Search

The article examines some elements of the objective side of the composition of the criminal offense provided for in Part 1 of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which describes the obstruction of the legitimate professional activity of journalists. Three forms of obstruction of journalistic activity were considered: 1) intentional obstruction of the legitimate professional activity of journalists, including in one of the ways described in the criminal law (Part 1 of Article 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine); 2) influencing a journalist to prevent him from fulfilling his professional duties (part 2 of Article 171 of Ukraine); 3) persecution of a journalist in connection with his legitimate professional activity (Part 2 of Article 171 of Ukraine). It is emphasized that the objective side of the investigated criminal offense consists of socially dangerous actions (actions or inactions), which limit the possibility or even make it impossible for journalists to fulfill their professional duties. Three main methods of criminally unlawful obstruction of a journalist's activity, which is prescribed in Part 1 of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, are considered: 1) illegal seizure of materials and technical means collected, processed, and prepared by a journalist, which the journalist uses in connection with his professional activity; 2) illegal denial of journalist's access to information; 3) illegal prohibition of coverage of certain topics, showing of certain persons, criticism of the subject of authority. It is emphasized that the current criminal law enshrines a wide list of actions that can be considered obstruction, taking into account the wording "any other intentional obstruction." This makes it possible to cover various practical situations in which obstacles are created for journalists in the performance of their professional duties. The article separately analyzes the normative definitions governing the confiscation of property and the specifics of denial of access to information, as well as examples of judicial practice illustrating the illegal seizure of materials and other restrictions on the prof essional activities of journalists. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of concepts related to the ban on coverage of certain topics or criticism of subjects of authority; situations, where such prohibitions may manifest themselves in the form of state censorship or other illegal influences, are also described. The author substantiates the need to optimize the norms of the law and exclude unnecessary repetitions, such as the use of the term "illegal", in order to avoid tautology and improve guidelines f or law enforcement. The conclusions emphasize the importance of improving the practice of applying criminal law and the possible directions of such improvement in order to ensure the protection of journalists' rights and freedom of speech in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses an important part of the professional culture of a journalist – legal culture, which is based on knowledge of legal norms and journalists’ attitude to the law, manifested in their lawful behavior and, in general, in the activities of modern Russian mass media. As part of the research project of the Department of Theory of Journalism and Mass Communications at St. Petersburg State University, Professional Ideology of Journalism, a pilot study of the normative-legal discourse of journalists’ professional culture was conducted. The empirical basis for the study was expert interviews with representatives of print media who have extensive experience in journalism, including the position of editor-in-chief. The purpose of the research is to reveal how sectoral legislation determines the content of journalists’ activities; how journalists feel about the Russian On the Mass Media law and the normative regulation of media activities in general; and, ultimately, how journalistic activities embody the three structural components of a journalist’s legal culture: 1) cognitive; 2) motivational-reflexive and 3) activity-practical. The results of the processing of expert interviews show that, in general, journalists have a respectful attitude toward industry-specific legislation and consider the current law On Mass Media to be a basic document regulating freedom of expression and many other issues of media activity. Although the freedom of speech, which was enshrined in the Russian law on mass media and later in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, has not become a tradition, a norm of life, creativity and professional culture of journalists.

The main communicative strategies and their implementing tactics were revealed in German newspaper interviews devoted to the events in Ukraine in March – May 2022. The main communication strategies in this genre of German media are the information and interpretation strategy, the strategy of the reader's emotional mood and the strategy of self-presentation. The most common lexical units, lexico-stylistic and syntactic-stylistic means that implement basic communicative tactics in interview texts are established.

The article reveals the specifics of criminal liability for intentional destruction or damage to someone else's property provided for in Article 194 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The problematic issues of the composition of the criminal offense of intentional destruction or damage to someone else's property are analyzed, the difference between this composition and the intentional destruction or damage to property that has special features (objects of the electric power industry, nature reserve fund, archaeological heritage, weapons, military supplies, official documents, military property, etc.). Intentional destruction or damage to someone else's property, which has special features to be qualified according to the special norms provided for by articles: 113, 1941, 252, 258, 292, 298, 338, 357, 360, 378, 399, 411, 437, 433, 438 of the Criminal Code, is proposed. of Ukraine. On the basis of the analysis of judicial practice, it was proposed that in the case of using an explosive device, for the intentional destruction or damage of someone else's property, such actions of the perpetrator must be additionally qualified under Part 1 of Art. 263 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The imperfection of the provisions of the current criminal legislation in terms of the formulation of the qualifying signs of intentional destruction or damage to property was revealed. It has been established that the current legislation of Ukraine on criminal responsibility does not include the concept of a generally dangerous method, arson, explosion, the content of the death of people, serious consequences is not disclosed. The concept of a generally dangerous method and its varieties is proposed. The concept of a generally dangerous method and its varieties is proposed. A generally dangerous method of intentional destruction or damage to property is a method that causes property, non-property, physical damage to an individual or legal entity or creates a real danger of causing such damage to two or more people. In order to avoid unnecessary differentiation of criminal law norms, it is proposed to exclude from the Criminal Code of Ukraine articles 347, 3471, 352, and part 2 of Art. 194 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to add the sign of intentional destruction or damage to someone else's property in connection with the person's performance of official powers or professional duties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that emotional management is often part of journalists' decision-making in the news creation process and when dealing with attacks, insults, or harassment, which we describe by the umbrella term hostility. Some emotional management strategies can lead journalists to self-censorship or to mental health problems when they do not recognise and deal with emotions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate how journalists react to hostility against them by using emotional coping strategies and emotional management. We carried out 18 semi-structured interviews with news journalists in Estonia from June 2021 to December 2021. The results showed that although hostility is a part of journalists' everyday work-life, many lack a strategy to deal with it. We can say that there are three types of perceptions and reactions: (1) the thick-skinned journalist who does not see problems with hostility and, therefore, does not take any action against receiving the hostility. (2) The pragmatically conformist journalist who sometimes sees problems with hostility and believes the solution is to grow a thicker skin. (3) The journalist who is not a punching bag and sees a problem in being constantly bombarded by hostility, most of whom seek protection from it or help to fight against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that freedom of speech and selfexpression are key components of any modern democracy. International and national legislation provides everyone with the right to freedom of thought, speech, and the free expression of their views and beliefs. At the same time, the practical implementation of these fundamental freedoms remains a difficult task. In Ukraine, the professional activity of journalists is under the protection of the state, and the legislative norms regulating this protection are generally sufficient. However, despite this, cases of obstruction of the legal professional activity of media representatives do not stop, as evidenced by judicial practice The work reveals main provisions on the public danger of obstructing legitimate professional activity of journalists (Article 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), the direct main and additional objects of this tort. To clarify the content of these elements of the composition of a criminal offense, the concept of the object of a criminal offense as a legal relationship is taken as a basis. It has been established that the social danger of obstructing the legal activity of a journalist lies in the fact that this criminally illegal act has such a negative impact on society in general and the journalist in particular: 1) restricts freedom of speech, i.e. the right to freely express one's thoughts; 2) hinders citizens' access to information; 3) directly threatens democratic processes in the state; 4) leads to self-censorship; 5) negatively affects public consciousness, makes it more vulnerable and can lead to its manipulation; 6) threatens psychological and physical safety of journalists, their property, honor, dignity, etc., depending on the manifestation of interference with their legal activities. It is proposed to recognize state-protected legal relations in the sphere of the legitimate professional activity of journalists, which determine the order of such activity, as the main direct object of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is argued that the criminal offense provided for in Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, usually includes direct additional optional objects, which can be legal relations related to the provision of criminal law protection of life, health, honor, dignity, property of a journalist, public order, normal activity of an organization, the right of citizens to obtaining reliable and objective information, etc. At the same time, direct additional mandatory object takes place only in case of committing the specified tort by an official using his official position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to give an overview of the whole range of literary, journalistic and political activities of Adrian Păunescu. Our endeavor is structured in five sections and constitutes a presentation of the poet’s life and literary activity, his publicizing and social-political involvement in the Romanian landscape, with a focus on the problematic and thematic of his poems. The article attempts a delimitation of the poetic work under the incidence of two great political periods, marked in its literary direction by the turning point represented by the 1989 Revolution, a decisive moment in terms of freedom of expression. In the first period we can distinguish a first stage, that of youthful creation, and a second, from which a new vision of poetry and the world emerges. We therefore examine the development of poetry, in two stages, in the period from the 1960s to the 1980s and that after the 1990s, from the perspective of censorship, the political influences of the communist regime and freedom of expression. We devote a separate section to the period marked by the emergence of the “Cenacl Flacăra”, a young and nonconformist cultural movement created by Adrian Păunescu as an ideal space to promote poetry on national and patriotic themes. We will highlight some information on Adrian Păunescu’s political activity and how his political objectives evolved in relation to the regime change.

The usage of social media by journalists might lead to problems with the conflict between their personal and professional identities. Because it can be difficult to distinguish between private and public posts, media companies are developing guidelines to regulate how their employees use social media. The study examines how institutional guidelines for journalists' use of social media can influence their personal use of social media. Through document analysis, the guidelines of both the BBC and Anadolu Agency in Türkiye were examined with the aim of uncovering the expectations of these institutions. Both documents were analyzed using the Python programming language. Furthermore, with the goal to uncover the journalists' perceptions of the guidelines, in-depth interviews were carried out with personnels from BBC and Anadolu Agency. The research showed that the guidelines were designed to safeguard corporate identity and reliability. Moreover, it was noted that the journalists who were interviewed did not view the guidelines as a form of intervention or censorship.

Purpose. Scientific and practical commentary on certain provisions of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In order to achieve the declared goal, an appropriate methodology was chosen, in particular, philosophical, general scientific and specifically scientific methods were used. Based on the results of writing the article, firstly, recommendations were formulated for solving those debatable issues, the lack of answers to which can prevent effective law enforcement of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, secondly, the shortcomings inherent in the corresponding norm were identified, the presence of which already negatively affects its effectiveness, and proposals were made for their elimination. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that new recommendations on qualifications and proposals for improving certain provisions of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In particular, it was proven that cases of mental or physical pressure on the journalist’s close relatives should not be qualified under Art. 171, and according to Art. 345-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Additional arguments are presented in favor of the fact that instead of enumerating the forms of obstruction to the legal professional activity of a journalist in the analyzed criminal law norm, it would be appropriate to point to the single generalizing term “obstruction”, which, among other things, included the concept of “influence”. Recommendations for distinguishing the investigated criminal offense from criminal offenses against life and health have been developed. The proposal of the researchers to present Part 3 of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the following wording: “Actions provided for in part 1 or part 2 of this article, if they were committed by an official using his official position or with the prior conspiracy of a group of persons”. Practical significance. Formulated conclusions can be used in rule-making, law enforcement and scientific activities.

For the past two decades, understandings of the scale of digital disruption in journalism work in post-industrialised countries have relied on data about newspaper closures, newsroom job losses and the creation of new full-time jobs in journalism. Yet, the digital economy has fostered new employment and work arrangements, and there is less secure employment in journalism, making it more difficult to define who is a journalist now. Using a case study of Australian journalists seeking re-employment after newsroom job loss, this article examines some of the emerging patterns of atypical journalism work. It concludes that attempts to measure the current extent of journalism work need to explicitly account for hybrid careers characterised by professional activities at the margins of or outside of traditional newsroom work. In the digital economy, journalists may undertake a range of journalism and non-journalism work simultaneously or sequentially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reuben Markham was an American missionary-educator sent to the American Boys’ and Girls’ Schools in Samokov in 1912. An inspiring teacher, he returned to the United States in 1918 carrying secret Bulgarian government documents to persuade America to refrain from declaring war. Back in Bulgaria in 1920, he focused on journalism, editing several Bulgarian language periodicals. He criticized the Stambolisky government’s use of violence, then, after the 1923 coup, exposed the regime’s extrajudicial killings. He also helped many Bulgarians, regardless of political affiliation, either flee, reduce their sentences or be released from prison. His actions led the government to force his resignation from the American mission in 1925 and to arrest and try him in 1927. In 1931, Markham published his well-regarded Meet Bulgaria. Returning to the United States in 1939, he continued his opposition to authoritarian governments, first against Nazi Germany, and then after World War II, the Soviet Union’s domination of Eastern Europe. Using newspaper stories from the 1920s, descriptions of Markham, his personal letters and American archival sources, this article provides new information about Markham’s life, his teaching, his descriptions of government killings and his assistance to those in danger during this tumultuous period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Communication / Erciyes İletişim Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University, Faculty of Communication / Erciyes Universitesi Iletism Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dokuz Eylül University Law Review is the property of Dokuz Eyluel University, Faculty of Law Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Suicide is a significant newsworthy event, and the media often cover cases involving queer individuals. However, there is a notable lack of research on the quality of reporting of queer suicide cases within the Indian context. This article aims to address the existing gap in Indian online news media by investigating the portrayal of queer suicide via content analysis. Content analysis involves qualitatively condensing and interpreting data to extract key consistencies and meanings from a plethora of qualitative material. The newspapers considered span from 2005 to 2022, with data collection conducted in 2023. The author alone identified news articles on queer suicide and conducted the subsequent content analysis. The study reveals that reporting on queer suicide tends to divide queer couples into the gender binary and describes what it deems to be careless sexual conduct driven by obsessive queer love, which, in turn, is blamed for the suicide. Moreover, these reports often do the following: feature families who refuse to accept their children's identities, adopt dread-filled tones, and cite experts who provide incorrect information while engaging in victim blaming. As a result, the quality of queer suicide reporting in Indian newspapers is deemed substandard and offensive. To address this issue, the study proposes the need for training and curriculum updates in journalistic courses. This way, reporters can develop the skills necessary to sensitively and respectfully report on queer individuals in general and on queer suicide in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalism, which provides the public with reliable information, can be perceived to be a social service for the public interest. Modern journalism might evolve into social entrepreneurship, with a focus on creating value for the public amid institutional pressures. Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of various factors on the social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) of environmental journalists. Study 1, with 287 respondents, confirmed the factor structures of the scales that were used. Study 2, with 352 respondents, confirmed the five precursors to SEI, namely, prior experience, empathy, moral obligation, social support, and self-efficacy, and two aspects of entrepreneurial creativity, namely originality and usefulness. Additionally, two aspects of SEI were identified: conviction and preparation. Accordingly, social support (followed by prior experience, empathy, and usefulness) was the most influential factor on entrepreneurial conviction. Social support (followed by usefulness, prior experience, and empathy) also had the greatest influence on entrepreneurial preparation. Conversely, moral obligation negatively affected both entrepreneurial conviction and preparation. The results have considerable theoretical implications for social services and journalism scholarship by suggesting entrepreneurial creativity as a mediator facilitating journalists' SEI, social responsibility as a substitute for moral obligation, and emphasis on the effects of social support and self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed how journalists in Nigeria are aware, knowledgeable, and use the FOI Act (FOI law). The study was anchored on libertarian press theory. The study population was all the journalists registered with the Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) Taraba State branch, out of which, a sample of 101 was selected using cluster and convenience sampling methods. The data collected were analyzed using frequencies and simple percentages. It was found that most journalists (82.8%) are utilizing the law. In addition, this study identified fear among journalists, media ownership patterns, and poor attitude of government officials as challenges militating against the utilization of the law among the journalists. Among several recommendations made, the study call on the legislative arm of the government to address the issue of conflicting laws affecting the use of the FOI law. Professional bodies like the NUJ are called upon to educate and support the journalists to engage FOI law in their practice, especially as it relates to investigative journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erdem is the property of Ataturk Kultur Merkezi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines how media professionals interpret homicides committed in Turkey and depict murder suspects. The article aims to analyse how journalists from different generations respond to, negotiate and resist the editorial ideology that frames gender-based violence from an anti-feminist perspective. The study includes in-depth interviews with nine media professionals from X, Y, and Z generations and forms conclusions about the helplessness of women, the necessity of murder, involving the female suspect. The study reveals that media professionals reproduce gender roles by employing masculine language, and their commitment to “so-called” objective journalism restricts the critical examination and analysis of facts from a feminist perspective. The study demonstrates that journalists, whether consciously or unconsciously, contribute to the dissemination of manipulated messages by reproducing them without conducting thorough analysis. The perspectives of Gen X, Y, and Z Turkish media professionals on gender and murder provide valuable insights into evolving societal attitudes and media representation. It is crucial for journalists and media professionals to critically analyse their biases and strive for fair, inclusive, and responsible reporting that promotes gender equality and challenges harmful stereotypes.

This study examines how media professionals interpret homicides committed in Turkey and depict murder suspects. The article aims to analyze how journalists from different generations respond to, negotiate, resist, and reinforce the editorial ideology that frames gender-based violence from an anti-feminist perspective. The study includes in-depth interviews with nine media professionals from X, Y, and Z generations and forms conclusions about the helplessness of women, the necessity of murder, involving the female suspect. The research findings demonstrate that media practitioners perpetuate traditional gender norms by using language that reflects masculine traits. Furthermore, their adherence to the principle of "so-called" objective journalism hinders the thorough examination and analysis of facts through a feminist lens. The study demonstrates that journalists, whether consciously or unconsciously, contribute to the dissemination of stereotyped perceptions of the gender messages by reproducing them without conducting thorough analysis. The perspectives of Gen X, Y, and Z Turkish media professionals on gender and murder provide valuable insights into evolving societal attitudes and media representation. It is crucial for journalists and media professionals to critically analyze their biases and strive for fair, inclusive, and responsible reporting that promotes gender equality and challenges harmful stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News media and journalists must adapt to emerging platforms in order to respond to changing news consumption habits. This article addresses the trend of Social Media Live Streaming on Twitch, a platform that has experienced significant growth since 2020. The research pursues the main objective of finding out how Spanish media and journalists are adapting to this platform and what possibilities it offers to the journalistic profession, in terms of business model as well as in communicative style, formats and relationship with the audience. An exploratory analysis made it possible to identify 55 channels and to establish, in the first phase of the research, two categories of study: channels driven by journalists --with a background in digital or legacy media-- or by news media --digital natives or legacy ones--. In a second phase, seven representative cases were studied through content analysis of their profiles and streams, as well as interviews with the promoters. The results reflect an initial stage in the development of news initiatives on Twitch, characterized by experimentation and diversity of projects. In general, there is no great innovation in content and formats, which are based on conversation. There is a hybridization of information and entertainment in live broadcasts which, although providing rigorous information and featuring experts, maintain a relaxed tone and make use of humor. The relationship with the audience is built through the chat, a central element during broadcasts, and subscriptions from viewers, which are the main source of income for the channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the key ideas of the 13 works that make up the special issue, "The Role of News Media in Promoting Hate Speech," exploring the mechanisms by which hate speech spreads in media-related environments. The objective of this collection of studies is. The authors of these works, hailing from Spain, the United States, India, Portugal, and Norway, have contributed to establishing an approach to the central issue from diverse perspectives, including a legal perspective and addressing elements associated with journalistic practice and the dissemination of hate speech in current digital communication scenarios and help to exacerbate the polarization and prejudice in the public opinion of our current societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals some of the legal principles of regulating the legal activity of a journalist in modern conditions of martial law. The activities and state of media freedom in Ukraine over the past 11 years have been analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in modern conditions of martial law, the index of freedom of the press in the state is growing. The authors focused attention on some features of the legal regulation of the legal grounds of journalists’ activities according to the norms of international law and the national legislation of Ukraine; determined the rights and obligations of journalists, guarantees of media activity, specifics of activities of foreign journalists, employees of foreign entities in the field of media working in Ukraine. Attention is focused on certain types of prohibitions regarding interference in the professional activities of journalists under conditions of peace and during a state of war or in places of armed conflicts. The statistics of criminal offenses against the legal activities of journalists and the media during the ten years of the war in Ukraine were analyzed. It is substantiated that legal liability, including criminal liability, has been established for encroachment on the journalist’s life and health, and other actions against him. The current criminal legislation and specific articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provide for criminal liability for such criminal offenses as obstructing the legitimate professional activity of journalists, threatening, or using violence against a journalist, intentional destruction or damage to a journalist’s property, encroachment on a journalist’s life, taking a journalist as a hostage, were analyzed. Statistical information on the number of registered criminal offenses of this category for the last three years is provided. A criminological description of criminal offenses against the legal activity of a journalist is given. It was concluded that criminal offenses committed against journalists represent a significant public danger, as they encroach on freedom of speech, national security of the state, and violate the foundations of activity in the information sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is a significant newsworthy event, and the media often cover cases involving queer individuals. However, there is a notable lack of research on the quality of reporting of queer suicide cases within the Indian context. This article aims to address the existing gap in Indian online news media by investigating the portrayal of queer suicide via content analysis. Content analysis involves qualitatively condensing and interpreting data to extract key consistencies and meanings from a plethora of qualitative material. The newspapers considered span from 2005 to 2022, with data collection conducted in 2023. The author alone identified news articles on queer suicide and conducted the subsequent content analysis. The study reveals that reporting on queer suicide tends to divide queer couples into the gender binary and describes what it deems to be careless sexual conduct driven by obsessive queer love, which, in turn, is blamed for the suicide. Moreover, these reports often do the following: feature families who refuse to accept their children’s identities, adopt dread-filled tones, and cite experts who provide incorrect information while engaging in victim blaming. As a result, the quality of queer suicide reporting in Indian newspapers is deemed substandard and offensive. To address this issue, the study proposes the need for training and curriculum updates in journalistic courses. This way, reporters can develop the skills necessary to sensitively and respectfully report on queer individuals in general and on queer suicide in particular.

Respect for tolerance and non-discrimination in press materials represent two fundamental legal and ethical obligations of the journalist from the Republic of Moldova. On the one hand, the tolerant treatment of each person, regardless of ethnicity, gender, age or opinion, and regardless of whether the journalist shares the same values and ideas as that person or not, has the power to transform his job into an effective tool to combat the worst stereotypes and prejudices that have plagued our society. On the other hand, developing articles and reports in violation of these important obligations can have negative consequences for different categories of people and lead to the creation of new stereotypes or the entrenchment of old ones. This work proposes to analyse the international and national regulations, as well as the provisions of the Journalist's Code of Ethics in terms of tolerance and non-discrimination, to discover the content of the obligation to tolerate and not to discriminate that belongs to each representative of the mass media, and to find out the sanctions what applies in case of non-compliance with this obligation ordered by the decisions of the Council for the prevention and elimination of discrimination and ensuring equality.

This article uses the shooting of Al-Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh as a case study to evaluate and contrast the differing responses of the Islamic law of war and the international humanitarian law. International humanitarian law condemns violence against civilians (including journalists), likewise Islamic laws of war advocate protection of journalists on battlefields. However, responsibility for the death of the journalist, while reporting on the Israel-Palestine conflict, has never been assigned. Using this event as a case study, this article applies an Islamic legal approach (along with the method of ijtihad through qiyas) to evaluate the criminality of Shireen Abu Akleh's death under both Islamic law and international humanitarian law, demonstrating the commonality of these two approaches. This qualitative research study applies literature study techniques to gather research data from reports, journals, books, and credible media sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide. Journalistic reporting guidelines were created to curb the impact of unsafe reporting; however, how suicide is framed in news reports may differ by important characteristics such as the circumstances and the decedent's gender. Objective: This study aimed to examine the degree to which news media reports of suicides are framed using stigmatized or glorified language and differences in such framing by gender and circumstance of suicide. Methods: We analyzed 200 news articles regarding suicides and applied the validated Stigma of Suicide Scale to identify stigmatized and glorified language. We assessed linguistic similarity with 2 widely used metrics, cosine similarity and mutual information scores, using a machine learning--based large language model. Results: News reports of male suicides were framed more similarly to stigmatizing (P<.001) and glorifying (P=.005) language than reports of female suicides. Considering the circumstances of suicide, mutual information scores indicated that differences in the use of stigmatizing or glorifying language by gender were most pronounced for articles attributing legal (0.155), relationship (0.268), or mental health problems (0.251) as the cause. Conclusions: Linguistic differences, by gender, in stigmatizing or glorifying language when reporting suicide may exacerbate suicide disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Journalists are increasingly reporting that online harassment has become a normative part of their lives, and that online harassment experience induces fatigue, anxiety, and self-censorship on them. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with journalists in Nigeria, this study reports that journalists experienced acute, chronic or perennial, and escalatory harassments of intense nature. The study indicates that acute forms of online harassments were dismissed, amongst others as "online show-off", "online banter" and "online notice-me". Thereby misrecognising online harassments as forms of efficiency-focused media criticism. Our data further show that gender is not a triggering factor to online harassment of journalists. However, political, and investigative reporting is seen as a factor. Journalists reported improved systematic intervention from media organisations and their individual coping strategies, including engaging in self-censorship among others, as coping strategies for online harassment. Suggestions for future research areas were delineated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expert media content in conditions of instability is becoming more in demand. An important factor stimulating the active interaction of journalists and experts was a significant decrease in the level of public confidence in the media on the background of information overload. The relevance of this article is due to the widespread practice of the media to attract experts, and its research task is to describe the options for obtaining and using expert media content and based on the criterion of its use to propose a typology of modern media projects. Expert media content is socially significant content in demand by target audience of a media resource, having an educational orientation, received by the media from specialists. The need for socio-political media to receive expert comments in the shortest possible time while maintaining high quality content actualizes the use of specialized digital platforms. Mass media are characterized by the difference in the place of expert content related to their specifics. Informationcentric media use expert commentary as an addition to journalistic content to reflect the current socio-political agenda. The expert-centric ones build the entire media project on expert content – these are educational projects, resources of useful tips, media of professional communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to analyze the ethical aspects of a journalist’s work under martial law. The purpose and objectives of the research. The purpose of our research is to study the state of development of the issue of ethical norms of journalist activity in the conditions of martial law and to formulate the main ethical dilemmas in the work of modern media outlets. On the basis of modern research in the field of social communications, the state of development and research of the problem by Ukrainian scientists was studied. On the basis of the systematic method, which helped to form the characteristics of the concept of «ethical norm», its influence on the activity of a journalist and the peculiarities of the integration of ethical norms and the formation of public opinion in the conditions of martial law, the method of comparisons, which allowed to reveal the qualitative characteristics of the concept of «ethical norm» and to study the views modern researchers on the formation of this concept and the general comprehensive approach, which was the leading methodology of our research, the use of various Ukrainian and foreign codes of ethical norms, normative and legal framework regulating the activities of journalists and media outlets, in particular within the legal regime of martial law, was studied in the journalistic discourse. The concept of fact-checking and data verification during the presentation of information by a journalist and means of mass communication was studied separately; sources of effective fact-checking and data verification for the creation of highquality media content are identified. Summing up, the state of war requires special care, ethics, and responsibility from journalists in their professional activities. They must be guided by generally accepted standards of journalism, take into account the principles of information policy, and comply with the legislation regulating the dissemination of information. Ensuring objectivity, accuracy, and balance of information, as well as protection of human rights and freedoms, are the main priorities during martial law.

The spread of misinformation and fake news with the advent of social media is widespread to influence public opinion. A lack of common consensus between the journalists, media houses and social media companies on combating disinformation is causing distrust and scope for pessimism. The current research was conducted in the Indian context adopting mixed methods research to find out the roles and responsibilities of journalists and media houses in combating disinformation along with the effect of social media and advanced technologies in the changing scenario. The results revealed that journalists demanded more access to audience and providing a platform for practicing ethical journalism. Secondly, the effect of social media on journalism was considered as a net positive with no escape from the same in this digital era. Thirdly, an upgrade of skills related to tackling misinformation with technology was felt by the journalists. The paper provides the intricacies of journalism practice in the changing world for a better future..

Romanian history, from ancient times until today contains numerous events, facts, events that can be analyzed from a complex perspective. However male and female personalities bear the imprint that was involved throughout the passage of time. The article intends to follow, chronologically, biographies of the firrst women writer-translator or journalist in Romania's history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Herald of Journalism / Habaršy Žurnalistika Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Against the backdrop of contemporary changes in the socio-political landscape, especially in conditions where a legal regime of martial law is in effect, social networks and online platforms have become a hub for intense communication, where bloggers are actively engaged. The status of bloggers, their principles of operation, and responsibility take on special significance in these conditions because their publications can influence public opinion, citizens' attitudes towards events, and government decisions. However, in the context of a legal regime of martial law, numerous questions arise concerning the legal status of bloggers, the boundaries of their activities, and liability for the dissemination of information. This topic requires a detailed analysis and systematization of legal, sociological, and ethical aspects of bloggers' activities during a legal regime of martial law, making it relevant and important for further research. Considering uncertainty and the development of new means of communication, as well as changes in the legal field, understanding the role and responsibility of bloggers is an important step towards ensuring proper information security, maintaining the rule of law, and protecting citizens' rights during emergencies. The purpose of this article is to investigate the issue of legal regulation in determining the status of bloggers, the principles of their activities, and responsibility, including during a legal regime of martial law, and to prepare proposals for improving information legislation. The article is based on an analysis of the legal landscape, academic sources, legislation, and practical examples from both domestic and global contexts. The research findings contribute to a better understanding of the role and impact of bloggers in situations of martial law, as well as identifying potential avenues for enhancing the legal regulation of their activities while considering the necessity of ensuring information security. On a legislative level, the concept of a "blogger" is not universally defined in most countries worldwide. The term "blogger" is more subjective and pertains to individuals who create and publish their own content on the Internet across various platforms such as blogs, social media, YouTube, and so forth. The definition of this term may be included in the internal rules of specific platforms or local regulatory rules. The legislation of other countries often regulates specific aspects of bloggers' activities, such as copyright, advertising, data protection, etc., but the term "blogger" itself may not always have a legal definition. The legal regulation of the status and activities of bloggers in Ukraine is relevant due to the necessity to: protect their professional activities (dissemination of socially necessary information); hold them accountable for disseminating information prohibited by law. At the same time, ensuring the safety and protection of bloggers, journalists, and other media participants is a prerequisite for their effective participation in public discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the course of digitization, the traditional business model of news organizations has been substantially challenged, making innovative formats necessary to master the business of online news. Native advertising (i.e., sponsored articles) is considered an escape from this dilemma. In adapting to journalistic content, this advertising format is distinct from conventional online advertising and allows advertisers to convey persuasive messages in an unobtrusive manner. However, despite its financial benefits, there are ethical concerns about native advertising, which is inherently and intentionally deceptive to its audience. Moreover, native advertising perforates the normative wall separating journalistic responsibilities from advertisers' interests. In news organizations, this is reflected in the relationship between journalists and advertising sales managers. The present study therefore explored how individuals in these two roles differ in their perceptions of risks and opportunities related to native advertising and in how they cope with ethical concerns. Exploring the power relations between journalists and sales managers in collaborations on native advertising, this study also sheds light on potential restrictions of journalistic autonomy caused by native advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conscience clause, sometimes also referred to as the right to conscientious objection, is based on the possibility of refusing to comply with a binding legal norm due to its non-conformity with the indications of conscience of the person who invokes its content. Commonly derived, especially in Poland, from Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, this clause initially applied to physicians' actions. It was also suggested that this clause could form the basis for conscientious objection to an abortion procedure. Drawing on Article 10(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and emphasising the differences in the wording of this provision in different language versions, the article argues that such interpretation of the conscience clause is too narrow and poor. Attention is drawn to the amendments made to the wording of Article 10(2) of the Press Law, where the legislator replaced the journalist's obligation to follow the editorial policy with the right to refuse to carry out an official order if the journalist believed that they were expected to publish a material that would violate the principles of reliability, objectivity and professional diligence. This solution undoubtedly constitutes the approval of the broadly understood conscience clause explicitly formulated in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The content of Article 10(2) of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights allows for conscientious objection to apply to actions of the representatives across all professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new social media make that we have to reconsider who could be proclaimed like journalist and therefore who can claim the right to protection of sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's journalists are required to have good competence and broad insight. Not only be able to write factual information, but also have a good public speaking skills. However, there are still many journalists who do not master public speaking so they often face some obstacles. They are proficient at finding information in the field, but are nervous or insecure when dealing with other people or sources, so the interviews become unstructured and directed. A journalist is also often asked to be a speaker in a seminar, training, or workshop, but since they are not used to speak in public, the presentation of the material becomes less interesting. In fact, journalism is a profession that is expected to be at the forefront of society who must be able to speak loudly, truthfully, honestly, and courageously. Having good public speaking skills can increase the confidence of journalists in conveying information and ideas, as well as providing education and motivation. Because public speaking is an important competency, the Communication Department held a community service activity entitled "Public Speaking Training in Increasing Journalist Competence in Surabaya" on 13th and 20th October 2022, at Urban Office Surabaya. The training was attended by journalists who are members of the Friends of Education Journalists (JSP) community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ANAFORA is the property of Anafora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)