1. Mandibulofacial Dysostosis with Microcephaly: Mutation and Database Update
- Author
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Huang, Lijia, Vanstone, Megan R, Hartley, Taila, Osmond, Matthew, Barrowman, Nick, Allanson, Judith, Baker, Laura, Dabir, Tabib A, Dipple, Katrina M, Dobyns, William B, Estrella, Jane, Faghfoury, Hanna, Favaro, Francine P, Goel, Himanshu, Gregersen, Pernille A, Gripp, Karen W, Grix, Art, Guion‐Almeida, Maria‐Leine, Harr, Margaret H, Hudson, Cindy, Hunter, Alasdair GW, Johnson, John, Joss, Shelagh K, Kimball, Amy, Kini, Usha, Kline, Antonie D, Lauzon, Julie, Lildballe, Dorte L, López‐González, Vanesa, Martinezmoles, Johanna, Meldrum, Cliff, Mirzaa, Ghayda M, Morel, Chantal F, Morton, Jenny EV, Pyle, Louise C, Quintero‐Rivera, Fabiola, Richer, Julie, Scheuerle, Angela E, Schönewolf‐Greulich, Bitten, Shears, Deborah J, Silver, Josh, Smith, Amanda C, Temple, I Karen, Center, UCLA Clinical Genomics, de Kamp, Jiddeke M, Dijk, Fleur S, Vandersteen, Anthony M, White, Sue M, Zackai, Elaine H, Zou, Ruobing, Consortium, Care4Rare Canada, Bulman, Dennis E, Boycott, Kym M, and Lines, Matthew A
- Subjects
Pediatric ,Congenital Structural Anomalies ,Rare Diseases ,Genetics ,Prevention ,Human Genome ,Neurosciences ,Clinical Research ,Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Aetiology ,Congenital ,Abnormalities ,Multiple ,Amino Acid Motifs ,Databases ,Genetic ,Gene Expression ,Haploinsufficiency ,Hearing Loss ,Humans ,Intellectual Disability ,Mandibulofacial Dysostosis ,Microcephaly ,Models ,Molecular ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Mutation ,Penetrance ,Peptide Elongation Factors ,Phenotype ,Protein Structure ,Secondary ,Protein Structure ,Tertiary ,RNA Splicing ,Ribonucleoprotein ,U5 Small Nuclear ,Spliceosomes ,EFTUD2 ,mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly ,MFDM ,mandibulofacial dysostosis Guion-Almeida type ,mandibulofacial dysostosis ,microcephaly ,UCLA Clinical Genomics Center ,Care4Rare Canada Consortium ,Clinical Sciences ,Genetics & Heredity - Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is a multiple malformation syndrome comprising microcephaly, craniofacial anomalies, hearing loss, dysmorphic features, and, in some cases, esophageal atresia. Haploinsufficiency of a spliceosomal GTPase, U5-116 kDa/EFTUD2, is responsible. Here, we review the molecular basis of MFDM in the 69 individuals described to date, and report mutations in 38 new individuals, bringing the total number of reported individuals to 107 individuals from 94 kindreds. Pathogenic EFTUD2 variants comprise 76 distinct mutations and seven microdeletions. Among point mutations, missense substitutions are infrequent (14 out of 76; 18%) relative to stop-gain (29 out of 76; 38%), and splicing (33 out of 76; 43%) mutations. Where known, mutation origin was de novo in 48 out of 64 individuals (75%), dominantly inherited in 12 out of 64 (19%), and due to proven germline mosaicism in four out of 64 (6%). Highly penetrant clinical features include, microcephaly, first and second arch craniofacial malformations, and hearing loss; esophageal atresia is present in an estimated ∼27%. Microcephaly is virtually universal in childhood, with some adults exhibiting late "catch-up" growth and normocephaly at maturity. Occasionally reported anomalies, include vestibular and ossicular malformations, reduced mouth opening, atrophy of cerebral white matter, structural brain malformations, and epibulbar dermoid. All reported EFTUD2 mutations can be found in the EFTUD2 mutation database (http://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes/EFTUD2).
- Published
- 2016