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Background. The anatomical pathology autopsy serves several purposes, notably as a quality management tool for evaluation of accuracy in clinical diagnosis. Despite its value, for various reasons there has been an international decline in autopsies conducted. In the modern medical era, with all its advances in technology, diagnostic techniques and interventions, there is still a high discrepancy between clinical diagnoses and postmortem findings.Objectives. To establish the discrepancies between clinical diagnoses and postmortem findings in anatomical pathology autopsies.Methods. A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted over the 4-year-period 2014 - 2017. The clinical diagnoses and postmortem findings of cases referred to the Department of Anatomical Pathology at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, were evaluated and compared using the modified Goldman criteria.Results. A total of 288 cases qualified for the study and were evaluated. The gender distribution was 155 (53.8%) male and 133 (48.2%)U female, with the majority of cases in the age group 19 - 60 years (mean 36.4). The majority of the cases were referred by internal medicine, followed by paediatrics. The most common cause of death in major missed diagnoses was pulmonary conditions. Of the cases, 115 (39.3%) had a major discrepancy and 62 (21.5%) a minor discrepancy.Conclusion. This study showed that there is still a high discrepancy between clinical diagnoses and postmortem findings, similar to studies conducted globally. The current COVID-19 pandemic may be a driver for revival of the anatomical pathology autopsy, and future studies are recommended to evaluate whether the decline can be reversed.

The syntheses of bis(triazolium)carbazole precursors and their corresponding coinage metal (Au, Ag) complexes are reported. For alkylated triazolium salts, di- or tetranuclear complexes with bridging ligands were isolated, while the bis(aryl) analogue afforded a bis(carbene) AuI-CNC pincer complex suitable for oxidation to the redox-stable [AuIII(CNC)Cl]⁺ cation. Although the ligand salt and the [AuIII(CNC)Cl]⁺ complex were both notably cytotoxic toward the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, the AuIII complex was somewhat more selective. Electrophoresis, viscometry, UV-vis, CD and LD spectroscopy suggest the cytotoxic [AuIII(CNC)Cl]⁺ complex behaves as a partial DNA intercalator. In silico screening indicated that the [AuIII(CNC)Cl]⁺ complex can target DNA three-way junctions with good specificity, several other regular B-DNA forms, and Z-DNA. Multiple hydrophobic π-type interactions involving T and A bases appear to be important for B-form DNA binding, while phosphate O⋅⋅⋅Au interactions evidently underpin Z-DNA binding. The CNC ligand effectively stabilizes the AuIII ion, preventing reduction in the presence of glutathione. Both the redox stability and DNA affinity of the hit compound might be key factors underpinning its cytotoxicity in vitro.

MA (Pastoral Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus Die roeping tot voltydse Christelike bediening stel unieke uitdagings aan die pastor as persoon. Alhoewel die pastor weliswaar bevrediging daaruit kan put, is die aard van Christelike bediening baie veeleisend. Buiten die algemene uitdagings wat dit aan die pastor as mens stel, mag daar ook uitdagings wees wat eie is aan die AGS-konteks wat verdere druk op die AGS-pastor plaas. In hierdie studie word die AGS-pastor se belewing van pastorale druk asook die wyse waarop hy/sy dit hanteer, ondersoek. In die lig hiervan het die volgende navorsingsvraag aan die lig gekom: Watter prakties-teologiese riglyne kan aan pastors in die AGS-konteks gebied word om pastorale druk die hoof te bied?. Die doel van hierdie navorsing behels om uiteindelik riglyne daar te stel vir die formulering van ’n holistiese Skrifgefundeerde selfsorgpraktyk wat die pastor moontlik kan help om pastorale druk te hanteer en sodoende meer effektief in die uitvoering van sy/haar lewenstaak en roeping te wees. Die studie is gedoen met die prakties-teologiese model van Osmer as uitgangspunt wat die volgende behels: • die normatiewe taak waar perspektiewe uit die Skrif rakende die onderwerp nagevors is; • die interpretatiewe taak waarvolgens materiaal in ander vakdissiplines bestudeer is; • die deskriptief-empiriese taak waar empiriese navorsing deur middel van onderhoude gedoen is; • en die pragmatiese taak waar nuwe pastorale riglyne daargestel is vir die formulering van ’n holistiese Skrifgefundeerde selfsorgpraktyk. Die normatiewe taakgedeelte van die navorsing het aangedui dat daar definitiewe riglyne in die Bybel is betreffende die pastor se belewing van pastorale druk en sy hantering daarvan. God praat deur en gee leiding in sy Woord aangaande pastors en hul belewing en hantering van pastorale druk. Die interpretatiewe taakgedeelte van die studie het getoon dat daar heelwat navorsing gedoen is oor hierdie onderwerp, maar nie ten opsigte van die AGS-konteks nie; daar is bevind dat daar veelvuldige riglyne ten opsigte van die pastor as ’n holistiese mens bestaan en dat daar talle oorsake is wat aanleiding tot die pastor se belewing van pastorale druk gee; die gevolge en effek daarvan op hom/haar as persoon is ook aangedui. Die navorsingsgegewens wat deur die empiriese studie na vore gebring is, het die normatiewe en interpretatiewe taaknavorsing bevestig. Die konsep van selfsorg en die noodsaaklikheid daarvan vir die AGS-pastor is aangedui. Praktyk-teoretiese riglyne is hierna geformuleer op grond van die hermeneutiese interaksie tussen die verskillende navorsingskomponente. Riglyne vir die formulering van ’n holistiese Skrifgefundeerde selfsorgpraktyk is vir die pastor daargestel. Na aanleiding van die navorsingsvraag, die sentrale teoretiese argument en die navorsing wat in hoofstukke 2 tot 5 gedoen is, word as finale gevolgtrekking gestel dat ’n holistiese Skrifgefundeerde selfsorgpraktyk vir die pastor van uiterste belang is om sodoende pastorale druk effektief te hanteer. Masters

Biomass of aboveground vegetation is a useful descriptor for studies of grazing, fire and wildlife habitat use in grassland systems. The traditional method to estimate biomass, hand-clipping, is time intensive and other indices of biomass have been used successfully. In southern Africa, the disc pasture meter has been the tool of choice and the use of visual obstruction has been much less prevalent than in North America. Our goal was to determine if visual obstruction could be used as a correlate to aboveground grass biomass in grassland systems in Namibia. We gathered clipping and visual obstruction samples at three study sites in Highland Savanna and Woodland Savanna in northern Namibia. Dry biomass of grass was correlated with visual obstruction readings when samples from all study sites were pooled (r2 = 0.64, P < 0.0001), but the strength of the relationship varied among the three study sites. We also evaluated the number of samples needed to characterise biomass at a study site. Variation in the cumulative mean was very low at sample sizes of 15–20 samples. Visual obstruction can be a useful method to evaluate biomass of grassland systems in a quick manner.Keywords: biomass, grassland, range pole, visual obstruction, wildlife habitat