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Purpose The purpose of this double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was to evaluate the use of intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients undergoing primary bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) regarding postoperative hemarthrosis, pain, opioid consumption, and quadriceps atrophy and activation. Methods A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted in 110 patients who underwent ACLR with BPTB autograft. Patients were equally randomized to the control and experimental groups. The experimental group received two 1-g boluses of IV TXA, one prior to tourniquet inflation and one prior to wound closure; the control group did not receive TXA. If a clinically significant hemarthrosis was evident, the knee was aspirated and the volume of blood (in milliliters) was recorded. Additionally, we recorded perioperative blood loss (in milliliters); visual analog scale scores on postoperative days 1, 4, and 7 and at postoperative weeks 1, 6, and 12; postoperative opioid consumption on postoperative days 1, 4, and 7; range of motion (ROM) and ability to perform a straight leg raise at postoperative weeks 1, 6, and 12; and preoperative and postoperative thigh circumference ratio. Results There was no significant difference in perioperative blood loss between the TXA and control groups (32.5 mL vs 35.6 mL, P = .47). In the TXA group, 23 knees were aspirated; in the control group, 26 knees were aspirated (P = .56). No significant difference in postoperative hemarthrosis volume was seen in patients who received IV TXA versus those who did not (26.7 mL vs 37.3 mL, P = .12). There was no significant difference in visual analog scale scores between the 2 groups (P = .15); in addition, there was no difference in postoperative opioid consumption (P = .33). No significant difference in ROM, ability to perform a straight leg raise, or postoperative thigh circumference ratio was observed (P > .05 for all). Conclusions IV TXA in patients who undergo ACLR with BPTB autograft does not significantly impact perioperative blood loss, postoperative hemarthrosis, or postoperative pain levels. Additionally, no significant differences were seen in early postoperative recovery regarding ROM or quadriceps reactivation. Level of Evidence Level I, randomized controlled trial.

A simple potentiostat was constructed as a strategy to enhance solvent production in a mediatorless and oxygen-exposed fermentation inoculated with the aerotolerant strain Clostridium sp. C10. Elevated n-butanol and acetone titers were recorded in all fermentations with either glucose or xylose in the presence of electrodes poised at + 500 mV (+ 814 mV vs SHE) relative to cells plus substrate only controls. Respective butanol titers and volumetric butanol productivities in studies performed with 30 g/L glucose or 30 g/L xylose were 1.67 and 2.27 times and 1.90 and 6.13 times greater in the presence of electrodes compared to controls. Glucose and xylose utilization in the presence of electrodes was 61 and 125% greater than no-electrode controls, respectively. Increasing substrate concentrations to 60 g/L decreased the butanol yields relative to the studies performed at 30 g/L. These data suggest that it may be more efficient to alter reactor reduction potential than increase substrate concentration for solvent output during industrial fermentations, which favors higher yield with few additional inputs.

Two of the most important retention processes for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater likely are sorption and matrix diffusion. The objective of this study was to model concentration and mass discharge of one PFAS, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), with matrix diffusion processes incorporated using data from a highly chemically- and geologically-characterized site. When matrix diffusion is incorporated into the REMChlor-MD model for PFOS at this research site, it easily reproduces the field data for three key metrics (concentration, mass discharge, and total mass). However, the no-matrix diffusion model produced a much poorer match. Additionally, after about 40 years of groundwater transport, field data and the REMChlor-MD model both showed the majority (80%) of the measured PFOS mass that exited the source zones was located in downgradient low permeability zones due to matrix diffusion. As such, most of the PFOS mass is not available to immediately migrate downgradient via advection in the more permeable sands at this site, which has important implications for monitored natural attenuation (MNA). Plume expansion over the next 50 years is forecasted to be limited, from a 350-m plume length in 2017 to 550 m in 2070, as matrix diffusion will attenuate groundwater plumes by slowing their expansion. This phenomenon is important for constituents that do not degrade, such as PFOS, compared to those susceptible to degradation. Overall, this work shows that matrix diffusion is a relevant process in environmental PFAS persistence and slows the rate of plume expansion over time.

The anticancer effects of metformin (an antihyperglycaemic agent) and itraconazole (an antifungal agent), which are established non-oncologic drugs, were investigated in the present study. The weight, diameter, volume, density, surface, surface to volume ratio and immunohistochemistry of experimental fibrosarcoma tumors were investigated in hamsters treated with metformin and itraconazole. Briefly, the hamsters were injected with BHK-21/C13 cells in order to induce fibrosarcoma, and the animals were treated daily with metformin, itraconazole or a combination of the two drugs. Subsequently, blood samples were obtained for biochemical analyses and the tumors were excised, weighed and measured. The tumor samples were pathohistologically and immunohistochemically assessed for proliferation marker protein Ki-67, hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (COX4), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vital organs were toxicologically tested. Ki-67-positivity and cytoplasmic marker (CD34, COX4, GLUT1, iNOS) immunoexpression in the tumor samples were quantified. The results revealed that the combination of metformin and itraconazole significantly altered the physicochemical and pathohistological characteristics of the hamster fibrosarcoma tumors, including absolute and relative weight, volume, density, length, surface area, surface to volume ratio, Ki-67-positivity and the immunoexpression of cytoplasmic markers, without indications of toxicity. Furthermore, metformin with itraconazole demonstrated antiproliferative functions in cervical carcinoma HeLa, colon carcinoma HT-29, lung carcinoma A549 and fibrosarcoma BHK-21/C13 cells, with markedly lower cytotoxicity in the normal fetal lung MRC-5 cells. In conclusion, the administration of metformin in combination with itraconazole may inhibit the growth of fibrosarcoma tumors in vivo and the proliferation of various malignant cell lines in vitro, suggesting that this may be an effective and safe approach as a nontoxic anticancer adjuvant and relapse prevention therapy.

Introduction/Objective. Thrombosis of hemodialysis catheters is one of the major complications, which leads to catheter dysfunction. Although tissue plasminogen activator has been proven to be effective in reestablishing blood flow rate through dysfunctional catheters, clinical data in Serbia are missing. The objective of the study was to analyze tissue plasminogen activator efficacy in reestablishing blood flow rate and the influence on catheter survival. Methods. The study included 53 tunneled catheters from 32 patients on hemodialysis. After catheter dysfunction was established, 580,000 units of tissue plasminogen activator was applied into each catheter lumen for about two hours before hemodialysis. The criteria for success was blood flow rate on the next hemodialysis ? over 200 mL/minute was considered to be complete success, 180?200 mL/minute partial success, and under 180 mL/minute was considered a failure. Results. Out of 53, 25 catheters (47%) had dysfunction with an incidence of 3.8/1,000 catheter days. Catheters placed in femoral veins, ?after-first? catheters, catheters with infection, and catheters in older patients had higher risk for dysfunction. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that only older age was significantly related to catheter dysfunction. Of the total of 50 applications of tissue plasminogen activator, 35 (70%) were successful, seven procedures (14%) were partially successful and eight (16%) dysfunctional catheters failed to respond to therapy. Six-, 12- and 24-month survival was 87%, 81%, and 20%, respectively, for catheters without dysfunction, and 71%, 47.5%, and 12%, respectively, for catheters with dysfunction. Conclusion. Tissue plasminogen activator dosing is noninvasive, efficient, and safe in reestablishing blood flow rate through dysfunctional catheters, thus prolonging catheters life and sparing patients from additional vascular procedures.

Now that you know how to create an Azure SQL database, how to connect to it, and how to restore a sample database, it’s now time to start to see what Azure SQL offers to a modern developer.

After having discussed the foundational aspects of querying and manipulating data, it’s now time to focus on more advanced and development-oriented features that you can use in Azure SQL. If you already took a peek at the chapter content, you may be surprised to find a full section on security. Don’t be. Security is not something that can be added later, like an afterthought, that is a nice to have but not so core. On the contrary, security is important as much as performances and maintainability and must be taken into consideration from the ground up. Therefore, the options Azure SQL offers you to keep your data secure are a must-known for everyone who wants to create a modern application – modern because it is not only scalable and modular, but because it is also secure.

When people imagine a table, in most of the cases, this looks like an Excel spreadsheet. There are a bunch of cells organized in rows and columns, and there is usually one column that contains the identifiers of the rows. Azure SQL enables you to use much more than a plain table. You can configure and optimize your table for some specific query patterns, complex analytics, or highly concurrent updates. You can also configure your tables to keep a full history of changes, implement some parts of domain data-integrity logic, and apply fine-grained security rules. In this chapter, you can find some practical advice that can help you leverage the features that Azure SQL provides to create a table that is best fit for your needs.

Azure SQL is not a traditional relational database platform. Every modern database must enable you to use various data formats for different scenarios. Although traditional normalized relational format is battle-tested and proven as optimal technology for a wide range of different scenarios, in some cases, you might find that some other formats might be the better fit for the problem that you are solving.

The advent of cloud computing has brought a lot of innovation in all fields, and relational databases have been taking advantage of that innovation too. They evolved up to the point that many of them, Azure SQL included, now incorporate features that have traditionally been found in non-relational databases, distributed systems, and analytical platforms. Such evolution provides a great number of options in terms of flexibility and scalability, and yet still offers all the consistency and the guarantees provided by the solid mathematical foundations of relational algebra, so that a developer can have the best of both worlds: well-established technologies along with new and disruptive ideas in just one place.

DevOps is a discipline that brings together people, processes, and products to enable continuous delivery of value to end users. It does so by helping to bridge the gap between development, operations, and management. From a developer standpoint, probably the most important aspect of the DevOps discipline is the focus on having a healthy CI/CD pipeline. Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) are two processes that help to support development agility while assuring product quality and stability.

The first mention of Azure SQL, referred to as “Microsoft SQL Services” at the time, was when Microsoft announced “Project Red Dog” (Microsoft Azure) at Microsoft’s Professional Developer Conference (PDC) in 2008. This cloud-hosted version of SQL Server was one of the first services available on Azure. From the beginning, it was meant to provide a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering of SQL Server, where you don’t have to provision hardware or patch software and you can enjoy benefits that come with running in the cloud – availability, performance, security, and scale – without deploying complex and expensive systems on premises. Since then, Azure SQL has continued to grow and evolve with the Azure platform. As you read this book, it’s important to remember that things are always changing. While some of the “little rocks” or details throughout the book may change slightly as the platform evolves, the “big rocks” you will learn in this book will provide a solid foundation for you to grow in the space of developing with databases.

In the previous chapter, we learned about the Hobits (HoBT, Heap or B-Tree) – classic tables and indexes that are the most common objects in relational databases. In this chapter, you will learn about some special types of tables and indexes that can help you to build better designs for certainscenarios.

Once you have created and configured a database instance, your next task will be to connect a newly developed or existing application to it and start executing data manipulation or retrieval commands.

Azure SQL and its underlying SQL Server query engine are well known in the industry for the low administrative barrier generally required for applications to get good performance and reliability on most conditions with different data sizes and shapes. That said, it is important for application developers to understand the foundations and internals of how query processing works in Azure SQL and what tools and capabilities are available to monitor and troubleshoot performance on both development and production phases.

Development of on-site treatment strategies for PFAS-containing investigation derived waste (IDW) will decrease the potential for secondary release following off-site disposal, lower disposal costs, and promote more effective long-term management of PFAS-laden waste. Herein, we report the application of a simple, drop-in treatment that utilizes one of two PFAS sorbents: bituminous granular activated carbon (GAC) or strong base anion exchange resin (IX) and a small circulation pump to adsorb and concentrate PFAS impacted mass from liquid IDW collected from two sites with disparate water chemistries and synthetic IDW amended with PFAS-containing aqueous film forming foam (AFFF). Bench scale intermittent circulation experiments revealed that bituminous granular activated carbon (GAC, 0.5 mg/mL) removed up to 97.0 ± 1.4% and 96.4 ± 0.5% of PFOS and PFOA, respectively, in both site-derived IDW sources. Improved performance was observed in experimental treatments containing a strong base anion exchange resin (IX, 0.5 mg/mL), where up to 99.4 ± 0.1% and 96.7 ± 0.2% of PFOS and PFOA were removed, respectively. High chloride concentrations (20 g/L) reduced removal of short chain perfluorocarboxylates (PFBA and PFHxA) using GAC or IX, but high salt concentrations had negligible effects on the removal of PFOA, PFBS, PFHxS, or PFOS. Excellent scalability was observed in mesoscale experiments, where the majority of amended PFAS mass was removed from synthetic IDW within five days of vessel circulation using two different PFAS-capture configurations. Combined PFOS and PFOA concentrations were reduced to levels below 0.07 μg/L using either GAC or IX for both configurations. Results generated in this study support the application of this approach as an economical strategy for potential waste volume reduction in IDW destined for off-site disposal.

A simple potentiostat was constructed as a strategy to enhance solvent production in a mediatorless and oxygen-exposed fermentation inoculated with the aerotolerant strain Clostridium sp. C10. Elevated n-butanol and acetone titers were recorded in all fermentations with either glucose or xylose in the presence of electrodes poised at + 500 mV (+ 814 mV vs SHE) relative to cells plus substrate only controls. Respective butanol titers and volumetric butanol productivities in studies performed with 30 g/L glucose or 30 g/L xylose were 1.67 and 2.27 times and 1.90 and 6.13 times greater in the presence of electrodes compared to controls. Glucose and xylose utilization in the presence of electrodes was 61 and 125% greater than no-electrode controls, respectively. Increasing substrate concentrations to 60 g/L decreased the butanol yields relative to the studies performed at 30 g/L. These data suggest that it may be more efficient to alter reactor reduction potential than increase substrate concentration for solvent output during industrial fermentations, which favors higher yield with few additional inputs.

Background and Aims Home hemodialysis (HOHD) has been available as a modality of renal replacement therapy since the 1960s, in our center since 1972. Despite better patients’ outcome provided by HOHD comparing to hospital hemodialysis (HHD), its adoption has been limited worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare anemia, nutrition, mineral metabolism and morbidity in patients on HOHD and HHD. Method we analyzed dialysis and uremia related complications and morbidity in 19 HOHD patients in comparison with patients on HHD (N= 57). Each HOHD patient was previously matched with three patients on HHD by sex, age and reason for end stage renal disease (ESRD). Patients on HHD were on dialysis 3x4 h per week while patients on HOHD had dialysis on consecutive days in duration of 5-6 hours. Also, patients on HOHD were more frequent on hemodiafiltration (HDF), 89.5% of them, as compared to HHD patients (only 21.4%). Results All patients on HOHD were using AVF as vascular access for HD, and most of the analyzed HHD patients (only 5.3% used AVG). As revealed by hemoglobin level (Hgb) patients on HOHD had significantly better anemia control than HHD patients (12±2.3 vs. 10.2±1g/dl, p=0.004), despite the lower ferritin level (94±117 vs. 256±175ng/ml, p=0,001) and less frequent use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESA), (and only 31% on HOHD vs 80% patients on HHD, p=0,001). By analyzing patients that used ESA therapy, we revealed that HOHD patients had lower weekly dose of ESA (5333±3265 IU vs. 6068±4145 IU). The values of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), did not differ significantly between HOHD (311±419pg/ml ; min 5,25, max 1529) and HHD (233±212pg/ml; min 19,25, max 926), but higher percentage of patients in HOHD group underwent parathyroidectomy (63% vs. 3.5%). The average values of calcium, and phosphorus did not significantly differ between HOHD and HHD patients (2.4±0.3 vs. 2.3±0.2mmol/l; 1.5±0.5 vs. 1.6±0.5mmol/l, respectively). HOHD patients had significantly higher albumin level (43±4.5 vs. 40.6±4g/l, p=0,035). There was no difference in annual hospital admission rate (0.4±0.5 vs. 0.6±0.7, p=0.35) between groups, but HHD patients had longer in-hospital stay. (4.8±5.3 days for HOHD vs. 7.3±9.3 days for HHD; p=0.16). Vascular access complications were most frequent reason for hospitalization in both groups (37%), followed by cardiovascular complications 13.6%, in HOHD group and infectious complications in HHD group 24%. Conclusion Our study has shown that HOHD provides some advantages over HHD including better quality of life and better anemia and nutrition control, better control of parathyroid function and shorter in-hospital stay. More frequent and longer dialysis sessions may be possible reason including HDF.

Background and Aims Serum levels of parathyreoid hormone is the main cause of mineral disorders in patients on chronic hemodialysis, and it well known that this hormone acts as an uremic toxine and contributes to oxidative stress and overall mortality rate. However, there are many observations which imply that the protean manifestations of renal bone disease cannot be explained simply by abnormalities of PTH or vitamin D metabolites. For example, levels of PTH correlate relatively poorly with various parameters of bone histology. It has been shown that uremia leads to cytokijne imbalance with overbalance of proinflammatory citokines such as TNF. Also, studies showed that calcimimetic therapy decreases not only PTH levels, but also levels of TNF. The aim was to analyse tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphisms in group of hemodialysis patients and to correlate the findings with presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Method This cross sectional study included 202 patients on regular hemodialysis for more than six months in University Medical Centar Zvezdara. Venous blood for genotyping and for PTH analysis was collected on midweek dialysis session from each patient. Genetic analysis was performed by using polymerase chain reaction. Patients are diveded in two groups regarding the level of PTH, so that first group had normal PTH levels or mild SHPT, while patients in second group had sever SHPT. We analysed influence of genetic polymorphism for TNF on apperance of SHPT. Results The results have shown 3 fold lower risk for developing SHPT in GG homozygots for TNF gene with statistical significance (p=0,01)- Table 1. Conclusion Parathyreoid gland hyperfunction is multifactorial disorder and there are emerging evidence that cytokines as endogenous modulators have an important impact on its pathogenesis.

The main advantage of a theoretical approach is essential knowledge of the mechanisms that allow us to comprehend the experimental conditions that we have to fulfill to be able to get the desired results. Based on our research in ultrathin crystal structures performed so far, superlattices, Q-wires and Q-dots, we will consider the materials that can act as carriers for medicines and tagged substances. For this purpose we established a shell-model of ultrathin crystals and investigated their fundamental characteristics. This could be considered as a form of nano-engineering. In this paper we will analyze application of nanomaterials in biomedicine, that is to say we will present the recent accomplishments in basic and clinical nanomedicine. Achieving full potential of nanomedicine may be years or even decades away, however, potential advances in drug delivery, diagnosis, and development of nanotechnology-related drugs start to change the landscape of medicine. Site-specific targeted drug delivery (made possible by the availability of unique delivery platforms, such as dendrimers, nanoparticles and nanoliposomes) and personalized medicines (result of the advance in pharmacogenetics) are just a few concepts on the horizon of research. In this paper, especially, we have analyzed the changes in basic physical properties of spherical-shaped nanoparticles that can be made in several (nano)layers and have, at the same time, multiple applications in medicine. This paper presents a review of our current achievement in the field of theoretical physics of ultrathin films and possible ways to materialize the same in the field of nanopharmacy.

Xylose is the second most abundant sugar derived from lignocellulose; it is considered less desirable than glucose for fermentation, and strategies that specifically increase xylose utilization in wild type or engineered cells are goals for biofuel production. Issues arise with xylose utilization because of carbohydrate catabolite repression, which is the preferential utilization of glucose relative to xylose in fermentations with both pure and mixed cultures. Taken together the low substrate utilization rates and solvent yields with xylose compared to glucose, many industrial fermentations ignore the xylolytic portion of the reaction in lieu of methods to maintain high glucose. This is shortsighted given the massive potential for xylose generation from a number of sustainable biomass feedstocks, based on utilization of the hemicellulose fraction(s) that enter pretreatment. A number of strategies have been developed in recent years to address xylose utilization and solvent production from xylose in systems with just xylose, or in systems with mixtures of glucose plus xylose, which are more typical of pretreated lignocellulose. The approaches vary in terms of complexity, stability, and ease of introduction to existing fermentation infrastructure (i.e., so-called drop-in fermentation strategies). Some approaches can be considered traditional engineering approaches (e.g., change the reaction conditions), while others are more subtle cellular approaches to eliminate the impacts of catabolite repression. Finally, genetic engineering has been used to increase xylose utilization, although this can be considered a relatively nascent approach compared to manipulations completed to date for glucose utilization.

Background/Aim. Drug-drug interactions involving antimicrobials present important and often unrecognized complications of pharmacotherapy which can be prevented. The aim of the present study was to identify the frequency and type of potential drug-antimicrobial agent interactions among outpatients and to define recommendations for their management. Methods. Crosssectional prescription database study was conducted. The analysis randomly included 823 patients who visited Health Center Novi Sad over 1-month period (November 1?30, 2011) and had prescribed ? 2 drugs where at least one drug was antimicrobial agent for systemic use. All interacting drug combinations involving antimicrobials were identified according to Drug Interaction Facts. Additionally, based on the compendium, potential interactions were classified into categories: pharmacological mechanisms, potential clinical outcomes and management advice. Results. Overall, 88 potential clinically significant drug-antimicrobial agent interactions were identified among 69 (8.4%) exposed outpatients [the mean age 61.7 years (SD ? 15.4); the mean number of prescribed drugs 7.5 (SD ? 2.9); 56.5% females]. The most common identified potential interacting pairs were benzodiazepines undergoing oxidative metabolism and clarithromycin or erythromycin, and aminophylline and ciprofloxacin. In 83.0% of all cases underlying mechanism was pharmacokinetic involving primary inhibition of metabolic pathways mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 isoenzymes. Excessive sedation (22.7%), cardiotoxicity (20.5%), miscellaneous aminophylline adverse effects (13.6%), and bleeding (10.2%) were the most frequently implicated potential clinical outcomes. Risk for adverse interactions could be managed by close monitoring of simultaneous administration of drugs (37.5%), different risk-modifyng strategies (31.8%), and avoiding combinations (30.7%). Conclusion. Among outpatients, there was common potential for clinically significant interactions involving antimicrobials. Information based on the results of the present study could be integrated in existing computerized physician order entry system in the Health Center as a form of clinical support.

We investigated the anticancer effect of disulfiram and metformin combination on fibrosarcoma in hamsters. Hamsters of both sexes (~ 70 g) were randomly allocated to control and experimental groups (8 animals per group). In all 10 groups, 2 × 106 BHK-21/C13 cells in 1 ml were injected subcutaneously into the animals’ backs. Peroral treatments were carried out with disulfiram 50 mg/kg daily, or with metformin 500 mg/kg daily, or with their combination. Validation and rescue grups were treated by double doses of the single therapy and by the combination with addition of rescue daily doses of ROS inhibitor nitroglycerin 25 mg/kg or NF-κB stimulator mebendazole 460 mg/kg, via a gastric probe after tumor inoculation. After 19 days all animals were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses, the tumors were excised and weighed, and their diameters and volumes were measured. The tumor samples were pathohistologically and immunohistochemically assessed (Ki-67, PCNA, CD34, CD31, COX4, Cytochrome C, GLUT1, iNOS), and the main organs were toxicologically tested. The combination of disulfiram and metformin significantly inhibited fibrosarcoma growth in hamsters without toxicity, compared to monotherapy or control. The single treatments did not show significant antisarcoma effect. Co-treatment with nitroglycerin partly rescued tumor progression, probably by ROS inhibition, while mebendazole completely blocked anticancer activity of the disulfiram and metformin combination, most likely by NF-κB stimulation. Combination of disulfiram with metformin may be used as an effective and safe candidate for novel nontoxic adjuvant and relapse prevention anticancer therapy.

Objectives: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a commonly used medication in orthopaedic procedures, reducing perioperative bleeding and need for transfusion. The purpose of this double-blind randomized controlled study was to evaluate if IV TXA for primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with bone-patella tendon-bone (BTB) could reduce perioperative blood loss or postoperative intra-articular hemarthrosis without postoperative drains. Methods: A controlled, randomized, double-blinded trial was conducted in 110 patients who underwent ACLR with BTB autograft. Patients were equally randomized to the control and experimental groups. The experimental group received two 1-gram boluses of IV TXA, one prior to tourniquet inflation and one prior to wound closure; the control group did not receive TXA. If a clinically significant hemarthrosis was evident, the knee was aspirated, and the volume of blood (ml) was recorded. Additionally, perioperative blood loss (ml); Visual Analog Scale (VAS) on postoperative days (POD) 1-7 and post-operative weeks (POW) 1, 6 and 12; postoperative opioid consumption POD 1-7; range of motion (ROM) and ability to straight leg raise (SLR) at POW 1, 6, 12; and pre and postoperative thigh circumference ratio (TCR). Results: There was no significant difference in perioperative blood loss between the experimental and control groups (32.5ml v. 35.6ml, p=0.47). The experimental group had 23 knees aspirated; control group had 26 knees aspirated (p=0.56). No significant difference seen in postoperative hemarthrosis volume with IV TXA (26.7ml v. 37.3ml, p=0.12). There was no significant difference in VAS score between the two groups (p=0.15), additionally, there was no difference in postoperative opioid consumption (p=0.33). There was no significant difference in ROM or ability to SLR, or pre- nor post-operative TCR (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusions: IV TXA in patients who undergo ACLR with BTB autograft does not significantly impact perioperative blood loss, postoperative hemarthrosis, or postoperative pain levels. Additionally, no significant differences were seen in early post-operative recovery regarding ROM or quadriceps reactivation.

Although clinical trials have not been completed, it has already been confirmed that mebendazole, a well-known anti-parasitic drug widely used in the tropical areas, inhibits cancer cell growth. Preclinical studies show that mebendazole notably impedes the growth of malignant and metastatic tumors such as osteosarcoma and soft tissue sarcoma, melanoma, carcinoma (lung, colorectal, breast, ovarian, hepatocellular and adrenocortical), acute myeloid leukaemia, glioblastoma multiforme and meduloblastoma. Mebendazole can induce the depolymerization of microtubules in neoplasms and newly formed vasculature, stopping tumor growth and neoangiogenesis, along with other proposed mechanisms of action.Keywords: Anthelmintic, Mebendazole, Cancer treatment, Antimicrotubullar effect, Antineoangiogenesis

Purpose: To investigate the effect of mebendazole on an in vivo solid tumor model of fibrosarcoma in hamsters.Methods: 24 Syrian golden hamsters of both sexes with the approximate body weight of 100g were randomly distributed in 2 experimental and 2 control groups, with 6 animals in each group. BHK-21/C13 cells (2 x 106) in 1 mL Glasgow Minimum Essential Medium (GMEM) were injected subcutaneously into the back of each animal in 3 groups. The experimental groups were treated with mebendazole (460 mg/kg) via a gastric tube on a daily basis, immediately after tumor inoculation. In addition, one experimental group received deoxycholic acid 20 mg/kg once a day. After 2 weeks, when the tumors were approximately 1 - 2 cm in the control group, all the animals were sacrificed, and their blood collected for laboratory analysis. The tumors were excised, their weight and diameters measured, and the volumes calculated. The tumor samples were histopathologically assessed and the main organs toxicologically analyzed. Images were taken and processed by an imaging software, and Ki-67-positive cells in the tumor samples were quantified.Results: Mebendazole diminished tumor mitosis from 18.5 ± 3.02 to 13.5 ± 3.45 (p < 0.05), vasculature and tissue penetration, and increased necroses in tumor slices. Tumor volume and weight were insignificantly attenuated. Toxicity was not observed.Conclusion: Mebendazole might be an effective non-toxic agent in sarcoma therapy.Keywords: Mebendazole, Hamsters, BHK-21/C13 cells, Fibrosarcoma therapy, Tumor mitosis

Xylose is the second most abundant sugar derived from lignocellulose; it is considered less desirable than glucose for fermentation, and strategies that specifically increase xylose utilization in wild-type cells are goals for biofuel production. Xylose consumption, butanol production, and hydrogen production increased in both Clostridium beijerinckii and a novel solventogenic bacterium (strain DC-1) when anthraquinone-2,6,-disulfonate (AQDS) or riboflavin were used as redox mediators to transfer electrons to poorly crystalline Fe(OH)3 as an extracellular electron sink. Strain DC-1 was most closely related to Rhizobiales bacterium Mfc52 based on 95% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, which demonstrates that this response is not limited to a single genus of xylose-fermenting bacteria. Xylose utilization and butanol production were negligible in control incubations containing cells plus 3% (w/v) xylose alone during a 10-day batch fermentation, for both strains tested (n-butanol titers of 0.05 g L−1). Micromolar concentrations of AQDS and riboflavin were added as electron shuttling compounds with poorly crystalline Fe(OH)3 as an insoluble electron acceptor, and respective n-butanol titers increased to 6.35 and 7.46 g L−1. Increases in xylose consumption for the iron treatments were relatively high, from less than 0.49 g L−1 (xylose alone, no iron or electron shuttling molecules) to 25.98 and 29.15 g L−1 for the AQDS and riboflavin treatments, respectively. Hydrogen production was also 3.68 times greater for the AQDS treatment and 5.27 greater for the riboflavin treatment relative to controls. Strain DC-1 data were similar, again indicating that the effects are not specific to the genus Clostridium.