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Indonesia merupakan negara yang menganut sistem demokrasi sehingga kehidupan demokrasi tidak pernah lepas dari kehidupan bernegara. Sistem demokrasi yang ideal adalah sistem demokrasi yang mampu menjembatani masyarakat dengan pemerintahan. Salah satu bentuk kontribusi masyarakat terhadap proses pemerintahan negara adalah menyatakan kritik terhadap pemerintah. Di era digital ini, penyampaian kritik dapat dilakukan tidak hanya melalui media verbal, tetapi dapat dilakukan melalui media sosial. Meskipun media sosial dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk menyampaikan kritik terhadap pemerintah, polemik mengenai UU ITE masih menjadi pertimbangan untuk menyampaikan kritik karena adanya beberapa aturan dalam UU ITE yang menjadi alasan absensi mereka. Hal-hal tersebut mendorong kami untuk melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut terhadap mahasiswa sebagai bagian dari insan akademik yang sering menyampaikan opini atau kritik mereka dalam upaya demokrasi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini didasari dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat partisipasi mahasiswa dalam mengemukakan kritik terhadap pemerintah di media sosial. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode penelitian kuantitatif melalui penyebaran kuesioner untuk melakukan survei dalam jangka waktu satu minggu. Diketahui bahwa ternyata mahasiswa lebih memilih media sosial sebagai media penyampaian kritik, tetapi mahasiswa hampir tidak pernah menyampaikan kritik karena UU ITE masih menjadi pertimbangan mereka. Meskipun begitu, mahasiswa tetap menyetujui pemberlakuan UU ITE dalam penyampaian kritik terhadap mahasiswa di media sosial. Kata Kunci : demokrasi ; kritik ; media sosial ; UU ITE ; kuesioner Abstract Indonesia is a country that adheres to a democratic system so that democratic life is never separated from state life. The ideal democratic system is a democratic system that can bridge the community with the government. One form of community contribution to the process of state governance is to express criticism of the government. In this digital era, the delivery of criticism can be done not only through verbal media but can be done through social media. Although social media can be used as a medium to convey criticism of the government, the polemic regarding the ITE Law is still a consideration for conveying criticism because several rules in the ITE Law are the reason for their absence. These things encourage us to conduct further research on students as part of academic people who often express their opinions or criticisms in the efforts of democracy in Indonesia. This research is based on the aim of knowing the level of student participation in expressing criticism of the government on social media. This research was conducted using quantitative research methods through distributing questionnaires to survey within one week. It is known that it turns out that students prefer social media as a medium for delivering criticism, but students rarely express criticism because the ITE Law is still their consideration. Even so, students still agree with the implementation of the ITE Law in conveying criticisms of students on social media. Keywords: Democracy; Criticism; social media; ITE Act; questionnaire

We consider estimating the magnitude of a monochromatic AC signal that couples to a two-level sensor. For any detection protocol, the precision achieved depends on the signal's frequency and can be quantified by the quantum Fisher information. To study limitations in broadband sensing, we introduce the integrated quantum Fisher information and derive inequality bounds that embody fundamental tradeoffs in any sensing protocol. These inequalities show that sensitivity in one frequency range must come at a cost of reduced sensitivity elsewhere. For many protocols, including those with small phase accumulation and those consisting of $\pi$-pulses, we find the integrated Fisher information scales linearly with $T$. We also find protocols with substantial phase accumulation can have integrated QFI that grows quadratically with $T$, which is optimal. These protocols may allow the very rapid detection of a signal with unknown frequency over a very wide bandwidth.

We study the holographic realization of optimized correlation measures -- measures of quantum correlation that generalize elementary entropic formulas -- in two-dimensional thermal states dual to spacetimes with a black hole horizon. We consider the symmetric bipartite optimized correlation measures: the entanglement of purification, Q-correlation, R-correlation, and squashed entanglement, as well as the mutual information, a non-optimized correlation measure, and identify the bulk surface configurations realizing their geometric duals over the parameter space of boundary region sizes and the black hole radius. This parameter space is divided into phases associated with given topologies for these bulk surface configurations, and first-order phase transitions occur as a new topology of bulk surfaces becomes preferred. The distinct phases can be associated with different degrees of correlation between the boundary regions and the thermal environment. The Q-correlation has the richest behavior, with a structure of nested optimizations leading to two topologically distinct bulk surface configurations being equally valid as geometric duals at generic points in the phase diagram., 29 pages, 25 figures

Recent shifts to microservice-based architectures and the supporting servicemesh radically disrupt the landscape of performance-oriented management tasks. While the adoption of frameworks like Istio and Kubernetes ease the management and organization of such systems, they do not themselves provide strong observability. Microservice observability requires diverse, highly specialized, and often adaptive, metrics and algorithms to monitor both the health of individual services and the larger application. However, modern metrics collection frameworks are relatively static and rigid. We introduce ViperProbe, an eBPF-based microservices collection framework that provides (1) dynamic sampling and (2) collection of deep, diverse, and precise system metrics. Viper-Probe builds on the observation that the adoption of a common set of design patterns, e.g., servicemesh, enables offline analysis. By examining the performance profile of these patterns before deploying on production, ViperProbe can effectively reduce the set of collected metrics, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of those metrics. To the best of our knowledge, ViperProbe is the first scalable eBPF-based dynamic and adaptive microservices metrics collection framework. Our results show ViperProbe has limited overhead, while significantly more effective for traditional management tasks, e.g., horizontal autoscaling.

We explore ways to quantify multipartite correlations, in quantum information and in holography. We focus on optimized correlation measures, linear combinations of entropies minimized over all possible purifications of a state that satisfy monotonicity conditions. These contain far more information about correlations than entanglement entropy alone. We present a procedure to derive such quantities, and construct a menagerie of symmetric optimized correlation measures on three parties. These include tripartite generalizations of the entanglement of purification, the squashed entanglement, and the recently introduced Q-correlation and R-correlation. Some correlation measures vanish only on product states, and thus quantify both classical and quantum correlations; others vanish on any separable state, capturing quantum correlations alone. We then use a procedure motivated by the surface-state correspondence to construct holographic duals for the correlation measures as linear combinations of bulk surfaces. The geometry of the surfaces can preserve, partially break, or fully break the symmetry of the correlation measure. The optimal purification is encoded in the locations of certain points, whose locations are fixed by constraints on the areas of combinations of surfaces. This gives a new concrete connection between information theoretic quantities evaluated on a boundary state and detailed geometric properties of its dual., 29 pages, 16 figures; v2: added references and more discussion of generalized squashed entanglements

Recent developments have exposed close connections between quantum information and holography. In this paper, we explore the geometrical interpretations of the recently introduced $Q$-correlation and $R$-correlation, $E_Q$ and $E_R$. We find that $E_Q$ admits a natural geometric interpretation via the surface-state correspondence: it is a minimal mutual information between a surface region $A$ and a cross-section of $A$'s entanglement wedge with $B$. We note a strict trade-off between this minimal mutual information and the symmetric side-channel assisted distillable entanglement from the environment $E$ to $A$, $I^{ss}(E\rangle A)$. We also show that the $R$-correlation, $E_R$, coincides holographically with the entanglement wedge cross-section. This further elucidates the intricate relationship between entanglement, correlations, and geometry in holographic field theories., 12 pages, 5 figures. v2: typos and minor corrections, references added

Acroangiodermatitis (AAD), also known as pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma, is a rare benign vascular proliferation mainly of the extremities. It is characterized by violaceous patches or plaques resembling Kaposi sarcoma. The term pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma encompasses 2 variants of acroangiodermatitis: Mali type and Stewart-Bluefarb syndrome (SBS). Mali-type AAD is more common and is associated with chronic venous hypertension, while SBS is more rare and is associated with arteriovenous malformations and iatrogenic arteriovenous fistulae. We report 2 patients, representing each type of AAD.

How can we characterize different types of correlation between quantum systems? Since correlations cannot be generated locally, we take any real function of a multipartite state which cannot increase under local operations to measure a correlation. Correlation measures that can be expressed as an optimization of a linear combination of entropies are particularly useful, since they can often be interpreted operationally. We systematically study such optimized linear entropic functions, and by enforcing monotonicity under local processing we identify four cones of correlation measures for bipartite quantum states. This yields two new optimized measures of bipartite quantum correlation that are particularly simple, which have the additional property of being additive., Comment: 6 pages, 2 tables

Discogenic pain is a known cause of low back pain (LBP). There are several proposed minimally invasive treatments in the literature including: percutaneous laser disc decompression, multiple radiofrequency thermocoagulation/ablative techniques, and intradiscal injection of varying medications. The body of literature suffers significantly from patient heterogeneity due to a lack of stringent inclusion criteria. Additional concerns in the literature include random follow-up times, variability in reported results, and non-reproducibility of findings. Collectively, these flaws significantly limit the conclusions that can be made regarding treating those with suspected discogenic pain. Despite this, the article will review the published literature to date on the interventional procedures for patients with suspected discogenic LBP.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating chronic pain disorder that is often resistant to traditional treatments and has long-term financial and emotional consequences. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has gained popularity over the last few decades for treating many types of chronic pain, and has been shown to significantly improve pain and quality of life in CRPS. Different variations of SCS, including burst and high-frequency stimulation, are equally as effective at reducing pain in patients with CRPS and can achieve this result at subsensory threshold levels. A promising new approach in neuromodulation is dorsal root ganglion stimulation, which is a technique that allows for more precise pain relief in areas that were previously difficult to reach. Advancements in both research and technology have helped make SCS a mainstay in the treatment of CRPS.

Objective To determine if intra-articular (IA) injection of corticosteroids is effective in reducing the need for radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in those with dual comparative medial branch block (MBB)-confirmed lumbar z-joint pain. Design This was a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Setting Two academic medical centers. Subjects Fifty-six consecutive subjects who had ≥80% pain relief during an initial screening MBB were recruited. Methods Patients received a second confirmatory MBB and concurrent IA injection of either corticosteroid or saline per randomization. Twenty-nine of 56 received intra-articular corticosteroid (triamcinolone 20 mg), of whom 24 also had a positive confirmatory MBB per Spine Interventional Society guidelines, with ≥80% pain relief from both MBBs. Twenty-seven of 56 received IA saline into the z-joint during the confirmatory MBB, of whom 22 also had a positive confirmatory MBB. The primary outcome measure was the categorical need for RFA due to insufficient pain relief with intra-articular injection, and the secondary outcome was time to RFA. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the need for an RFA between the groups (16/24 steroid, 67%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 47-82%) vs 15/22 saline (68%, 95% CI = 47-84%, P = 1.00). The average time to RFA was also not different, at 6.00 weeks for steroids vs 6.55 weeks for saline (P = 0.82). Conclusions Intra-articular corticosteroids were not effective in reducing the need for or the time to a radiofrequency ablation of the medial branches in those with dual MBB-confirmed lumbar z-joint pain.

The utility of electrodiagnostic testing for spine pathologies varies based on the underlying suspected pathology. This article reviews the data on electrodiagnostic testing for common spine pathologies, with a specific focus on the prognostic data with regard to treatment outcomes. This information is placed into context of diagnostic confidence, which is derived from the combination of disease prevalence and the sensitivity and specificity of a test.

Introduction The objectives of this study were to determine normal reference values for ultrasonographic measurement of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the axillary nerve and to standardize the measurement methods. Methods Sixty healthy volunteers were evaluated. Ultrasonography was performed with the shoulder positioned in 100°-120° abduction and 90° external rotation. The CSA of the axillary nerve was measured bilaterally. Results The normal CSA of the right axillary nerve was 2.9 ± 1.1 mm2 . The side-to-side discrepancy was 22.8% ± 17.8%. Discussion These reference values may be helpful for investigating pathologies involving the axillary nerve.

Spinal pathology is a common source of pain. Epidural injections are frequently utilized to treat spine-based pain. There are several routes of epidural injection including the caudal, interlaminar, and transforaminal approaches. The final needle position for these various routes of injection varies significantly, even when the same underlying pathology is targeted. This has lead to vigorous debate regarding the ideal approach for these common procedures. The goal of this article is to discuss the recent literature regarding the outcomes of the various epidural routes in the lumbar spine.

Background context The prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study design is essential in the interventional spine literature to truly evaluate whether or not a procedure is effective. Purpose This article will critically evaluate the highest quality interventional spine literature with strict interpretation of the results of these trials. Study design Review article. Methods Extensive Medline/Pubmed searches and searches of the large review articles on the major interventional spine topics were performed to find all prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in the English language interventional spine literature. Results Fluoroscopically-guided lumbosacral transforaminal epidural corticosteroid injections are effiective in the treatment of acute/subacute lumbosacral radicular pain, and in preventing future surgeries. Injection of corticosteroid or Sarapin on the cervical or lumbar medical branch nerves is not effective. When done with proper technique, percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar and cervial medial branch neurotomy are both effective. Intraarticular sacrociliac joint corticosteroid injections are effective in patients with spondyloarthropathy. IDET is modestly effective in the treatment of lumbosacral discogenic pain in carefully selected patients. Percutaneous radio frequency neurotomy of the ramus communicans is effective in the treatment of lumbosacral discogenic pain. No firm conclusions can be drawn about cervical epidural corticosteroid injections, lumbosacral epidural corticosteroid injections for the treatment of chronic radicular pain, cervical or lumbosacral intraarticular zygapophysial joint corticosteroid injections for the treatment of degenerative zygapophysial joint pain, or intradiscal corticosteroid injections. Conclusions The prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in the interventional spine literature demonstrate efficacy from several different procedures when properly performed on appropriate patients. Other procedures have been shown to lack efficacy, while inconclusive evidence exists from multiple other interventional spine procedures. Further details are discussed in the text.

The role of corticosteroids in the treatment of radiculopathy from a disc herniation is to provide temporary improvement of the disabling symptoms while the condition resolves. In addition, corticosteroids provide neuroprotective effects on the involved nerve roots. Early studies of corticosteroids for radiculopathy contained multiple methodological flaws and failed to demonstrate consistent results. Since each of these studies used inaccurate and less effective injection techniques, their results do not apply to current practice. More recent studies with better designs and more precise injection techniques have shown epidural corticosteroid injections to be an effective treatment for radiculopathy from herniated nucleus pulposus. The literature on systemic corticosteroids remains limited.

Background In April 2014, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Drug Safety Communication requesting that corticosteroid labeling include warnings that injection of corticosteroids into the epidural space of the spine may result in rare but serious adverse events, including loss of vision, stroke, paralysis, and death. Results The International Spine Intervention Society spearheaded a collaboration of more than a dozen other medical societies in submitting the letter below to the FDA on November 7, 2014. We are publishing the letter to ensure that the readership of Pain Medicine is aware of the multisociety support for the safety and effectiveness of these procedures. A special note of thanks to all of the societies who signed on in support of the message.

Objective To quantitatively evaluate interval magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes in disc morphology following plasma-mediated percutaneous discectomy. Design/Setting A retrospective comparison of pretreatment and posttreatment MRIs at a single university spine clinic. Subjects From a group of 60 consecutively treated patients, 15 met the study inclusion and exclusion criteria. All had either failed treatment or had other clinical reasons for a posttreatment MRI. Methods Two independent physicians electronically measured disc protrusion size and disc height at the treatment discs and adjacent discs on pre- and posttreatment MRI scans. Additionally, images were compared for gross anatomic changes including disc degeneration by Pfirrman classification, new disc herniations, high intensity zone (HIZ), vertebral endplate changes, post-contrast enhancement, and changes in segmental alignment. Pearson r correlation was used to determine interobserver reliability between the two physicians' MRI measurements. Paired t-tests were calculated for comparisons of pre- and posttreatment MRI measurements, and an ANOVA was performed for comparison of pre- to posttreatment changes in disc height measurements at treatment levels relative to adjacent levels. Results Correlation was high for measurement of disc height change (r = 0.89; P

Background: Epidural steroid injections are commonly-performed procedures used to treat several spinal conditions. Traditionally, these procedures have been performed without image guidance. However, a large number of blindly-performed injections are inaccurate with needle placement outside the epidural space. The purpose of the current article was to review the data on inaccuracy rates of non-image guided epidural injections. Results and Conclusions: 9-52% of non-image guided caudal epidural injections are outside the epidural space. 7-30% on non-image guided lumbar interlaminar epidural injections is outside the epidural space.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the efficacy of microdebrider intracapsular tonsillectomy (MT) as a treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sleep disordered breathing. Study Design: A retrospective study evaluating polysomnogram outcomes for 26 patients who had undergone MT by a sole surgeon (M.G.) for OSA. Methods: Chart review of patients who underwent polysomnograms pre- and post-adenotonsillectomy. This study represents a single pediatric otolaryngologist's experience at two tertiary care medical centers (Children's Memorial Hospital and Evanston Hospital) in the greater Chicago area. Results: Statistically significant improvement of both the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and apnea index with P < .0001. All 26 children in the cohort had improved AHI scores following intracapsular tonsillectomy. Statistical analysis was performed using a P value < .05, which was significant. Conclusions: MT is an effective means of treating obstructive sleep apnea. Because of its favorable surgical outcomes and minimal morbidity, an increasing number of studies have found MT to be an excellent option for the surgical management of adenotonsillar hypertrophy in pediatric patients with OSA.

Background: Complications reported from percutaneous disc decompression (PDD) include discitis, anaphylaxis (with chemonucleolysis), instability, increased back pain, and reherniation. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report of epidural fibrosis occurring with any of the many types of PDD. Objective: To document a case of epidural fibrosis following PDD with coblation technology (Nucleoplasty), a previously unreported complication of this procedure. Design: Case report. Methods: Details are presented on a 46-year-old man’s history, diagnostic test results, treatments, and progression of his symptoms. Results: Following PDD with coblation technology at L5-S1, the patient noticed improvement in his left lower extremity radicular symptoms and low back pain. He continued to improve over the following week to near complete relief. He resumed his normal activities. Three months post treatment, he experienced a recurrence of his radicular pain with a diminished left Achilles reflex. A subsequent MRI showed improvement of the previous left paracentral protrusion at L5-S1 along with a new contrast enhancing soft tissue mass. This mass, consistent with epidural fibrosis, was located in the left antero-lateral spinal canal and encased the left S1 nerve root. On the patient’s next follow-up visit, he reported spontaneous resolution in his symptoms. He had stopped all pain medications and returned to his usual activities. Conclusion: This case is the first reported occurrence of epidural fibrosis following percutaneous lumbar disc decompression. Key words: Epidural, fibrosis, nucleoplasty, percutaneous disc decompression.