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Background: Delirium or an acute confusional state (ACS) is characterised as being a frequent and complex hospital complication in older adult patients, which can affect their level of independence and increase patient morbidity and mortality. Critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) frequently develop ICU delirium, leading to longer hospital and ICU stays, increased mortality and long-term impairment. Objectives: This review aims to assess existing evidence of interventions that can be considered effective for the management and prevention of delirium in ICUs, reducing short-term morbidity and mortality, ICU and hospital admission times and the occurrence of other long-term complications. Methodology: For this systematic review, we searched Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINHAL, LILACS, SciELO and Dialnet from January 2018 to August 2024, in English, Spanish and French. MeSH descriptors were adjusted to search the different databases. We also checked Prospero for ongoing systematic reviews. Main results: The electronic search yielded a total of 2656 studies, of which 14 trials met the eligibility criteria, with a total of 14,711 participants. We included eight randomised clinical trial (RCTs), four cohort analyses, one systematic review and one observational trial, including participants over 65 years admitted to the ICU. Ten of these studies were based on pharmacological interventions, three of them examined non-pharmacological interventions and the remaining study examined mixed (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) interventions. Six placebo RCTs were included, plus four reported comparisons between different drugs. Regarding non-pharmacological interventions, nursing programmes focused on optimising modifiable risk factors or the use of therapies such as bright light are emerging. Regarding mixed interventions, we found the combination of invasive techniques and with sedoanalgesia. Conclusions: Due to its satisfactory level of sedation, dexmedetomidine is presented as a viable option because, although olanzapine offers safer results, postoperative administration angiotensin inhibitor systems significantly reduced the incidence of delirium. As for propofol, no significant differences were found. Among the non-pharmacological and mixed therapies, bright light therapy was able to reduce the incidence of delirium, and the combination of epidural/general anaesthesia was effective in all subtypes of delirium. Concerning the remaining interventions, the scientific evidence is still insufficient to provide a definitive recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Informational overload hinders the recognition of quality information and influences a population's health-related decisions. In this context, media health literacy aims to promote citizens' critical analysis skills, contributing to informed decision-making. This study aims to identify the instruments used to measure the level of media health literacy and their psychometric properties. Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed in 2023. The articles were extracted from the electronic databases "Pubmed", "Web of Science", "Dialnet", and "Scopus". The search languages were limited to English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Results: Twelve articles were selected for further analysis. The described measurement instruments included five original scales and seven cross-cultural adaptations of three of them. Four scales (the Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Media Literacy scale adapted to Turkish and Chinese, along with the Media Health Literacy (MeHLit) scale and its adaptation to the Chinese language) exhibited high quality in the assessment of psychometric properties. Conclusions: These instruments allow for the measurement of an individual's level of skill when consuming specific health information, enabling an analysis to understand the risk they are exposed to. Further research is recommended to strengthen the existing evidence and apply these tools to broader and more diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals often face discrimination in healthcare settings, resulting in health disparities. Evaluating healthcare professionals' affirmative practices is essential for promoting inclusive care and addressing these disparities. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Gay Affirmative Practice Scale (GAP-ES), which measures healthcare professionals' affirmative practices towards gay individuals. Methods: Before assessing its psychometric properties, the original Gay Affirmative Practice Scale (GAP) was translated and culturally adapted from English to Spanish. Following the translation, the psychometric properties were tested on a sample of 236 healthcare professionals. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha and the discriminatory power index. Factor structure was evaluated with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using the Diagonally Weighted Least Squares method. Results: The sample consisted of 152 female (64.41%) and 84 male (35.59%) participants, with 58.05% identifying as heterosexual, 28.81% as homosexual, and 13.14% as bisexual. The internal consistency of the GAP-ES was strong, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.915 for the Beliefs subscale and 0.902 for the Behaviors subscale. The McDonald's Omega coefficient was 0.942, indicating high reliability. CFA confirmed a two-factor structure with satisfactory fit indices (CFI = 0.999, RMSEA = 0.071). Conclusions: The GAP-ES demonstrates strong internal consistency and a stable factor structure. It is a reliable tool for evaluating affirmative practices toward LGBT patients in Spanish-speaking healthcare contexts, supporting improved care for this population. The integration of the GAP-ES into clinical practice and training programs may support the enhancement of cultural competence among healthcare professionals, contributing to the reduction of health disparities for LGBT patients in Spanish-speaking settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Amidst current misinformation, media literacy is an essential competency for nursing professionals. This study aimed to analyze the level of media health literacy among Spanish undergraduate nursing students, stratifying the results by gender, region, and other associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at five Spanish universities (N = 416) using the Spanish version of the Media Health Literacy (MeHLit-SV) Questionnaire. Results: Students presented an average media health literacy score of 48.73 points. The media health literacy level was significantly higher among students from universities in the central and northeastern regions of Spain (ANOVA Test, p = 0.0002), those who had previously studied in a city (ANOVA Test, p = 0.001), those who combined their studies with employment (ANOVA Test, p = 0.001), and those residing in communities with fewer than 500 inhabitants (ANOVA Test, p = 0.001). No differences were found based on gender. Conclusions: The media health literacy level of the students was deficient and varied according to socio-economic and socio-educational factors. Understanding the literacy level of future nurses and promoting the inclusion of this competency in their education will enable them to become leaders in improving the population's health self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Poisonings among children are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and present a significant challenge for emergency medical services (EMS). The aim of this study was to analyze the types of substances causing poisonings and the intention of poisonings in children, providing detailed information on the most common causes of poisonings in different age groups. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted analyzing medical records of pediatric patients under the care of emergency medical services (EMS) in Wroclaw, Poland, between 2015 and 2017. The study included all patients under 18 years old diagnosed with poisoning. Data collected included age, sex, cause of poisoning, location of the incident, neurological status (GCS), and the type of healthcare facility. Results: The study included 484 patients, with a mean age of 13 years. The largest age group was 16–18 years (44%), and the majority were female (58%). The most common causes of poisonings were alcohol (29.3%), medications (26%), and intoxicants (24.8%). Over half of the incidents occurred at home (52.5%). Intentional poisonings constituted 75% of cases, particularly involving alcohol (38.6%), intoxicants (32%), and medications (26.7%). Accidental poisonings were mainly due to household chemicals (28.7%) and carbon monoxide (27%). The differences in causes and locations of poisonings were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study showed that the most common causes of poisonings among children were alcohol, medications, and intoxicants. Poisonings most frequently occurred at home, especially with medications, while outside the home, alcohol and intoxicants were predominant. This study was not registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an increase in the practice of chemsex, which is becoming an increasingly serious public health problem. The complex interaction between chemsex and mental health underscores the need to understand the psychological, social, and environmental factors that influence this practice. Methods: A qualitative descriptive phenomenological study was conducted in the community of Madrid, Spain to explore the depth of the chemsex phenomenon through a thematic analysis. Between April and June 2024, interviews were conducted with 15 MSM (gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men) who participate in these practices, using purposive and snowball sampling. Results: three main themes were identified, namely, (T1) contextualization of the practice, (T2) factors associated with chemsex, and (T3) strategies and interventions for risk and harm reduction. Conclusion: Chemsex is a phenomenon that combines sexual practices with substance use in complex social environments, presenting significant risks to physical, mental, and sexual health. It is necessary to implement public health interventions to mitigate these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of people who access social networking sites continues to increase at an exponential rate. The use of technology is an essential skill for nursing professionals and its development represents a challenge in improving health education, promotion and care. The objective of this systematic review is to analyse the use of social networking sites by healthcare professionals as an intervention tool for evidence-based public health education. Methods: The protocol of this umbrella review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42023407249). Searches were carried out in MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO (EBSCOhost), and Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, in February 2023. A narrative synthesis of the results was conducted. Results: 1896 articles were found, of which 15 reviews fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Social networks broadened the profession; they were YouTube, X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and Instagram. The target population was mainly young professionals, and they came across different topic areas that addressed health education. Conclusions: It is important to have information backed by scientific evidence to make health decisions. Health professionals active on social networking sites have a unique opportunity to educate the public about health by sharing scientific evidence in an accessible and clear way, which helps to combat misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemsex has been defined as the deliberate use of drugs for prolonged sexual intercourse between gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (MSM). Drugs associated with chemsex can trigger mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, risk of psychosis and suicidal ideation, social isolation, stigmatization, and even loss of impulse control and lack of coping strategies. Currently, the increase in illicit drugs in a sexual context is considered an outbreak of a public health emergency. Objective: The aim of this study is the construction and validation of the Chem-Sex Inventory (CSI), a new scale to assess the mental health risk of chemsex behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted to study 563 participants. Data were collected through an online questionnaire between January and April 2023, and the construct validity of the CSI was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The sample was, on average, 36 years old (SD: ±9.2). The majority of gender identity was cisgender (97.7%). A factor structure was found that can be summarized in four dimensions: emotional instability, risk of psychosis, altered body perception, and risk of suicide. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) presents adequate reliability values, with a Cronbach's alpha above 0.87 for all dimensions and a McDonald's omega above 0.88 with a good fit of the 42 items. Conclusions: Our study has shown that the Chem-Sex Inventory (CSI) scale has factorial validity and could be used in clinical practice and research to measure the behavioral contribution of the chemsex phenomenon in MSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of chemsex has emerged as an essential public health issue in recent years. This systematic review aimed to investigate currently available harm reduction strategies and to evaluate the efficacy of the corresponding interventions. Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature related to harm and risk reduction strategies and the effectiveness of chemsex interventions. Between January 2024 and May 2024, the articles were retrieved from the electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo, Cochrane, Dialnet, CUIDEN, and SciELO. The review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number CRD42024508953). The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) original studies published in peer-reviewed journals, (II) studies exploring harm reduction interventions for chemsex, and (III) studies reflecting the efficacy of harm reduction interventions for chemsex. Two reviewers independently selected articles by title, abstract, and full paper review and extracted data. Two authors described the selected studies and assessed their methodological quality. Results: The systematic review comprised six scientific papers that met the selection criteria and were obtained from five countries. Although a limited number of studies were included, it was observed that they presented a medium–high methodological quality. Programs evaluated interventions to reduce harm from chemsex, such as a web-based intervention that improved self-efficacy to refuse risky behaviors and accept HIV testing. The studies suggested that peer-led programs can be effective, especially with facilitators who have experienced chemsex dependence. Conclusion: Harm reduction strategies in chemsex are effective and should be promoted by health professionals. Interventions should be accessible, personalized, and non-judgmental to provide appropriate care and support, ensuring a comprehensive and effective public health response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]