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Популација обичне крастаче пoсматрана је у сезони размножавања током пет узастопних година. Одрасле јединке су пребројаване, мерене и узорковане ради одређивања старости (скелетохронологија). Главни циљ је био испитати утицај варирања одабраних метеоролошких параметара на фенологију размножавања популације и промене бројности, ефективне величине, односа полова, узрасне структуре и кондиционог индекса масе јединки унутар адултног дела популације. Проверена је и повезаност између фекундитета женки, њихове старости и величине тела. Фекундитет је претпостављен поређењем са ранијим истраживањима исте популације. Утврђен је тренд ка повећању просечне дневне температуре ваздуха у периоду пре почетка размножавања, али он није утицао на промену временске динамике сезоне парења. Утврђена је позитивна корелација између зима са више падавина и броја јединки које су учествовале у размножавању. Ефективна величина и узрасна структура популације значајно су се мењали током година, али независно од варирања метеоролошких параметара. Утврђена је слаба негативна корелација између топлијих зима и вредности кондиционог индекса јединки, који је такође значајно варирао током година. Адултних мужјака је било знатно више од адултних женки. Женке су биле веће од мужјака. Индекс полног диморфизма у величини тела је варирао између година. Асортативно укрштање није потврђено. Мужјаци у амплексусу су били крупнији од мужјака без женки, али нису имали већи кондициони индекс масе. Женке веће масе тела имале су већи претпостављени фекундитет, али се он није значајно мењао са старошћу. Утврђене су значајне флуктуације структуре и динамике анализиране популације, али је потребно више година посматрања да би се утврдио могући утицај варирања метеоролошких параметара. One population of common toads was monitored on the breeding grounds for five consecutive years (2011–2015). Individuals were counted, measured and samples of hind leg toe phalange were taken for age assessment by sкeletochronology. The main goal was to analyse the effects of some weather parameters on reproductive phenology of this population. Change of effective and census population size, sex ratio, age structure and body mass condition index (BMCI), as well as relations among female fecundity, age, and body size, were also analysed in adult part of this population over time. Female fecundity was calculated regarding body mass, derived by comparison with earlier study. The trend was found toward increase of average daily air temperature in period before start of the breeding season, but it didn’t have impact on change in temporal dynamics of the breeding season. Positive correlation was found between winters with more precipitation and reproductive population size. Effective population size and age structure significantly varied along years, but independently from variation of weather parameters. Weak negative correlation was found between warmer winters and BMCI. BMCI also varied significantly along years. Females were larger than males. Index of sexual dimorphism in body size varied along years. Assortative mating was not confirmed. Males recorded in amplexus were bigger than solitary males, but generally didn’t differ in BMCI. Heavier females also had higher projected fecundity, and it didn’t change with age. Significant fluctuations of structure and dynamics were recorded in this population, but more years of monitoring are required to check possible impact of variation of weather parameters.

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of interrow spacing (25, 50 and 70 cm) on seed yield and quality of three soybean varietes of different vegetation length (Dukat- O group, Balkan - I group, Vojvodjanka - II group of maturation). Different interrow spacing contributed to various shapes of the vegetation area using the same plant population density. During the two-year trial, on average with regard to the cultivars tested the highest seed yield (5.312 kg/ha) was obtained sowing at a 25 cm interrow spacing. This was by approx. 40% greater in comparison with the 50 and 70 cm interrow spacing sowing variants (3.798 and 3.807 kg/ha). Considering interrow spacing, on average, the highest seed yield was obtained by cv. Dukat (4.450 kg/ha). Cvs. Vojvodjanka and Balkan yields were by 1.8 and 8.0% lower. Protein content was not substantially effected by the shape of the vegetation area averaging 31%. This was also the case with oil content in the seed (on average 20.8%). U radu je proučavan uticaj veličine međurednog rastojanja (25, 50 i 70 cm) na prinos i kvalitet zrna tri perspektivne sorte soje različite dužine vegetacionog perioda (Dukat- O grupa, Balkan- I grupa, Vojvođanka- II grupa zrenja). Različito međuredno rastojanje je omogućilo i različit oblik vegetacionog prostora pri istoj gustini useva.U proseku za sorte, u dvogodišnjem periodu, najveći prinos semena (5.312 kg/ha) ostvaren je pri setvi na 25 cm međurednog rastojanja.Ova vrednost je veća za oko 40% u odnosu na prinos iz varijanti setve od 50 i 70 cm (3.798 i 3.807 kg/ha). U proseku za međuredna rastojanja, najveći prinos semena dala je sorta Dukat (4.450 kg/ha), dok su sorte Vojvođanka i Balkan dale za 1,8 i 8,0% niži prinos. Sadržaj proteina se nije značajnije razlikovao zavisno od oblika vegetacionog prostora, a njegova prosečna vrednost je iznosila 31%. Slično stanje je zabeleženo i u pogledu sadržaja ulja u semenu (prosek 20,8%).

Small plot trials were conducted at the experimental fields of the Institute Tamiš, Pančevo, on the lime chernozem soil type over the period 1998- 2003. There were 19 variants in the trial in addition to the control. The NPK amounts ranged from 50 to 130 kg/ha and were used in various ratios. The highest average sugar beet yield was obtained using 100 kg/ha of NPK (59,97 t/ha). The increase amounted to 47,9% compared with the control variant. The average sugar content in the root ranged from 13,67 (N130P50K50) to 14,45% (N0P0K100) and sugar use from 11,05 (N130P50K50) to 12,09% (N50P100K100). The highest average consumable sugar yield was registered using the following fertilizer variant N100 P100K100 (6.98 t/ha) and N100P100K50 (6.81 t/ha). Root yield and consumable sugar yield were greatly affected by the humidity during the sugar beet vegetation period.

The objective was to analyse the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus (sowing inoculated and non-inoculated seed) on the microbial biomass of soil, soybean yield and quality under the different levels of mineral nutrients. Investigations conducted on the brown forest soil type in central Šumadija. The addition of phosphorus has affected increasing of bacterial biomass in all variants, with and without inoculation in forming pods phase. Inoculation in harvest phase has affected increasing of bacterial and decreasing of fungal biomass. The highest number and mass of nodules was noticed on variants with phosphorus fertilization (P35 i P70 kg/ha) and in control variant (without fertilization). The nitrogen has affected on decreasing of those two parameters. Significant higher average seed yield was noticed on variant of inoculated seed (for 17,0%) concerning variant with non-inoculated seed (3,41 t/ha). All nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization variants have affected significant yield increasing comparing with control variant. However, the highest yield was noticed in combination of those two nutrients (N100P35 and N100P70 kg/ha), up to 4,0 t/ha seed. Seed inoculation has increased protein content for 2,2% comparing on non-inoculated seed. The nitrogen and phosphorus has affected small, but positive effect on protein content just on non-inoculated variant. The highest increasing was on variant with N100P35 and N100P70 kg/ha (4,5 – 5,7%). In general, seed protein content is indeed small because of bigger amount of rainfall in this year. U ovom radu je prikazan uticaj azota i fosfora, setvom inokulisanog i neinokulisanog semena, na mikrobnu biomasu, prinos i kvalitet soje pri različitim nivoima mineralnih hraniva. Istraživanja su obavljena na zemljištu tipa gajnjača u centralnoj Šumadiji. U fazi obrazovanja mahuna unošenje fosfora je najviše uticalo na povećanje bakterijske biomase u varijantama sa i bez inokulacije. Inokulacija u fazi žetve uticala je na povećanje bakterijske i smanjenje biomase gljiva.Najveći broj i masa kvržica po biljci ostvareni su na varijantama đubrenja fosforom (P35 i P70 kg/ha) i kontrolnoj varijanti (bez đubrenja). Azot je uticao na smanjenje vrednosti ova dva parametra. Ostvaren je značajno veći prosečni prinos semena na varijanti inokulisanog semena (za 17,0%) u odnosu na varijantu bez inokulacije (3,41 t/ha). Sve varijante azota i fosfora dale su značajno povećanje prinosa u odnosu na kontrolu. Ipak, najveći prinos je ostvaren kombinovanom primenom ova dva hraniva (N100P35 i N100P70 kg/ha), preko 4,0 t/ha semena. Inokulacija semena je povećala sadržaj proteina za 2,2% u odnosu na neinokulisano seme. Azot i fosfor su ispoljili mali, ali pozitivan uticaj na sadržaj proteina samo na varijanti bez inokulacije. Najveće povećanje je u varijanti N100P35 i N100P70 (4,5 – 5,7 indeksnih poena). U celini sadržaj proteina u semenu je dosta mali i zbog većih količina padavina u ovoj godini.

The objective was to analyze the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus (by sowing inoculated and non-inoculated seed) on the microbiological activity of soil (number of physiological and systematic groups of microorganisms in the plant root system, but also the number and weight of the nodes formed) and soybean yield. Trials were conducted on the brown forest soil type in central Šumadija. Sowing inoculated seed tended to raise the average soybean yield by 8.6% as well as number of bacteria in the rhizosphereous soil compared to the non-inoculated variant. Node number and weight were the greatest in the control variant (non-fertilized). Grain yield was higher by applying larger nitrogen rates, both individually and in combination with phosphorus (fertilization variants N100P70 and N100P35 kg/ha) with yields ranging from 2.79 to 3.21 t ha-1. In addition, the greatest number of bacteria in the plant root system was found in these variants. In comparison to the control, a positive effect of fertilization on grain yield amounting to 36% was also registered. In 2002, the number and weight of nodes formed on the plant root were substantially greater than in 2003 as a result of favorable humid weather conditions. U ovom radu je prikazan uticaj azota i fosfora, setvom inokulisanog i neinokulisanog semena, na mikrobiološku aktivnost zemljišta (brojnost pojedinih fizioloških i sistematskih grupa mikroorganizama u zoni korenovog sistema biljaka, kao i mase i broja obrazovanih kvržica) i prinos soje. Istraživanja su obavljena na zemljištu tipa gajnjača u centralnoj Šumadiji. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da je ostvaren viši prosečni prinos soje za 8,6 % setvom inokulisanog semena i veći ukupni broj bakterija u rizosfernom sloju zemljišta u odnosu na neinokulisanu varijantu. Na kontrolnoj varijanti (bez đubrenja) utvrđen je najveći broj i masa kvržica po biljci, što je logično kada se ima u vidu priroda ove biljke. Viši prinosi zrna ostvareni su primenom veće količine azota, kako pojedinačno, tako i u kombinaciji sa fosforom (varijante đubrenja N100P70 i N100P35 kg/ha), kod kojih se prosečni prinos kretao od 2,79 do 3,21 t/ha. Takođe, na ovim varijantama je uglavnom konstatovan i najveći broj bakterija u zoni korenovog sistema. Pozitivan efekat đubrenja na prinos zrna je iznosio i do 36 %, u odnosu na kontrolu. Broj i masa kvržica na korenu biljaka, kao i prinos zrna, bili si značajno veći u 2002. godini, kao posledica znatno povoljnijih uslova vlažnosti u odnosu na 2003. godinu.

The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of different amounts and proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus but also of seed inoculation on soybean yield and total protein content in the grain. Trials were conducted on two soil types: chernozem (southern Banat) and brown forest (central parts of Sumadija). The soybean cultivar used was Balkan (I maturity group). Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that on average soybean yield was higher on both soil types (by 5.6% and 8.6% on chernozem and brown forest respectively) using inoculated seeds. The highest average grain yield was achieved using 100 kg of nitrogen per ha in combination with 35 and 70 kg of phosphorus per ha (3.48-4.28 t/ha and 2.79-3.21 t/ha on the chernozem and brown forest soil type respectively). The total protein content in the grain was somewhat greater on the chernozem soil type (on average 32.7%) than on the brown forest soil type (30.9%). Seed inoculation was found to raise the protein content on brown forest soil type only (by 1.4%). On both soil types all the nitrogen variants contributed to a greater protein content in the grain compared with the variants with phosphorus and the control variant (non-fertilized). U ovom radu je prikazan uticaj azota i fosfora, primenjenih u različitoj količini i odnosu, kao i inokulacije semena na prinos soje i sadržaj ukupnih proteina u zrnu. Istraživanja su obavljena na dva tipa zemljišta: černozem (južni Banat) i gajnjača (centralna Šumadija). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da je na oba tipa zemljišta ostvaren veći prosečan prinos zrna upotrebom inokulisanog semena (za 5,6% na černozemu, tj. za 8,6% na gajnjači). Najveći prosečni prinosi zrna ostvareni su primenom 100 kg/ha N u kombinaciji sa 35 i 70 kg/ha P2O5 (od 3,48 - 4,28 t/ha na černozemu i od 2,79 - 3,21 t/ha na gajnjači). Ostvaren je nešto veći sadržaj ukupnih proteina u zrnu na černozemu (prosečno 32,7%), nego na gajnjači (prosečno 30,9%). Inokulacija semena je povećala sadržaj proteina samo na gajnjači (za 1,4%), dok ovo povećanje nije zabeleženo na černozemu. Na svim varijantama đubrenja azotom i na oba tipa zemljišta, zabeležen je veći sadržaj proteina u zrnu, u odnosu na varijante đubrenja fosforom i varijantu bez đubrenja.

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of interrow spacing of three soybean cultivars differing with regard to the length of the vegetation period on yield and fertility properties. The highest average seed yield (4943 kg/ha) for the cultivars tested was achieved employing a 20 cm interrow spacing and the lowest (3935 kg/ha) at a 70 cm interrow spacing. On average, the cv. Dragana was registered to achieve by 7.40% higher seed yields compared with the cv. Balkana and by 20.49% compared with the cv. Bosa. Compared with the 70 cm interrow spacing, the 20 cm interrow spacing was noticed to contribute to 9.36% higher stalks, 28.10% greater number of side branches, 5.95% greater number of pods per plant, 4.02% greater number of seeds per plant, 5.13% greater seed weight per plant and 13.17% greater 1000-seed weight. Ispitivan je uticaj veličine rastojanja između redova (20, 45 i 70cm) na prinos i komponente rodnosti tri sorte soje (Bosa, Balkan i Dragana). U proseku za sorte, najveći prinos semena (4,943 kg/ha) postignut je pri setvi na 20cm rastojanja između redova, a najmanji (3,935 kg/ha) pri setvi na 70cm. U proseku za načine setve, sorta Dragana je imala veći prinos semena za 7,40% od Balkana i za 20,49% od sorte Bosa. U ispitivanjima uticaja oblika vegetacionog prostora i važnijih morfoloških osobina i komponenata rodnosti sorti soje postignuti su sledeći rezultati: U kombinacijama setve na najmanjem međurednom rastojanju (20cm), u proseku za sorte, visina stabala je bila veća za 9,36%, broj bočnih grana za 28,10%, broj mahuna po biljci za 5,95%, broj zrna po biljci za 4,02%, masa 1000 zrna za 5,13% i masa zrna po biljci veća za 13,17% nego pri setvi na najvećem rastojanju (70cm). U proseku i pojedinačno za načine setve, visina stabala i masa 1000 zrna bile su najveće u sorte Balkan, a sva ostala ispitivana obeležja u sorte Dragana.