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The examination of the effects of different growing systems on the grain yield of winter wheat was conducted at the research and study field "Radmilovac" of Faculty of Agriculture (44o45’ N, 20o 35’ E Serbia, 130 m above mean see level). Investigations was conducted in 2016/17 and 2017/18 year on the luvic chernozem soil type, in completely randomized blocks with three repetitions. Conventional growing system (CGS) was aimed to achieve high grain yields and included ploughing using a mouldboard plough at 25 cm and pre-sowing tillage using a disc harrow and a harrow, basic fertilization in autumn with 600 kg ha-1 NPK (15:15:15) and top dressing in spring with high N dose (120 kg ha-1 N). In intergrated growing system (IGS), based on low inputs, tillage was performed using a chisel plough at 25 cm with ≥30% of maize crop residues retaining on the soil surface and the pre sowing tillage using a disc harrow and a harrow, basic fertilization in autumn with 600 kg ha-1 NPK (15:15:15) and top dressing in spring with 60 kg ha-1 N. In both growing systems grew two common winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare) Ilina and Zvezdana. Statistical analysis confirmed that year, growing system and genotype have a significantly greater impact on wheat productivity than their interactions. More favorable meteorological conditions in the first year led to obtaining statistically significantly higher grain yields in both growing systems (7,840 and 6,450 kg ha-1). A higher yield per unit area (7,470 kg ha-1) was found in the conventional compared to the integrated growing system (6,150 kg ha-1). In both growing systems, the Ilina variety had higher yields compared to the Zvezdana variety. An integrated cultivation system on heavier soils has less positive effects than on soils with more favorable characteristics, especially in the short term.

Rezultati trogodišnjih mikroogleda, predstavljeni u ovom radu, deo su višegodišnjih istraživanja započetih 2012. godine na oglednom polju u Surduku. Predmet istraživanja je miskantus, klon uvezen iz Nemačke za potrebe introdukcije u poljoprivrednu proizvodnju energetskih useva. Zasad je zasnovan na černozemu na lesnoj zaravni koji pripada kategoriji najplodnijih zemljišta. U periodu 2016- 2018., postavljene su dve varijante istraživanja (kontrola i varijanta sa prihranjivanjem azotom). Tokom godišnjeg životnog ciklusa praćena je dinamika porasta biljaka, merenjem morfoloških pokazatelja u fenofazama najvažnijim za formiranje prinosa stabala. Posle berbe određeni su sadržaj vode i celuloze u vazdušno suvim stablima i obračunat prinos stabala. Dobijene vrednosti poređene su po godinama istraživanja da bi se odredio uticaj meteoroloških činilaca na godišnji porast miskantusa. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da miskantus vrlo dobro uspeva na plodnom zemljištu dajući visoku produkciju biomase. U trogodišnjem proseku dobijeno je 24.990 kg ha-1 vazdušno suvih stabala. Miskantus je tolerantan na letnje suše zahvaljujući snažnom i dubokohodnom korenovom sistemu koji se svake godine razvija i pojedine žile prodiru u duboke slojeve zemljišta. Tokom istraživanja u sve tri godine bilo je manje padavina od uslovno-optimalnih, ali je najpovoljniji mesečni raspored bio u 2018. godini. Raspored padavina u periodu april-oktobar ima najveću značaj na bokorenje, porast stabala i ukupan prinos biomase. U trogodišnjem proseku prihranjivanje azotom značajno je povećalo prinos suvih stabala, ali je efekat dopunske ishrane biljaka bio najveći u godini sa najpovoljnijim vodnim režimom. Proučavani tretmani nisu uticali na sadržaj celuloze u suvim stablima The results of three-year plot trials are part of several years of research started in 2012 in the field of Surduk. The subject of the research is a mischantus, a clone imported from Germany for introduction to energy crops production. The plantation has been formed on chernozem, which belongs to the category of the most fertile soils. In period 2016-2018 were two variants – control and variant with nitrogen top dressing. During the annual life cycle, the dynamics of plant growth are monitored by measuring morphological indicators in phenophases most important for the formation of dry stalks yields. After harvest during the winter, the content of water and cellulose in dry stalks were determined and the calculated yield of stalks. The obtained values of the morphological indicators and the yield were compared with the years of research in order to determine the effect of meteorological factors on the annual increase in the miscanthus. The results show that miscanthus grows well in fertile soil giving a high yield of dry stalks. The miskantus is tolerant of summer drought because it has a well developed root system. In the period April-October 2016-2018 there was less precipitation than the needs of plants, but the month schedule was most favorable in 2018. In the three-year average, nitrogen storage significantly increased the yield of dry stalks, but the effect of top dressing was the highest in the year with the highest rainfall. The studied treatments did not affect the cellulose content in dry stalks.

Increasing the soybean cultivated area is closely related to the intensification of crop rotation. The introduction of soybean as a legume crop has a positive effect on the weediness and yield of other crops, primarily maize and winter wheat. In order to prove the advantages of crop rotation in relation to the continuous cropping, a longer period of testing is required, i.e a certain number of rotations in each of the crops is required. This paper presents results of the effects of crop rotation on a weed community in soybean. A trial was settled on the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Radmilovac in 1992. The following cultivation systems have been observed: soybean continuous cropping, maize-soybean-winter wheat rotation (three crop rotation), and winter wheat-maize-soybean-spring barley+red clover-red clover-sunflower (six-crop rotation). The conventional cropping practices for cultivation of soybean were applied in continuous cropping and crop rotations. Crops are grown in non-irrigation regime, on chernozem luvic soil type. Long-term effects of various cropping systems on weed infestation were observed by the one square meter area method in 2015. The dominant species in continuous cropping and crop rotations were similar: Datura stramonium L., Solanum nigrum L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers and Convolvulus arvensis L. Scop. However, the number of weed species, the number of plants per weed species, fresh and air dry biomass was the highest in soybean continuous cropping and the smallest in three- and six crop rotation. In particular, there are large differences in the number of plants per weed species (in continuous cropping 43.8 and in crop rotation 12.6 and 12.8 per square meter) and in fresh weight (233.1 versus 96.9 and 108.2 g m-2 ). The 23-year continuous cropping was obviously a respectable period for making unambiguous and precise conclusions. Crop rotations, are more effective in suppressing the number of plants per weed species and decreasing biomass of weeds.

U savremenim konceptima razvoja konvencionalne poljoprivrede uloga i značaj plodoreda su nezamenljivi odnosno, prelazak sa monokulture i dvopoljnog na tropoljni plodored, uvođenjem useva soje, su neminovni sa aspekta povećanja produktivnosti. Soja je odličan predusev većini ratarskih biljaka, kako sa aspekta obezbeđivanja jednog dela azota azotofiksacijom, tako i sa aspekta poboljšanja strukture zemljišta i smanjenja zakorovljenosti. Ne treba zanemariti činjenicu održanja i povećanja sadržaja organske materije u zemljištu što je značajan indikator potencijalne plodnosti zemljišta. Ispitivan je prinos zrna soje na oglednom školskom dobru Poljoprivrednog fakulteta - Radmilovac tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja. Praćen je uticaj tri sistema gajenja: monokulture i dva različita plodoreda (tropoljni i šestopoljni) na produktivnost useva soje. Gajenjem soje u plodoredima dobijaju se veći prinosi zrna u poređenju sa monokulturom, a naročito su, u tom smislu, povoljan uticaj imali plodoredi sa većim brojem polja. Bitna je činjenica da sa svakom novom rotacijom prinos useva soje se povećavao. Korišćenje svih pozitivnih osobina ove agrotehničke, biološke i organizaciono-ekonomske mere može doprineti manjem i efikasnijem korišćenju hraniva, a sa tim i energije, smanjiti potreba za primenom pesticida, čime se smanjuju prisutni problemi u vezi sa zaštitom okoline i degradacijom zemljišta. In modern concepts of the development of conventional agriculture, the role and significance of the crop rotation are irreplaceable, that is, the transition from continuous cropping and two- to three crop rotation, by introducing soybean crops, are inevitable from the aspect of increasing productivity. Soybean is an excellent previous crop to most growing plants, both from the aspect of providing a part of nitrogen with nitrogen fixation, as well as from the aspect of improving the soil structure and reducing weddiness. We should not ignore the fact of maintaining and increasing the content of organic matter in the soil, which is a significant indicator of the potential fertility of the soil. The yield of soybean was examined at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture - Radmilovac during the two-year investigation period. The influence of three cropping systems: continuous cropping system and two crop rotation (three- and six crop rotation) on the productivity of soybean were monitored. By cultivating soybeans in crop rotation, higher grain yields are compared to continuous cropping, and in particular, favorable effect in this respect has been the plodding with a large number of fields. It is important that with each new rotation the yield of soybeans increases. The use of all the positive features of this agro-technical, biological and organizational-economic measure can contribute to less and more efficient use of nutrients and energy, reduce the need for pesticide application, which reduces the existing problems related to environmental protection and soil degradation.

Triticale production on acid soils requires significant investments in repairing bad qualities of those soils and it raises the question about the profitability of triticale growing. The aim of our study was to determine the yield of triticale on acid soil depending on the dose and type of applied fertilizer, as well as economic feasibility of the application of fertilizers in the production of triticale on the acid soils. The experiment was performed at the Centre for Agricultural and Technological Research in Zaječar, during 2009-10 years. It was a set-by-bloc system with three repetition and included the control of three variants of fertilization, which were included in mineral (variant I and II) and a combination of mineral, lime and organic fertilizers (variant III). The survey results show a significant effect of fertilizers on grain yield increase of triticale, especially the combination of mineral, lime and organic fertilizers. The highest value of production, as well as the largest variable costs, is recorded in the III variant of fertilization. The highest profit was gained in the II variant of fertilizer. The most favourable indicators’ values of economic efficiency (productivity, efficiency and profitability) were recorded in II variant of fertilization. The most economical is to organize the triticale production on acid soils using the fertilizers with the increased dose of phosphorous (II variant)., Original scientific paper