire that evaluated sociodemographic background, academic profile, previous sleep habits and sleep quality, assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) survey.Results: the behavior around the sleep habits differs significantly among courses, in the 1st and 4th year there are those who sleep less and the students of this last course are classified as the worst sleepers. The average of the PSQI components varies between 6, 6 (5th year) and 9.2 (4th year); daytime dysfunction component showed the most extreme values.Conclusions: there is a weak association between sleeping quality and sociodemographic variables, academic profile and previous sleep habits. It is only strongly associated with some components of the sleep quality survey, such as bedtime and student sleeping hours. The training program progression does not mean an increase or decrease in bad or good sleepers.

This study examined the relationships between teacher motivation (TM) and perceived burnout of English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teachers in Chile. A particular focus was given to demotivators and their impact on TM and burnout. The impact of COVID-19 was considered. Given that EFL teachers tend to be second language (L2) learners of English themselves, the study also investigated how TM and L2 motivation interact with each other. The participants were 154 school-level teachers with a range of backgrounds (teaching experience, geographic areas, and school sectors). In the questionnaire, four scales were included: (a) autonomous motivation for teaching; (b) demotivators; (c) perceived burnout; and (d) L2 motivation. Fifteen teachers were interviewed in order to triangulate the survey results. Structural equation modeling showed that TM negatively predicted perceived burnout, suggesting that it can counter teachers’ emotional exhaustion and their perceived lack of personal accomplishment. Demotivators predicted TM positively, albeit weakly. L2 motivation was found to be only weakly related to TM. Qualitative findings indicated that teaching experience mediated the role that demotivators played in relation to TM. Experienced teachers, especially those who held intrinsic motivation to teach, channeled the impact of demotivators, including those relating to the pandemic, to a positive motivational force to teach. The study implies the importance of considering teachers as agents and devising an educational system in which their mental health is prioritized.

This study analyzed the mediating role that implicit theories of intelligence and academic self-efficacy may play in the relationship between psychopathology and mathematical performance. The sample consisted of 838 students from first and second year of high school. A numerical calculation test was applied, followed by psychopathology self-report scales, implicit theories of intelligence, and academic self-efficacy. Serial multiple mediation models were tested. The results showed a complete mediation of the effect of psychopathology on mathematical performance through implicit theories of intelligence and academic self-efficacy. The effect of entity theories of intelligence on mathematical performance was both direct and through academic self-efficacy, whereas the effect of incremental theories of intelligence was only through academic self-efficacy. Identifying the variables that mediate the relationship in question is crucial to develop targeted interventions to prevent the development of a vicious circle between psychopathology and poor school performance.

Within Ajzen's Planned Behavior Theory framework, this article tests a model to estimate the predictors of entrepreneurial intention in academic scientists working in Chile. We adapted into Spanish the entrepreneurship intention questionnaire. We tested the entrepreneurship intention model on a sample of 1,027 scientists leading research projects funded by the Chilean Scientific and Technological Development Fund (FONDECYT), the country's primary scientific research grant. The results show strong empirical support for the entrepreneurship intention model proposed while highlighting some critical issues specific to entrepreneurial intention in scientists. In particular, we found an indirect effect of perceived subjective social support on entrepreneurial intention, which is mediated by entrepreneurial attitude and perceived behavioral control toward entrepreneurship. These results suggest that policies orientated toward promoting academic entrepreneurship should include developing a healthy social environment toward it, meaning that entrepreneurial intention is not only an individual but an organizational challenge. These policies should analyze the social norms guiding the scientists' reference groups to increase their effectiveness.

Improving citizens' subjective well-being (SWB) has become an increasingly visible policy goal across industrialized countries. Although an increasing number of studies have investigated SWB at the individual level, little is known about subjective evaluation at social levels, such as the community and national levels. While the relationships between these levels have been analyzed in previous research, these assessments, which are part of the same unique construct of SWB, are under-investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality and reliability of a single measure of SWB, which contained individual, community, and national levels across three Latin-American countries (Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela), using a bifactor model analysis. Findings showed that the bifactor model exhibited a good fit to the data for the three countries. However, invariance testing between countries was not fully supported because of each item's specific contribution to both specific and general constructs. The analyses of each country showed that the SWB construct was in a gray area between unidimensionality and multidimensionality; some factors contributed more to the general factor and others to the specific level, depending on the country. These findings call for integrating more distant levels (community and country levels) into the understanding of SWB at the individual level, as they contribute not only to an overall construct, but they make unique contributions to SWB, which must be considered in public policy making.

This article presents an exploratory model to classify public attitudes towards health systems financing and organization. It comprises 5 factors (pay-as-you-use, solidarity, willingness to contribute, mixed financing, and public provision) measured by 17 indicators, selected through Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) applied to a sample of Chilean adults. Based on this model, cluster analysis proposed 2 groups: “Taxes-public” and “Insurance-choice,” representing 47% and 53% of interviewees, respectively. The results show differences between groups concerning the evaluation of both health care providers and insurers. The second cluster tends to evaluate them more harshly, showing less willingness to contribute further, less solidarity, more agreement with the current financing arrangement in terms of the mixture and its insurance (as opposed to purchasing of service based on health problems), and more support for choice of provider. These results highlight the need to consider people’s attitudes in the public discussion of health systems financing.

Suicide, as one of the leading causes of death for the adolescent population, both in Chile and globally, remains a complex and elusive phenomenon. This research studies the association between positive and negative affect in relation with suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt, given that affectivity is a fundamental basis on which people make evaluations on their satisfaction with life. First, it examines the reliability, structure, and validity of Watson’s positive and negative affect scale (PANAS) scale in a representative random sample of Chilean high school students (N = 4,568). The scale evidences strong reliability coefficients and a confirmatory factor analysis, excluding one positive (excited) and one negative (nervous) item. The scale shows a satisfactory goodness of fit. Secondly, it investigates the association of PANAS positive and negative affect scores with suicidal ideation as well as reported attempt in adolescents, controlling for the potential effect of age and sex (N = 420 high school students). Low positive and high negative affect, but not sex and age, show a significant association with suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation totally mediates the association of affect with suicide attempt, as expected. Results are discussed regarding prevention and it considers how positive and negative affect can be relevant as indicators for prevention and treatment using widely available technology.

Literature reports that depressive symptoms may precede suicidal ideation. Several studies have identified social support and substance use as moderators of this relationship. However, no study has evaluated these variables together by testing how substance use can affect the moderating effect of social support in this relationship. The purpose of this article is to individually evaluate dimensions of social support (friends, family, significant others, and school) and substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs), as moderators of the relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, as well as analyze the moderating role of substance use in the moderation exerted by social support in this relationship. This study, quantitative and cross-sectional, considered 775 adolescents [Average age = 15.48 (SD = 0.96), 45.9% women], from 20 randomly selected schools in Santiago de Chile. Simple moderation models were used to analyze possible moderators separately, and double moderation models were used to analyze the moderating role of substance use in the moderating effect of social support. The results show that the four dimensions of social support moderate the relationship between depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation, showing the strongest interaction in the case of family support, followed by support of a significant person, support at school, and support of friends, in that order. On the other hand, alcohol was the only drug that moderated the relationship in question. In addition, the results show that the use of alcohol limits the moderating effect of social support in the fields of family, significant person, and school support, but not in the case of support of friends. The use of marijuana and other illicit drugs did not affect the moderating effects of social support for any of the areas evaluated. The results are discussed according to the different roles that alcohol use can play in adolescence, and how these, together with perceived social support, are related to the emergence of suicidal ideation from depressive symptoms.

The survey data derives from a newly-developed questionnaire of interaction mindset. Interaction mindset pertains to second language (L2) learners’ disposition towards the task and/or an interlocutor prior to and/or during task-based interaction [1]. The theoretical model is consisted of five factors: (a) peer interaction; (b) collaboration; (c) form-orientation; (d) provision of peer feedback; and (e) reception of peer feedback. In the larger study (“Predicting L2 learners’ noticing of L2 errors: Proficiency, language analytical ability, and interaction mindset” [2]), the questionnaire results were used as predictor variables of L2 learners’ attention to language form. The current dataset contains responses from 102 L2 learners in university-level English classes. In addition to the descriptive statistics of the questionnaire, the current article reports on the results from structural equation modeling explaining the unique contributions of the five factors to the construct of interaction mindset. The model is visually depicted with a figure using AMOS. The model shows the questionnaire's potential in examining L2 learners’ affective variables that may influence the learners’ cognitive and behavioural engagement patterns. The entire dataset is included in an Excel file (.xlsx) and the original questionnaire is included as a supplementary file.

Introduction This cross-sectional study sought to examine the relationships between the perception of efficiency and quality of the service provided by the staff of the health system with users’ well-being (satisfaction with life), in the Chilean context. Based on the literature review, we hypothesized that satisfaction with the services provided by the health system would be associated with the well-being of its users. Objective To determine the relationship between the evaluation of the health system, medical staff, and perceived efficiency, with users’ subjective well-being. Methods On a sample of 1,201 respondents (52.4% women, mean age 42.82 years), descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis, and a structural equation model were performed between the evaluation of the health system, medical staff, and perceived efficiency with users’ subjective well-being. Results These three variables are positively related to each other and have effects on subjective well-being. Discussion Health systems also influence the subjective well-being of their users and can be associated with indicators of quality of life. Some implications and considerations related to the Chilean health system are discussed. Also, some of the possible limitations of the study are mentioned. Lastly, the importance of the health systems as part of the state and government functions is discussed.

The student Burnout Syndrome is a response to chronic and severe stress linked to the role of the students and their academic context. This study aims at determining the prevalence and severity of the student Burnout Syndrome on a sample of midwifery students and its associated factors. The study is observational, cross-sectional, and analytical, with a sample of 140 students of a Chilean university. The study variables were as follows: sociodemographic background, academic profile, student Burnout Syndrome scale, and behaviors in everyday psychosocial activities. The instrument for measuring the Burnout Syndrome was the Unidimensional Scale of Student Burnout. For the analysis, descriptive statistics were used, and the association of the independent over the dependent variables was assessed through linear regression. Of the third-year students, 77.2% had a moderate or deep burnout level, which increases to 91.8% in the fourth-year students. A significant and direct association was found between the syndrome and the career year. A significant association was also found between the Burnout Scale and the scale of psychosocial risk behavior. All the students present some degree of Burnout Syndrome, which is related to both their studies and psychosocial risks.

The data derives from a survey collected from 543 school-level teachers of English in Chile. The survey was originally distributed to 5435 teachers. The survey was developed with an aim of exploring teachers’ beliefs about how second language grammar should be taught. The survey consisted of 50 items in total, in four sections: (a) background information (10 items), (b) beliefs regarding L2 learning and teaching (9 items), (c) beliefs regarding grammar instruction (23 items), and (d) classroom realities (8 items). Except for the background information section, the items took the form of a 6-point Likert scale. The entire dataset is included in an Excel file (.xlsx). The entire questionnaire is included as a supplementary file. The data is connected to the theoretical models proposed in [1]. In [1], those models were proposed based on descriptive statistics (e.g., agreement/disagreement rates) and focus-group interview data. Subsequently, in the current paper, the data was submitted to structural equation modelling to explain the theoretical models. Then, the data is visually depicted with figures created via AMOS. Keywords: Teachers' beliefs, Apprenticeship of observation, Instructed second language acquisition, Grammar instruction, Corrective feedback, Peer interaction

Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados al bienestar subjetivo en los adultos mayores. Método: estudio analítico, transversal desarrollado en Chile. La muestra correspondió a 20.351 adultos mayores, que respondieron una pregunta sobre satisfacción vital global en la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional, 2011. El bienestar subjetivo fue correlacionado con indicadores de salud, demográficos y sociales. Se aplicaron comparaciones de medias, correlaciones y regresiones, mediante el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20. Resultados: la satisfacción con la vida se asoció con mayor edad; ser hombre; participación en organizaciones sociales; estar casado o convivir en pareja; tener estudios superiores; mayor ingreso; buena percepción del estado de salud; mejor atención sanitaria. Conclusión: al observar los predictores edad e ingresos, se puede concluir que el paso de los años refuerza la satisfacción con la vida pero, en confluencia con una adecuada percepción de salud e ingresos, que permitan una calidad de vida óptima.

Having achieved the coverage challenges following compulsory policies and a financing system via demand subsidy conditioned to enrollment and attendance, but faced with the scenario of school segregation, Chile has set itself the goal of advancing towards the right to an inclusive education and of quality. In this article we identify and analyze three critical nodes that affect the possibilities of achieving this goal: a) a tension between the logic of integration and educational inclusion, b) a market-based model that does not consider public values, and c) a new educational architecture, based on the logic of individual accountability, which places the possibility of educational improvement in individual incentive systems tied to the achievement of high performance tests. We discuss the need to address and unlock these nodes through transdisciplinary research.

(Analítico): El objetivo del artículo es discutir la relación entre socialización e interés por la política en jóvenes de Chile, desde las teorías de la socialización y la cultura política, que sostienen que las orientaciones de los individuos son adquiridas mediante procesos de relaciones con otros y con instituciones, de forma recíproca. A partir de la Encuesta Metropolitana de Comportamiento Político Juvenil (2012) aplicada a residentes -entre 18 y 25 años- del Gran Santiago, y a través de modelos de regresión logística, se verifica que el principal factor explicativo del interés por la política es informarse de esta temática con los amigos y amigas, destacando así la relevancia del contexto socializador.

El artículo presenta los resultados de la Encuesta Internacional sobre Bienestar Subjetivo infantil (ISCWeB), aplicada en Chile en el año 2012. El cuestionario fue aplicado a una muestra de 2.734 niños y niñas, de 8, 10 y 12 años, residentes de las tres principales zonas urbanas del país. Los resultados dan cuenta de una alta satisfacción con la vida, existiendo diferencias al considerar las variables nivel socioeconómico y sexo, así como también distintos aspectos. Los ámbitos mejor evaluados corresponden a la familia, bienes materiales, y salud; en detrimento de aspectos como el barrio y el colegio. Asimismo, se observa que el conocimiento y percepción de que se respetan los derechos de los niños y niñas, disminuye con la edad. Las conclusiones enfatizan la necesidad de profundizar en el estudio de esta temática.