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Aim To explore the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in participation, programme attendance, programme acceptability, adherence to lifestyle guidelines, drop-out, and effectiveness in the SLIMMER diabetes prevention intervention. Methods SLIMMER was a randomised controlled intervention, carried out in a real-world setting, targeting 40- to 70-year-old adults at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (n = 316). The intervention group participated in a 10-month combined dietary and physical activity programme. Measurements were carried out at baseline, 12 months, and 18 months. Effectiveness was determined for fasting insulin, HbA1c, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height-ratio. Differences between the low SES (no, primary, or lower secondary school) and higher SES group were tested using logistic regression and ANCOVA. Results Fifty-two percent of the SLIMMER participants had a low SES. No differences in participation were observed between the low and higher SES group. The most important reason for non-participation in the low SES group was ‘lack of interest’ (32%), whereas in the higher SES group this was ‘I already exercise enough’ (31%). Attendance, acceptability, adherence, drop-out, and effectiveness after 12 months were similar in the low and higher SES group. After 18 months, the low SES group seemed to maintain slightly better effects for fasting insulin, HbA1c, and waist circumference. Conclusions The current study showed that participation, attendance, acceptability, adherence, drop-out, and effectiveness of the SLIMMER intervention were in general not modified by socioeconomic status. The SLIMMER intervention can contribute to health promotion for individuals in both low and higher socioeconomic groups.

Duijzer G, Haveman-Nies A, Jansen SC, Ter Beek J, Van Bruggen R, Willink MGJ et al. SLIMMER diabetes voorkomen in de eerste lijn. Huisarts Wet 2017;60(4):160-3. De prevalentie van diabetes is de afgelopen jaren flink gestegen. Onderzoek toont aan dat leefstijlverandering diabetes mellitus type 2 bij hoogrisicopatienten kan uitstellen of voorkomen. De implementatie en effectiviteit van preventieprogramma’s in de praktijk blijft echter een uitdaging vanwege de noodzakelijke aanpassing aan de lokale context en beperkte (financiele) middelen. Omdat in Nederland nog geen effectief diabetespreventieprogramma voor de eerste lijn bestond, is het SLIMMER-programma ontwikkeld. SLIMMER is een gecombineerde leefstijlinterventie waarbij mensen gedurende tien maanden begeleid worden om gezonder te gaan eten en meer te bewegen. In deze beschouwing bespreken we de effectiviteit van het SLIMMER-programma in de eerste lijn en vergelijken we die met de bevindingen van andere implementatieonderzoeken op dit terrein. We hebben de effectiviteit van het SLIMMER-programma onderzocht door middel van een gerandomiseerd gecontroleerd onderzoek. SLIMMER blijkt te leiden tot verbeteringen in klinische en metabole risicofactoren, voedinginname, beweging en kwaliteit van leven. Daarbij waren klinische effecten van ons programma groter dan die van de meeste andere preventieprogramma’s. Dit kan komen door de gedegen voorbereiding, het intensieve programma, het onderhoudsprogramma en aansluiting bij de reguliere werkwijze van eerstelijnszorgverleners. De resultaten van dit onderzoek bieden waardevolle inzichten die kunnen bijdragen aan structurele verankering en financiering van effectieve diabetespreventieprogramma’s in de Nederlandse eerste lijn.

All over the world, prevalence and incidence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus are rising rapidly. Several trials have demonstrated that prevention by lifestyle intervention is (cost-) effective. This calls for translation of these trials to primary health care. This article gives an overview of the translation of the SLIM diabetes prevention intervention to a Dutch real-life setting and discusses the role of primary health care in implementing lifestyle intervention programmes. Currently, a 1-year pilot study, consisting of a dietary and physical activity part, performed by three GPs, three practice nurses, three dieticians and four physiotherapists is being conducted. The process of translating the SLIM lifestyle intervention to regular primary health care is measured by means of the process indicators: reach, acceptability, implementation integrity, applicability and key factors for success and failure of the intervention. Data will be derived from programme records, observations, focus groups and interviews. Based on these results, our programme will be adjusted to fit the role conception of the professionals and the organization structure in which they work.

Schoolgerichte preventieprogramma’s blijven vaak ongebruikt op de plank liggen. De beslissing van scholen om met een programma aan de slag te gaan is de eerste stap richting feitelijk gebruik. Als onderwijs ondersteunende organisaties, zoals GGD-en, scholen willen motiveren om met bepaalde programma’s te gaan werken zouden zij gebruik moeten maken van een adoptiestrategie die aangrijpt op determinanten die een rol spelen bij de intentie tot gebruik van de scholen. In dit artikel wordt de adoptiestrategie van twee schoolgerichte preventieprogramma’s beschreven. Aan de hand van interviews met medewerkers van onderwijsondersteunende organisaties is onderzocht hoe de werving van de scholen in de praktijk is verlopen. Tevens is aan de hand van vragenlijsten bij schoolleiders onderzocht welke factoren hun intentie om met de programma’s aan de slag te gaan bepalen. Op basis hiervan worden aanbevelingen gedaan voor aanpassing van de adoptiestrategie.

ObjectiveTo investigate (i) how the SLIMMER intervention was delivered and received in Dutch primary health care and (ii) how this could explain intervention effectiveness.DesignA randomised controlled trial was conducted and subjects were randomly allocated to the intervention (10-month combined dietary and physical activity intervention) or the control group. A process evaluation including quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted. Data on process indicators (recruitment, reach, dose received, acceptability, implementation integrity and applicability) were collected via semi-structured interviews with health-care professionals (n 45) and intervention participant questionnaires (n 155).SettingSLIMMER was implemented in Dutch primary health care in twenty-five general practices, eleven dietitians, nine physiotherapist practices and fifteen sports clubs.SubjectsSubjects at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes were included.ResultsIt was possible to recruit the intended high-risk population (response rate 54 %) and the SLIMMER intervention was very well received by both participants and health-care professionals (mean acceptability rating of 82 and 80, respectively). The intervention programme was to a large extent implemented as planned and was applicable in Dutch primary health care. Higher dose received and participant acceptability were related to improved health outcomes and dietary behaviour, but not to physical activity behaviour.ConclusionsThe present study showed that it is feasible to implement a diabetes prevention intervention in Dutch primary health care. Higher dose received and participant acceptability were associated with improved health outcomes and dietary behaviour. Using an extensive process evaluation plan to gain insight into how an intervention is delivered and received is a valuable way of identifying intervention components that contribute to implementation integrity and effective prevention of type 2 diabetes in primary health care.

Background Although lifestyle interventions have shown to be effective in reducing the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, maintenance of achieved results is difficult, as participants often experience relapse after the intervention has ended. This paper describes the systematic development of a maintenance programme for the extensive SLIMMER intervention, an existing diabetes prevention intervention for high-risk individuals, implemented in a real-life setting in the Netherlands. Methods The maintenance programme was developed using the Intervention Mapping protocol. Programme development was informed by a literature study supplemented by various focus group discussions and feedback from implementers of the extensive SLIMMER intervention. Results The maintenance programme was designed to sustain a healthy diet and physical activity pattern by targeting knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control of the SLIMMER participants. Practical applications were clustered into nine programme components, including sports clinics at local sports clubs, a concluding meeting with the physiotherapist and dietician, and a return session with the physiotherapist, dietician and physical activity group. Manuals were developed for the implementers and included a detailed time table and step-by-step instructions on how to implement the maintenance programme. Conclusions The Intervention Mapping protocol provided a useful framework to systematically plan a maintenance programme for the extensive SLIMMER intervention. The study showed that planning a maintenance programme can build on existing implementation structures of the extensive programme. Future research is needed to determine to what extent the maintenance programme contributes to sustained effects in participants of lifestyle interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1108) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Implementation of interventions in real-life settings requires a comprehensive evaluation approach. The aim of this article is to describe the evaluation design of the SLIMMER diabetes prevention intervention in a Dutch real-life setting. The SLIMMER study is a randomised, controlled intervention study including subjects aged 40 through 70 years with impaired fasting glucose or high risk of diabetes. The 10-month SLIMMER intervention involves a dietary and physical activity intervention, including case management and a maintenance programme. The control group receives usual health care and written information about a healthy lifestyle. A logic model of change is composed to link intervention activities with intervention outcomes in a logical order. Primary outcome is fasting insulin. Measurements are performed at baseline and after 12 and 18 months and cover quality of life, cardio-metabolic risk factors (e.g. glucose tolerance, serum lipids, body fatness, and blood pressure), eating and physical activity behaviour, and behavioural determinants. A process evaluation gives insight in how the intervention was delivered and received by participants and health care professionals. The economic evaluation consists of a cost-effectiveness analysis and a cost-utility analysis. Costs are assessed from both a societal and health care perspective. This study is expected to provide insight in the effectiveness, including its cost-effectiveness, and delivery of the SLIMMER diabetes prevention intervention conducted in Dutch primary health care. Results of this study provide valuable information for primary health care professionals, researchers, and policy makers. The SLIMMER study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT02094911 ) since March 19, 2014.

Objective Pilot-testing of the adapted Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht (SLIM) and to determine its feasibility and likelihood of achieving desired impact. Methods Pilot intervention study (a 10-month combined lifestyle intervention) using a one group pre-test post-test design with on-going process measures (i.e. reach, acceptability, implementation integrity, and applicability) and several health outcomes (e.g. body weight). Results In total, 31 subjects participated in the SLIMMER (SLIM iMplementation Experience Region Noord- en Oost-Gelderland) intervention. Participant weight loss was −3.5kg ( p =0.005). Both participants and health care professionals (i.e. practice nurses, dieticians, and physiotherapists) were satisfied with the intervention. The intervention was implemented as planned and appeared to be suitable for application in practice. Refinements have been identified and will be made prior to further implementation and evaluation. Conclusion Implementation of the SLIMMER intervention is feasible in a Dutch real-life setting and it is likely to achieve desired impact. Practising and optimising the intervention creates local support for SLIMMER among stakeholders. Practice implications Performing a pilot study on the basis of a structured approach is a meaningful step in the process of optimising the feasibility and potential impact of an evidence-based intervention in a real-life setting.

Background - Although many evidence-based diabetes prevention interventions exist, they are not easily applicable in real-life settings. Moreover, there is a lack of examples which describe the adaptation process of these interventions to practice. In this paper we present an example of such an adaptation. We adapted the SLIM (Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht) diabetes prevention intervention to a Dutch real-life setting, in a joint decision making process of intervention developers and local health care professionals. Methods - We used 3 adaptation steps in accordance with current adaptation frameworks. In the first step, the elements of the SLIM intervention were identified. In the second step, these elements were judged for their applicability in a real-life setting. In the third step, adaptations were proposed and discussed for those elements which were deemed not applicable. Participants invited for this process included intervention developers and local health care professionals (n=19). Results - In the first adaptation step, a total of 22 intervention elements were identified. In the second step, 12 of these 22 intervention elements were judged as inapplicable. In the third step, a consensus was achieved for the adaptations of all 12 elements. The adapted elements were in the following categories: target population, techniques, intensity, delivery mode, materials, organisational structure, and political and financial conditions. The adaptations either lay in changing the SLIM protocol (6 elements) or the real-life working procedures (1 element), or a combination of both (4 elements). Conclusions -he positive result of this study is that a consensus was achieved within a relatively short time period (nine months) between the developers of the SLIM intervention and local health care professionals on the adaptations needed to make SLIM applicable in a Dutch real-life setting. Our example shows that it is possible to combine the perspectives of scientists and practitioners, and to find a balance between evidence-base and applicability concerns.