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International audience; Because of their importance as pollinators of wild and cultivated plants, little concern has been paid to alien bees when entering a new ecosystem. Hence, approximately 80 alien bee species worldwide have spread outside their native ranges. Here, we explored the main impacts of alien bees on native bees through competition for food or nesting resources, interference, pathogen spillover, and genetic contamination. Implications for native bee conservation are also discussed. In addition, in this chapter, we developed a particular focus on the first alien bee that colonised Europe, Megachile sculpturalis. We emphasised the main knowledge gaps and important trends for future research. Finally, avenues for managing alien bee species and preventing their introduction are provided.

Ce poster présente une sélection de 30 portraits, représentatifs de l’extrême diversité des formes et des modes de vie, avec quelques espèces emblématiques comme une mygale, la veuve noire ou une gasteracanthe, et d’autres qui le sont beaucoup moins mais qui présentent autant d'intérêt pour les naturalistes.

In 2018, the World Spider Catalogue listed more than 47,000 species of spiders distributed within more than 4,000 genera worldwide. Some scientific studies suggest that at least twice as many species need to be discovered. New Caledonia, classified as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots because of the incredible richness of its fauna and flora, both heavily threatened by human impacts, is not to be outdone. More than 320 species of spiders have been recorded there since the 19th century, and extrapolations from other places suggest that there are probably more to be discovered. Much of these species is endemic to New Caledonia but the development of international trade has led to the arrival on the archipelago of adapted exotic (aliens) species to live with Man like Smeringopus pollidus (the ceiling spider, also called «Daddy long legs») which is an anthropophilic species. There is also so-called ubiquitous species that can be found everywhere in the intertropical zone or even globally. The giant golden orb spider Nephila sp. weaves very resistant gigantic webs, while others are microscopic or even mimetic in order to blend into the background scenery like the Hersilidae. Some have developed incredible hunting techniques: like a retiarius, Menneus neocoledonicus, called a gladiator spider, throws a silk net on its preys, the wolf spider (of the Lycosidae family) ambushes on the ground and the ant spider (Anatea formicaria) mimics its prey to better approach it. From far being exhaustive, this poster presents a selection of 30 portraits, representative of the extreme diversity of forms and lifestyles, including some emblematic species such as a tarantula, a black widow or a spiny orb weaver, and others that are much less known but are of equal interest tonature enthusiasts.

A new species of skink in the genus Epibator is described from Ile Walpole, a small, isolated, raised vegetated limestone platform, similar to 200 km ESE of southern New Caledonia. The new species is distinguished from its congeners Epibator nigrofasciolatus and E. greeri primarily by its coloration and pattern (both species), differences in scalation (green), and substantial genetic differentiation (nigrofasciolatus). The new species is the only extant endemic terrestrial vertebrate on Walpole. The island is small (

A new genus and species of skink, Kuniesaurus albiauris, is here described from the Ile des Pins off southern New Caledonia. This new taxon possesses a unique suite of morphological apomorphies (scalation) that does not allow it to be placed in any existing Australasian eugongylid genus. It is known only from a single area in dense coastal forest on limestone, on the main island of the Ile des Pins. The species area of occupancy is restricted, and the habitat occupied under threat from the spread of the highly invasive Little Red Fire Ant Wasmannia auropunctata. These factors place this new skink at a level of risk sufficient for it to be listed as Critically Endangered under IUCN Red List criteria. The affinities of the lizard fauna of the Ile des Pins with respect to that present on southern New Caledonia are also discussed, most notably the absence from the Ile des Pins of taxa typically restricted to ultramafic surfaces.

Sur une sollicitation de la province des îles Loyauté, un séminaire scientifique a été tenu du 11 au 13 octobre 2017 à Lifou, afin d’aboutir à la rédaction du présent Livre blanc de la recherche en appui au développement de la province des îles Loyauté. Le séminaire a été organisé par l’IAC, en collaboration avec la province et les organismes membres du CRESICA. Les objectifs de ce séminaire étaient de : - dresser un état des lieux des recherches scientifiques conduites sur la province ou en lien étroit avec cette dernière (réalisé à travers la rédaction du « Panorama de la recherche en appui au développement de la province des îles Loyauté », en août 2017) ; - sensibiliser les élus et les services de la province à la recherche et plus spécifiquement aux recherches menées en Nouvelle-Calédonie (réalisé à travers la visite des établissements de recherche, les 24 et 25 août 2017) ; - poser les bases prospectives d’une recherche, en permettant aux participants au séminaire scientifique d’échanger leurs points de vue, d’identifier les besoins de recherche liés aux enjeux locaux et adaptés au contexte des îles Loyauté, et de définir les modalités de mise en œuvre de ces recherches (à travers un « Livre blanc de la recherche en appui au développement de la province des îles Loyauté », rédigé en décembre 2018)

Les îles tropicales de l'Outre-mer français, réparties dans 11 territoires situés dans trois océans (Atlantique, Indien et Pacifique), concentrent, sur des superficies terrestres restreintes, une diversité d'espèces et d'habitats exceptionnelle. Ces îles comptent en effet plus de 70% des 17 947 espèces végétales et animales endémiques françaises connues sur une superficie correspondant à seulement 4 % de celle du territoire français. Cette "méga-diversité" biologique engage la responsabilité de la France en matière d'études et de conservation de la biodiversité au plan international. Ce patrimoine naturel d'exception est de plus fortement menacé par les changements locaux et globaux d'origine anthropique (perte et dégradation des milieux naturels, invasions biologiques et changements climatiques) dont les impacts sont particulièrement exacerbés dans les écosystèmes insulaires, plus vulnérables à ces perturbations, et avec des nombres record d'espèces endémiques éteintes ou menacées de disparition. Ces enjeux justifient que des efforts particuliers de recherche dans les sciences de la conservation soient mis en place sur les espèces et les habitats. Des programmes de recherche dédiés à la biodiversité terrestre insulaire (incluant les eaux douces et saumâtres), davantage concertés entre chercheurs, gestionnaires et communautés locales insulaires, et entre les différents territoires aux enjeux similaires, devraient permettre de bâtir des stratégies communes et de démontrer la pertinence des enjeux de connaissance et de l'importance pour ces territoires insulaires ultramarins aux échelles nationale, régionale (biogéographique) et internationale.

Desutter-Grandcolas, Laure, Anso, Jérémy, Jourdan, Hervé (2017): Erratum: volume 38 (4) 2016: 405-452, December 30, 2016. Crickets of New Caledonia (Insecta, Orthoptera, Grylloidea): a key to genera, with diagnoses of extant genera and descriptions of new taxa. Zoosystema 39 (1): 137-138, DOI: 10.5252/z2017n1a15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2017n1a15

Seabirds concentrate nutrients from large marine areas on their nesting islands playing an important ecological role in nutrient transfer between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Here we investigate the role of guano on corals reefs across scales by analyzing the stable nitrogen isotopic (δ15N) values of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis on fringing reefs around two Pacific remote islets with large seabird colonies. Marine stations closest to the seabird colonies had higher nitrate + nitrite concentrations compared to more distant stations. Coral and zooxanthellae δ15N values were also higher at these sites, suggesting that guano-derived nitrogen is assimilated into corals and contributes to their nitrogen requirements. The spatial extent of guano influence was however restricted to a local scale. Our results demonstrate that seabird-derived nutrients not only spread across the terrestrial ecosystem, but also affect components of the adjacent marine ecosystem. Further studies are now needed to assess if this nutrient input has a positive or negative effect for corals. Such studies on remote islets also open fresh perspectives to understand how nutrients affect coral reefs isolated from other anthropogenic stressors.

International audience; For a long time, New Caledonia was considered a continental island, a fragment of Gondwana harbouring old clades that originated by vicariance and so were thought to be locally ancient. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies dating diversification and geological data indicating important events of submergence during the Paleocene and Eocene (until 37 Ma) brought evidence to dismiss this old hypothesis. In spite of this, some authors still insist on the idea of a local permanence of a Gondwanan biota, justifying this assumption through a complex scenario of survival by hopping to and from nearby and now-vanished islands. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, we found 40 studies dating regional clades of diverse organisms and we used them to test the hypothesis that New Caledonian and inclusive Pacific island clades are older than 37 Ma. The results of this meta-analysis provide strong evidence for refuting the hypothesis of a Gondwanan refuge with a biota that originated by vicariance. Only a few inclusive Pacific clades (6 out of 40) were older than the oldest existing island. We suggest that these clades could have extinct members either on vanished islands or nearby continents, emphasizing the role of dispersal and extinction in shaping the present-day biota. Island biology has spurred scientific innovation and has been crucial to the formulation of new paradigms since the early days of evolutionary biology 1-6. More recently, it stimulated a methodological discussion on molecular phylogenetic dating and the nature of biogeographical events 7-9. Central to this discussion is the case of large Gondwanan islands, such as Madagascar 10 , and some islands that are traditionally considered to be continental, but which are probably oceanic, such as New Zealand 11 and New Caledonia. The biogeographical paradigm for the origin of the New Caledonian biota has been profoundly revisited over the last ten years e.g. refs 12-15. The traditional perspective considers the main island Grande Terre (hereafter NC) to be a small piece of the Gondwanan continent that separated from Australia 80 million years ago. This view mainly relies on NC's old geological basement and the local occurrence of relicts 16-19. In fact, as summarized in recent reviews 13, 20 , geological studies have concluded that the island has a very complex sedimentary and tectonic history with several long episodes of submergence and a final emergence dated at 37 (±3) Ma 21-26. Despite the progressive accumulation of independent phylogenetic evidence for post-emergence colonization (reviewed in refs 13, 27 and 28), some authors are still reticent to adopt this new view, as epitomized by M. Heads 7. This author argued that i) molecular dating could be corrupted by poor calibrations and ii) lineages could be considered to be locally permanent if they hopped between neighbouring islands. Methodological as well as theoretical discussions in defence of molecular dating have been recently addressed 8, 9. We will not discuss here the ways of testing dating hypotheses, which is a rich and generally well-understood subject. The second statement refers to a less commonly broached topic which needs to be clearly formulated in order to be subjected to a more rigorous hypothesis testing. Island-hopping, there and back, is not equivalent to permanence on the same piece of land. It actually implies multiple short-distance dispersal events between nearby and temporary islands or other

Key to male of Kanakia species 1 Large sized cicada (body length> 50 mm); species mostly green, without black faciae on abdomen and pronotum; radial and radiomedial crossveins without brown infuscation.................................... Kanakia gigas Boulard, 1988 - Medium sized cicada (body length 2 Male sternites entirely yellow........................................................................... 3 - Male sternites yellow with black marks.................................................................... 5 3 Forewing with light smoky infuscation along the veins of apical cells, timbals with 4 longs ribs fused ventrally and dorsally........................................................................ Kanakia fuscocosta Delorme sp. nov. - Forewing entirely hyaline, without light smoky infuscation along the veins of apical cells, timbals with 4 longs ribs fused dorsally; long ribs 1 and 2 fused ventrally..................................................................... 4 4 On pronotum, black median posterior fasciae showing a small rectangular spot, male calling song composed by echemes lasting between 150 and 188 ms..................................................... Kanakia typica Distant, 1892 - On pronotum, black median posterior fasciae showing a pentagonal shape, calling song composed by echemes lasting between 61 and 81 ms........................................................... Kanakia paniensis Delorme sp. nov. 5 Sternites 4 to 7 with wide black spot on; abdomen with black median fascia; male calling song composed by echemes lasting between 45 and 62 ms....................................................... Kanakia salesnii Delorme sp. nov. - Sternites 4 to 6 with small black spot; abdomen without black median fascia, calling song composed by echemes lasting between 550 and 700 ms........................................................ Kanakia rana Delorme sp. nov.