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Head trauma (ie, head injury) is a significant public health concern and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. Neuroimaging plays an important role in the management of head and brain injury, which can be separated into acute (0-7 days), subacute ( 3 months) phases. Over 75% of acute head trauma is classified as mild, of which over 75% have a normal Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15, therefore clinical practice guidelines universally recommend selective CT scanning in this patient population, which is often based on clinical decision rules. While CT is considered the first-line imaging modality for suspected intracranial injury, MRI is useful when there are persistent neurologic deficits that remain unexplained after CT, especially in the subacute or chronic phase. Regardless of time frame, head trauma with suspected vascular injury or suspected cerebrospinal fluid leak should also be evaluated with CT angiography or thin-section CT imaging of the skull base, respectively. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Seizures and epilepsy are a set of conditions that can be challenging to diagnose, treat, and manage. This document summarizes recommendations for imaging in different clinical scenarios for a patient presenting with seizures and epilepsy. MRI of the brain is usually appropriate for each clinical scenario described with the exception of known seizures and unchanged semiology (Variant 3). In this scenario, it is unclear if any imaging would provide a benefit to patients. In the emergent situation, a noncontrast CT of the head is also usually appropriate as it can diagnose or exclude emergent findings quickly and is an alternative to MRI of the brain in these clinical scenarios. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Background Small-caliber chest tubes are used to treat pneumothorax and pleural fluid collections. Although commonly considered a less invasive alternative to large-caliber thoracostomy tubes, small-caliber tubes have a high complication rate. Emergency physicians must be familiar with common and dangerous procedure complications associated with these devices and have a systematic and rapid approach to identify and solve malfunctions. Structured root cause analysis can facilitate identification of problems. Methods We reviewed the medical literature for complications of small-caliber chest tubes and searched the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) database for complications of a specific pigtail catheter kit. Using a structured root cause analysis (RCA), we examined two cases of retained pigtail catheter obturators resulting in catheter malfunction and unresolved pneumothorax. Results We identified common complications of pigtail catheters from the medical literature, as well as 28 reports to FDA of complications with the kit used in the analyzed cases; ours were the only reports of the obturator error. RCA identified multiple contributing factors, including unrecognized and novel radiographic clues, human errors, communication breakdown, device design, and opportunities for improved systematic procedural approach. Discussion We discuss factors identified in RCA and regulatory considerations relevant to emergency physicians, including FDA reporting mechanisms. Conclusions A structured review of complications of pigtail catheter insertion revealed opportunities for improved patient safety. We highlight a preventable error in insertion of a percutaneous catheter and describe radiographic features to enhance error detection. Improved design, systematic processes for device insertion and troubleshooting, and enhanced provider education could reduce the risk of medical device errors. An end-of-procedure time-out including instrument counts and systematic assessment of device function is a generalizable patient safety measure for bedside procedures.

This second Guideline for Reasonable and Appropriate Care in the Emergency Department (GRACE-2) from the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine is on the topic "low-risk, recurrent abdominal pain in the emergency department." The multidisciplinary guideline panel applied the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendations regarding four priority questions for adult emergency department patients with low-risk, recurrent, undifferentiated abdominal pain. The intended population includes adults with multiple similar presentations of abdominal signs and symptoms recurring over a period of months or years. The panel reached the following recommendations: (1) if a prior negative computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis (CTAP) has been performed within 12 months, there is insufficient evidence to accurately identify populations in whom repeat CTAP imaging can be safely avoided or routinely recommended; (2) if CTAP with IV contrast is negative, we suggest against ultrasound unless there is concern for pelvic or biliary pathology; (3) we suggest that screening for depression and/or anxiety may be performed during the ED evaluation; and (4) we suggest an opioid-minimizing strategy for pain control. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The GRACE-2 writing group developed clinically relevant questions to address the care of adult patients with low-risk, recurrent, previously undifferentiated abdominal pain in the emergency department (ED). Four patient-intervention-comparison-outcome-time (PICOT) questions were developed by consensus of the writing group, who performed a systematic review of the literature and then synthesized direct and indirect evidence to formulate recommendations, following GRADE methodology. The writing group found that despite the commonality and relevance of these questions in emergency care, the quantity and quality of evidence were very limited, and even fundamental definitions of the population and outcomes of interest are lacking. Future research opportunities include developing precise and clinically relevant definitions of low-risk, recurrent, undifferentiated abdominal pain and determining the scope of the existing populations in terms of annual national ED visits for this complaint, costs of care, and patient and provider preferences.

Computed tomography (CT) imaging is frequently obtained for recurrent abdominal pain after a prior emergency department (ED) evaluation. We evaluate the utility of repeat CT imaging following an indeterminate index CT in low-risk abdominal pain adult ED patients.An electronic search was designed for the patient-intervention-control-outcome-timing (PICOT) question: (P) adult patients with low-risk, recurrent, and previously undifferentiated atraumatic abdominal pain presenting to the ED after an index-negative CT within 12 months; (I) repeat CT versus (C) no repeat CT; for (O) abdominal surgery or other invasive procedure, mortality, identification of potentially life-threatening diagnosis, and hospital and intensive care unit admission rates; and return ED visit (T), all within 30 days. Four reviewers independently selected evidence for inclusion and then synthesized the results around the most prevalent themes of repeat CT timing, diagnostic yield, ionizing radiation exposure, and predictors of repetitive imaging.Although 637 articles and abstracts were identified, no direct evidence was found. Thirteen documents were synthesized as indirect evidence. None of the indirect evidence defined a low-risk subset of abdominal pain nor did investigators describe whether reimaging occurred for complaints similar to the initial ED evaluation. Included studies did not describe the index CT findings and some reported explanatory findings noted on the original CT for which repeat CTs might have been indicated. The time frame for a repeat CT ranged from hours to 1 year. The frequency of repeat CTs (2%-47%) varied across studies as did the yield of imaging to alter downstream clinical decision making (range = 5%-67%).Due to the absence of direct evidence our scoping review is unable to provide high-quality evidence-based recommendations upon which to confidently base an imaging practice guideline. There is no evidence to support or refute performing a CT for low-risk recurrent abdominal pain.

Background Recurrent abdominal pain in the emergency department (ED) might represent an opportunity for screening of depression and/or anxiety. Methods We systematically searched five databases for studies evaluating the effect of screening for depression and/or anxiety in ED patients with recurrent and undifferentiated abdominal pain. Given paucity of direct evidence, we also searched for indirect evidence including studies that assessed prevalence of depression and/or anxiety in EDs (not necessarily recurrent abdominal pain), diagnostic accuracy of screening tools, effectiveness of screening in other settings, and outcomes such as repeat ED visits of patients with abdominal pain who were screened in the ED. Two methodologists evaluated certainty in the evidence using the GRADE approach. Results A total of 4,337 citations were reviewed, and zero studies were found on the effect of screening in patients with recurrent and undifferentiated abdominal pain in the ED. A total of 35 studies were included as relevant indirect evidence. In studies of ED patients with abdominal pain, depression ranged from 10% to 29%, while anxiety ranged from 18% to 50%. False positives appear to be an issue given relatively low specificity of screening tools. One randomized trial including ED patients with vague symptoms evaluated the effect of depression screening on a composite outcome of depression recognition, psychiatric consultation, or referral by the emergency physician (risk ratio = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49 to 4.53, very low certainty). One study reported that patients with undifferentiated abdominal pain who screened positive for depression have had increased ED recidivism (odds ratio = 3.17, 95% CI = 1.14 to 8.85, very low certainty). Conclusions We were unable to identify any evidence that confirms that depression or anxiety screening in ED patients with recurrent and undifferentiated abdominal pain improves outcomes or changes management downstream.

Background Duplicated renal collecting system is a urological anomaly often found in pediatric patients. It is less commonly diagnosed in adulthood, particularly in a pregnant patient. Many point-of-care ultrasonography users may not be aware of this diagnosis, particularly in patients in the emergency department. It is important to recognize the duplicated system because in general, patients will often have hydronephrosis in only one renal pole rather than the entire kidney, which corresponds to an unequal renal function as documented on renal nuclear medicine functional scans. As a consequence, if the sonographer only identifies one ureter and incompletely visualizes the kidney, obstruction of one of the duplicated structures may be missed. Case Report We report 2 cases of duplicated ureter in patients in the emergency department who present with flank pain and urinary symptoms. Both patients were adult females, one pregnant, with duplicated ureter and severe right upper pole hydroureteronephrosis. The first patient was admitted for intravenous antibiotic therapy for pyelonephritis in pregnancy. The second was discharged with oral antibiotics and urgent urologic follow-up. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Duplicated ureter should be considered in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections or enuresis. Point-of-care ultrasonography users should note the differential hydronephrosis between upper and lower renal poles and may visualize duplicate or ectopic ureteronephrosis or ureterocele. Patients should be prescribed prophylactic antibiotics and have urgent urologic follow-up because the untreated condition can lead to irreversible renal damage.

Two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound (US) is operator dependent, requiring operator skill and experience to selectively identify and record planes of interest for subsequent interpretation. This limits the utility of US in settings in which expert sonographers are unavailable. Three-dimensional (3D) US acquisition of an anatomic target, which enables reconstruction of any plane through the acquired volume, might reduce operator dependence by providing any desired image plane for interpretation, without identification of target planes of interest at the time of acquisition. We applied a low-cost 3DUS technology because of the wider potential application compared with dedicated 3DUS systems. We chose second trimester fetal biometric parameters for study because of their importance in maternal-fetal health globally. We hypothesized that expert and novice interpretations of novice-acquired 3D volumes would not differ from each other nor from expert measurements of expert-acquired 2D images, the clinical reference standard.This was a prospective, blinded, observational study. Expert sonographers blinded to 3DUS volumes acquired 2DUS images of second trimester fetuses from 32 subjects, and expert readers performed interpretation, during usual care. A novice sonographer blinded to other clinical data acquired oriented 3DUS image volumes of the same subjects on the same date. Expert readers blinded to other data assessed placental location (PL), fetal presentation (FP), and amniotic fluid volume (AFV) in novice-acquired 3D volumes. Novice and expert raters blinded to other data independently measured biparietal diameter (BPD), humerus length (HL), and femur length (FL) for each fetus from novice-acquired 3D volumes. Corresponding gestational age (GA) estimates were calculated. Inter-rater reliability of measurements and GAs (expert 3D versus expert 2D, novice 3D versus expert 2D, and expert 3D versus novice 3D) were assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Mean inter-rater measurement differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.3D volume acquisition and reconstruction required mean 30.4 s (±5.7) and 70.0 s (±24.0), respectively. PL, FP, and AFV were evaluated from volumes for all subjects; mean time for evaluation was 16 s (±0.0). PL, FP, and AFV could be evaluated for all subjects. At least one biometric measurement was possible for 31 subjects (97%). Agreement between rater pairs for a composite of all measures was excellent (ICCs ≥ 0.95), and for individual measures was good to excellent (ICCs ≥ 0.75). Inter-rater differences were not significant (Expert and novice interpretations of novice-acquired 3DUS volumes of second trimester fetuses provided reliable biometric measures compared with expert interpretation of expert-acquired 2DUS images. 3DUS volume acquisition with a low-cost system may reduce operator dependence of ultrasound.

Acute changes in mental status represent a broad collection of symptoms used to describe disorders in mentation and level of arousal, including the more narrowly defined diagnoses of delirium and psychosis. A wide range of precipitating factors may be responsible for symptom onset including infection, intoxication, and metabolic disorders. Neurologic causes that may be detected on neuroimaging include stroke, traumatic brain injury, nonconvulsive seizure, central nervous system infection, tumors, hydrocephalus, and inflammatory disorders. Not infrequently, two or more precipitating factors may be found. Neuroimaging with CT or MRI is usually appropriate if the clinical suspicion for an acute neurological cause is high, where the cause of symptoms is not found on initial assessment, and for patients whose symptoms do not respond appropriately to management. There was disagreement regarding the appropriateness of neuroimaging in cases where a suspected, nonneurologic cause is found on initial assessment. Neuroimaging with CT is usually appropriate for patients presenting with delirium, although the yield may be low in the absence of trauma or a focal neurological deficit. Neuroimaging with CT or MRI may be appropriate in the evaluation of new onset psychosis, although the yield may be low in the absence of a neurologic deficit. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Injuries to the cervical and thoracolumbar spine are commonly encountered in trauma patients presenting for treatment. Cervical spine injuries occur in 3% to 4% and thoracolumbar fractures in 4% to 7% of blunt trauma patients presenting to the emergency department. Clear, validated criteria exist for screening the cervical spine in blunt trauma. Screening criteria for cervical vascular injury and thoracolumbar spine injury have less validation and widespread acceptance compared with cervical spine screening. No validated criteria exist for screening of neurologic injuries in the setting of spine trauma. CT is preferred to radiographs for initial assessment of spine trauma. CT angiography and MR angiography are both acceptable in assessment for cervical vascular injury. MRI is preferred to CT myelography for assessing neurologic injury in the setting of spine trauma. MRI is usually appropriate when there is concern for ligament injury or in screening obtunded patients for cervical spine instability. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Conventional two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound imaging is a powerful diagnostic tool in the hands of an experienced user, yet 2D ultrasound remains clinically underutilized and inherently incomplete, with output being very operator dependent. Volumetric ultrasound systems can more fully capture a three-dimensional (3D) region of interest, but current 3D systems require specialized transducers, are prohibitively expensive for many clinical departments, and do not register image orientation with respect to the patient; these systems are designed to provide improved workflow rather than operator independence. This work investigates whether it is possible to add volumetric 3D imaging capability to existing 2D ultrasound systems at minimal cost, providing a practical means of reducing operator dependence in ultrasound. In this paper, we present a low-cost method to make 2D ultrasound systems capable of quality volumetric image acquisition: we present the general system design and image acquisition method, including the use of a probe-mounted orientation sensor, a simple probe fixture prototype, and an offline volume reconstruction technique. We demonstrate initial results of the method, implemented using a Verasonics Vantage research scanner.

From the American College of Emergency Physicians Clinical Policies Subcommittee (Writing Committee) on Critical Issues in the Diagnosis and Management of the Adult Psychiatric Patient in the Emergency Department: Thomas W. Lukens, MD, PhD, (Chair) Stephen J. Wolf, MD Jonathan A. Edlow, MD Samina Shahabuddin, MD Michael H. Allen, MD, (American Association for Emergency Psychiatry) Glenn W. Currier, MD, MPH, (American Association for Emergency Psychiatry) Andy S. Jagoda, MD, (Chair, Clinical Policies Committee)

Study Objectives: Carotid ultrasound using dedicated 3D systems is more reproducible and better quantifies disease compared to 2D Doppler ultrasound, but 3D system costs limit access Low-cost point-of-care 3D ultrasound (POC 3DUS) can augment any 2D ultrasound This system previously had near-perfect agreement for fetal measurements between novice and expert operators We hypothesized that carotid assessment would not differ between novice-acquired 3DUS interpreted by novices and experts and CT angiography (CTA) interpreted by radiologists Methods: We adhered to STARD criteria Enrollment was by prospective convenience sample at a single medical center;any patient with recent/upcoming head and neck CTA was eligible 2D B mode US acquisitions used a linear probe coupled to a screen capture device or smartphone, plus an orientation sensor and 3D reconstruction software Scans were displayed as 2D stacks and intersecting cardinal planes (Figure) 3DUS were interpreted by medical students (novice), US fellowship trained emergency physicians, and radiologists (expert) CTAs were interpreted by neuroradiologists Readers described NASCET stenosis, plaque, intimal-medial thickness, and minimum luminal cross-sectional area Inter-reader reliability was measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)/kappa We determined a sample size of 50 subjects for ICC 0 7 (alpha 0 05, power 0 8) and kappa 0 8 3DUS sensitivity/specificity/LRs were estimated with CTA as the reference standard Anonymous patient satisfaction surveys were administered Results: Due to COVID-19, enrollment ended after 30 subjects (144 3DUS, 33 CTAs) Of the 60 arteries imaged, 21 had plaque on clinical CTA interpretation Analysis is still in process Mean 3DUS acquisition and reconstruction times were 13 1 sec (median 12 7, IQR 9 1-17 3) and 7 9 sec (med 8 0, IQR 5 0-10 3) Mean 3DUS interpretation time was 3m, 52s (med 3:06, IQR 2:14-4:49) for the first 497 3DUS reads 13 patient surveys were completed Mean subject willingness to repeat 3DUS was 8 1/10 (med 10, IQR 6 1-10) 2 subjects reported increased discomfort during the exam (mean change 0, med 0, IQR 0-0) 9 of 11 (81 8%) perceived a shorter scan time for 3DUS than for CTA, MRA, and/or 2DUS (2 declined to answer) CTA inter-reader agreement on plaque presence is 11/14 (0 79, 95% CI 0 52-0 92) Expert interpretations of the first 120 3DUS agreed on 55 (0 45, 95% CI 0 37-0 55), disagreed on 35 (0 29, 95% CI 0 22-0 38), and one or both readers were “unsure” on 30 (0 25, 95% CI 0 18-0 33) Of 90 3DUS where both readers answered with certainty, there was 61% raw agreement (95% CI 0 51-0 71) For the first 264 expert 3DUS interpretations, sensitivity is 0 77 (95% CI 0 66-0 87), specificity 0 59 (95% CI 0 50-0 67), +LR 0 47, -LR 0 84, using the original CTA read as reference standard (excluding 42 “unsure”) Conclusion: POC 3DUS is time-efficient with good patient satisfaction and promising sensitivity Potential applications include initial diagnostic evaluation for neurologic symptoms or carotid bruit in low-resource settings [Formula presented]

Older emergency department patients have high rates of serious illness and injury, are at high risk for side effects and adverse events from treatments and diagnostic tests, and in many cases, have nuanced goals of care in which pursuing the most aggressive approach is not desired. Although some forms of shared decision making (SDM) are commonly practiced by emergency physicians caring for older adults, broader use of SDM in this setting is limited by a lack of knowledge of the types of patients and conditions for which SDM is most helpful and the approaches and tools that can best facilitate this process. We describe a research agenda to generate new knowledge to optimize the use of SDM during the emergency care of older adults.

We have constructed simple and inexpensive models for ultrasound-guided procedural training using synthetic ballistic gelatin. These models are durable, leak resistant, and able to be shaped to fit a variety of simulation scenarios to teach procedures. They provide realistic tactile and sonographic training for our learners in a safe, idealized setting.

Injuries to the cervical and thoracolumbar spine are commonly encountered in trauma patients presenting for treatment. Cervical spine injuries occur in 3% to 4% and thoracolumbar fractures in 4% to 7% of blunt trauma patients presenting to the emergency department. Clear, validated criteria exist for screening the cervical spine in blunt trauma. Screening criteria for cervical vascular injury and thoracolumbar spine injury have less validation and widespread acceptance compared with cervical spine screening. No validated criteria exist for screening of neurologic injuries in the setting of spine trauma. CT is preferred to radiographs for initial assessment of spine trauma. CT angiography and MR angiography are both acceptable in assessment for cervical vascular injury. MRI is preferred to CT myelography for assessing neurologic injury in the setting of spine trauma. MRI is usually appropriate when there is concern for ligament injury or in screening obtunded patients for cervical spine instability. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Acute changes in mental status represent a broad collection of symptoms used to describe disorders in mentation and level of arousal, including the more narrowly defined diagnoses of delirium and psychosis. A wide range of precipitating factors may be responsible for symptom onset including infection, intoxication, and metabolic disorders. Neurologic causes that may be detected on neuroimaging include stroke, traumatic brain injury, nonconvulsive seizure, central nervous system infection, tumors, hydrocephalus, and inflammatory disorders. Not infrequently, two or more precipitating factors may be found. Neuroimaging with CT or MRI is usually appropriate if the clinical suspicion for an acute neurological cause is high, where the cause of symptoms is not found on initial assessment, and for patients whose symptoms do not respond appropriately to management. There was disagreement regarding the appropriateness of neuroimaging in cases where a suspected, nonneurologic cause is found on initial assessment. Neuroimaging with CT is usually appropriate for patients presenting with delirium, although the yield may be low in the absence of trauma or a focal neurological deficit. Neuroimaging with CT or MRI may be appropriate in the evaluation of new onset psychosis, although the yield may be low in the absence of a neurologic deficit. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

The number of allopathic emergency medicine (EM) programs has been progressively increasing over the years. In 2018, allopathic EM postgraduate year-1 spots, compared with 2012, increased by around 60% to reach 2278 positions. EM is considered a competitive specialty and therefore, in this article we help guide students interested in EM through the allopathic match requirements, application process, interviews, and ranking EM programs. Additionally, we tackle the combined emergency medicine residency programs, namely the combined EM-Family Medicine (FM), EM-Anesthesiology, EM-Internal Medicine (IM), EM-IM-Critical Care Medicine, and EM-Pediatrics residency programs. Finally, we explain the increased likelihood of matching with the single graduate medical education accreditation system expected to happen in the year 2020.

Ultrasound imaging has indications across many areas of medicine, but the need for training and the variability in skill and acquired image quality among 2-D ultrasound users have limited its wider adoption and utilization. Low-cost volumetric ultrasound with a known frame of reference has the potential to lower these operator-dependent barriers and enhance the clinical utility of ultrasound imaging. In this paper, we improve upon our previous research-scanner-based prototype to implement a versatile volumetric imaging platform for existing clinical 2-D ultrasound systems. We present improved data acquisition and image reconstruction schemes to increase quality, streamline workflow, and provide real-time visual feedback. We present initial results using the platform on a Vimedix simulator, as well as on phantom and in vivo targets using a variety of clinical ultrasound systems and probes.

When children present with head trauma, as with any imaging examination, it is necessary to consider the risks, costs, and benefits of testing. In many instances of pediatric head trauma, imaging studies are used for “confirming” or “excluding” certain diagnoses.[1][1] However, imaging tests

Conventional 2D Doppler ultrasound is a valuable screening tool for early detection of cardiovascular disease, including aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (AA) and stenosis of the carotid artery (CA). However, vascular ultrasound screening rates remain low and vary widely among physicians, due to the need for a skilled sonographer, equipment costs and scan time. We have recently developed a low-cost method to acquire 3D B-mode images using existing 2D clinical ultrasound systems, and 3D Doppler is a necessary feature for the application of this technology in vascular screening. Volumetric 3D Doppler ultrasound could enable faster scans by untrained users, and while 3D Doppler is available on some high-end systems, these are prohibitively expensive for deployment at the point-of-care. We demonstrate a fast and reliable method to enable comprehensive 3D Doppler acquisition using low-cost, peripheral hardware.

Volumetric 3D ultrasound captures a region of interest more completely than cross-sectional 2D imaging, but 3D implementation has been limited. Mechanical wobbler and matrix-array probes can do 3D imaging, but these probes tend to be bulky and/or expensive, and precise orientation of the image with respect to the patient is not measured. In this work, we present a method of acquiring volumetric 3D ultrasound images with known patient orientation by utilizing a low-cost sensor. This method enables 3D imaging with any 2D imaging probe; this versatile and practical approach may increase the clinical utilization of 3D ultrasound.

BACKGROUND Patients are being exposed to increasing levels of ionizing radiation, much of it from computed tomography (CT) scans. METHODS Adults without a cancer diagnosis who received 10 or more CT scans in 2010 were identified from North Carolina Medicaid claims data and were sent a letter in July 2011 informing them of their radiation exposure; those who had undergone 20 or more CT scans in 2010 were also telephoned. The CT scan exposure of these high-exposure patients during the 12 months following these interventions was compared with that of adult Medicaid patients without cancer who had at least 1 CT scan but were not in the intervention population. RESULTS The average number of CT scans per month for the high-exposure population decreased over time, but most of that reduction occurred 6-9 months before our interventions took place. At about the same time, the number of CT scans per month also decreased in adult Medicaid patients without cancer who had at least 1 CT scan but were not in the intervention population. LIMITATIONS Our data do not include information about CT scans that may have been performed during times when patients were not covered by Medicaid. Some of our letters may not have been received or understood. Some high-exposure patients were unintentionally excluded from our study because organization of data on Medicaid claims varies by setting of care. CONCLUSION Our patient education intervention was not temporally associated with significant decreases in subsequent CT exposure. Effecting behavior change to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation requires more than an educational letter or telephone call.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the frequency with which emergency physicians involved in residency leadership disclose potential malignancy risks from computed tomography (CT), assess comfort with these discussions, and evaluate factors influencing risk disclosure. We surveyed emergency medicine residency program directors and associate/assistant directors. Primary outcome was the proportion who “almost always” or “most of the time” discussed potential risks. Two hundred and seventy-four (50.6%) of 542 eligible physicians responded. There were 82.1% (95% CI 76.8%, 86.6%) who reported almost always or most of the time discussing potential risks for patients ≤18 years; proportions for adults 19–40, 41–65, and >65 years were 50.6% (95% CI 44.4, 56.7%), 20.7% (95% CI 16.0, 26.0%), and 5.2% (95% CI 2.9, 8.5%), respectively (test for trend, p

This article is a 2-part series about patients with aortic emergencies. Patients with acute aortic disease who present to the emergency department represent some of the highest acuity patients that emergency clinicians will ever encounter in acute care settings. Part 1 focuses on aortic aneurysms in the thorax or abdomen. An aortic aneurysm involves transverse dilatation, leading to rupture and hemorrhage. Diagnosis is largely based on clinical presentation and carefully selected imaging studies. Emergency interventions are guided by whether or not the patient is hypertensive or in shock. For patients in shock, attention should focus on restoring intravascular volume while not generating excessive blood pressure. Open surgical intervention or endovascularly placed stent grafting should then be expedited. Both options are not without complications, most commonly being stroke, paraplegia, and death. Part 2 will explore aortic dissection.

Study objective Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used for emergency department (ED) patients with abdominal tenderness. CT-related radiation contributes to 2% of US cancers. We hypothesized that in the ED patient with nontraumatic abdominal tenderness, the tender region accurately delineates acute pathology. z axis–restricted CT guided by this region could detect pathology while reducing radiation dose. Methods This was a prospective double-blinded observational trial with informed consent and was institutional review board–approved and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. A convenience sample of ED patients undergoing abdominal CT was recruited, excluding pregnant women, patients with altered mental status or abdominal sensation, preverbal children, and patients with abdominal trauma or surgery in the previous month. Before standard CT, physicians demarcated the tender region with labels invisible to radiologists on abdominal windows. Radiologists blinded to the tender region recorded cephalad-caudad limits of pathology on CT. Personnel blinded to pathology location recorded label positions on lung windows. Two hypothetical CT strategies were then explored: CT restricted to the tender region and CT from the cephalad skin marker to the lower caudad limit of the usual CT. The percentage of the pathologic region contained within the extent of the 2 hypothetical z axis restricted CTs was calculated. z axis reduction, which is linearly related to radiation reduction, from the restricted CTs was determined. Results One hundred two subjects were enrolled, 93 with complete data for analysis. Fifty-one subjects had acute pathology on CT. CT limited to the tender region would reduce z axis (radiation exposure) by 69% (95% confidence interval [CI] 60% to 78%). All acute pathology was included within these boundaries in 17 of the 51 abnormal cases (33%; 95% CI 22% to 47%). CT from the cephalad marker through the caudad abdomen and pelvis would reduce z axis (radiation exposure) by 38% (95% CI 29% to 48%). All acute pathology was included within these boundaries in 36 of 51 abnormal cases (71%; 95% CI 57% to 81%). With both strategies 1 and 2, the pathologic region was at least partially included within the CT region in the majority of cases (84% and 92%, respectively). Conclusion CT with z axis restriction based on abdominal tenderness could reduce radiation exposure but with a potentially unacceptably high rate of misdiagnosis, using our current methods. Further prospective study may be warranted to determine the diagnostic utility of partially visualized pathology.

CT scan utilization in the pediatric emergency department (ED) has dramatically increased in recent years. This likely reflects the improved diagnostic capability of CT, as well as its wider availability. However, the utility of CT is tempered by the high radiation exposure to patients as well as cost. In this review we will consider the magnitude of changes in CT use in the pediatric ED, and we will examine some of the driving forces behind these increases. In addition, we will consider strategies to limit growth in CT scan utilization or even result in reductions in CT use in the future. These strategies include better physician and patient education, application of existing clinical decision rules to reduce CT utilization and development of new rules, technical alterations in CT protocols to reduce per-exam exposures, use of alternative imaging modalities such as US and MRI that do not expose patients to ionizing radiation, and expanded use of clinical observation in place of immediate diagnostic imaging. Reform of liability laws might alleviate another driving force behind high CT utilization rates. Protocols must be designed to maximize patient safety by limiting radiation exposures while preserving rapid and accurate diagnosis of time-sensitive conditions.

Computed tomography (CT) is the diagnostic standard in Emergency Department evaluation of suspected renal colic but delivers substantial radiation. We determined the frequency of CT scan in suspected renal colic, diagnosis and outcome, and cumulative CT scans per patient. A retrospective chart review with waiver of informed consent was conducted. A total of 356 patient encounters were reviewed from January to October 2003. Mean age was 39 years. Seventy-four percent included a CT scan, with 38% normal, 58% showing urolithiasis, and 1% showing emergent etiologies. Six percent of patients undergoing CT were admitted for urolithiasis, and 6% had a urologic procedure within 7 days. Sixteen percent of patients did not have a CT scan, and 79% underwent two or more CT scans. Emergency Department patients presenting with symptoms suggesting renal colic are likely to undergo CT on multiple occasions. Radiation exposures from repeated CT scans are substantial, and a clinical decision rule for this scenario is needed.

Back pain in the elderly is a complex chief complaint, because numerous life-threatening or disabling conditions may present with signs and symptoms similar to those of more benign disease processes. An understanding of the limitations of physical examination and history distinguishing dangerous from benign causes is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and patient morbidity or mortality. This article describes the presentation and evaluation of dangerous causes of back pain, including vascular catastrophes, spinal cord compression syndromes, and infectious diseases. Less emergent musculoskeletal injuries are discussed briefly.

Emergency department (ED) computed tomography (CT) use has increased substantially in recent years, resulting in increased radiation exposure for patients. Few studies have assessed which parties contribute to CT ordering in the ED. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of CT scans ordered due to explicit requests by various stakeholders in ED patient care. This is a prospective, observational study performed at three university hospital EDs. CT scans ordered during research assistant hours were eligible for inclusion. Attending emergency physicians (EPs) completed standardized data forms to indicate all parties who had explicitly requested that a specific CT be performed. Forms were completed before the CT results were known in order to minimize bias. Data were obtained from 77 EPs regarding 944 CTs. The parties most frequently requesting CTs were attending EPs (82.0 %, 95 % CI 79.4-84.3), resident physicians (28.6 %, 95 % CI 25.8-31.6), consulting physicians (24.4 %, 95 % CI 21.7-27.2), and admitting physicians (3.9 %, 95 % CI 2.9-5.4). In the 168 instances in which the attending EP did not explicitly request the CT, requests most commonly came from consulting physicians (51.2 %, 95 % CI 43.7-58.6), resident physicians in the ED (39.9 %, 95 % CI 32.8-47.4), and admitting physicians (8.9 %, 95 % CI 5.5-14.2). EPs were the sole party requesting CT in 46.2 % of cases while multiple parties were involved in 39.0 %. Patients, families, and radiologists were uncommon sources of such requests. Emergency physicians requested the majority of CTs, though nearly 20 % were actually not desired by them. Admitting, consulting, and resident physicians in the ED were important contributors to CT utilization.

Computed tomography (CT) scanning is an essential diagnostic tool and has revolutionized care of patients in the acute care setting. However, there is widespread agreement that overutilization of CT, where benefits do not exceed possible costs or harms, is occurring. The goal was to seek consensus in identifying and prioritizing research questions and themes that involve the comparative effectiveness of "traditional" CT use versus alternative diagnostic strategies in the acute care setting. A modified Delphi technique was used that included input from emergency physicians, emergency radiologists, medical physicists, and an industry expert to achieve this.