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Aim: The aim of the study was to assess and evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) with calcium hydroxide in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: Using the broth microdilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of calcium hydroxide and CSNPs were measured. The antibiofilm effect of calcium hydroxide and CSNPs against E. faecalis biofilm was qualitatively analyzed using a crystal violet assay. A 7-day-old biofilms of E. faecalis grown on dentine discs were assigned to the following three groups (n = 11 dentine discs), normal saline (group I), calcium hydroxide (group II), and CSNPs (group III). Quantification of live and dead cells using confocal microscopy was done to evaluate the antibiofilm efficacy of the medicaments included in the study. Results: MIC of calcium hydroxide and CSNPs against E. faecalis was observed at 2.5 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. MBC of calcium hydroxide and CSNPs was observed at 2.5 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. Using Crystal Violet (CV) assay, calcium hydroxide and CSNPs showed biofilm inhibition at concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL and 0.625 mg/mL, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis found that both calcium hydroxide and CSNPs showed a significant decrease in viable cells at their MBC values compared to the control group's normal saline. CSNPs showed a significantly lower percentage of live cells than calcium hydroxide (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study results reveal that the antimicrobial efficacy of CSNPs is better than calcium hydroxide and normal saline against E. faecalis biofilm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animal husbandry is of utmost concern as it has resulted in therapeutic failure. Recently the incidence of multiple drug resistance in E. coli has been increased worldwide which is associated with various illnesses. In this study total 160 clinical samples comprising 80 mastitic milk and 80 diarrhoeic faecal samples of cattle and buffaloes were collected from Ambedkar Nagar and Barabanki districts. The E. coli isolates were confirmed following standard biochemical tests and PCR analysis using species specific primer which revealed 101 (63.12%) confirmed E. coli isolates. Occurrence of E. coli was observed 45.0%, 82.5% in cattle and 35.0% and 90.0% in buffalo of mastitic milk and diarrhoeic faeces samples respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity test of confirmed isolates was done to study the resistance pattern which revealed 66.7% to 100% resistance against 3rd generation cephalosporin and 100% sensitivity against aminoglycosides and polypeptides. In this study total 70.29% isolates were identified as MDR, which comprised of 53.12% in mastitis milk and 78.0% in diarrhoeic faecal samples. Maximum 17 isolates showed resistance against 7 antibiotics while 2 isolates showed resistance against 13 antibiotics. This is an alarming situation for human and animal population as agriculture and animal husbandry is main occupation of the residents of this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhoea due to E. coli and Rotavirus is very common in animals including goats especially in kids. The present study was done with aim to explore pathological changes in intestine of goats naturally affected with E. coli and Rotavirus in Eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. The post-mortem examination of dead goats with history of diarrhea was done and intestinal samples were collected and preserved in 10% buffered formalin. Grossly, intestine showed only congestion and mild to moderate haemorrhage. Microscopically intestine revealed desquamation of epithelial cells and necrosis of crypts, villous atrophy, stunting of villi and edema in lamina propria. Moderate to severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in mucosal layer, engorged capillaries in mucosa of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were also seen. In some cases, there were complete architectural loss of mucosal layer. Areas of vacuolar degeneration of epithelial lining at tip of villi were also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perforation repair materials should have excellent sealing ability and dislodgement resistance. While several materials have been employed for perforation repair, newer calcium-silicate materials, such as Biodentine and TheraCal LC, have shown promising outcomes. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different irrigants on the dislodgement resistance of Biodentine and TheraCal LC when used for perforation repair in simulated conditions. Methods and Material: 3% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 17% EDTA were evaluated for their effect on the dislodgement resistance of Biodentine and TheraCal LC. 48 permanent mandibular molars were selected for the study. The samples were divided into two groups: Group I -- Biodentine and Group II -- TheraCal LC, with 24 samples each. Statistical Analysis: The mean dislodgement resistance and standard deviation of Group I (Biodentine) and Group II (TheraCal LC) were compared and Failure pattern analysis was done. Results: Biodentine showed a significant decrease in push-out bond strength after contact with 3% NaOCl, 2% CHX, and 17% EDTA whereas, TheraCal LC showed no significant decrease in push-out bond strength after exposure to 3% NaOCl, 2% CHX, and 17% EDTA. Conclusions: Overall, TheraCal LC can be considered good perforation repair material with excellent physical and biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among enterobacteria E. coli and Klebsiella spp. are of great concern in health care settings, as these bacteria sometimes may contaminate the milk due to unhygienic practices and poor udder condition which have been associated with various illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the carbapenem resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp. of bovine milk origin with regard to the risk of human transfer via the food chain in community. Methods: Total 240 samples were collected from Ayodhya and Sultanpur districts of Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh (India). Confirmation of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates was done by using species specific uidA and 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Then, carbapenemase positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were confirmend by DDST, MBL E-strip test and PCR analysis by targeting (bla-NDM, bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC). Antibiogram of all carbapenemase positive isolates was performed against 20 antibiotics of 12 different classes. XResult: In the present study, total 74(30.83%) isolates were identified including 55(22.92%) E. coli and 19(7.92%) Klebsiella spp. by PCR, out of which 12(16.21%) isolates were confirmed as carbapenemase producers comprising 7(12.72%) E. coli and 5(26.31%) Klebsiella spp by DDST and E-strip. All carbapenemase positive E. coli were found 100% sensitive to polymyxin-B and chloramphenicol, while all Klebsiella spp. were 100% sensitive to amikacin and polymyxin-B. Resistance against imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriazone, aztreonam and ampicillin ranged between 80.0%-100%. All carbapenemase positive isolates were found multidrug resistant. Carbapenemase genes bla-NDM and bla-KPC were detected in E. coli while bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC were detected in Klebsiella spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) is an aromatic, herbaceous, perennial plant commonly known as wormwood. Artemisia absinthium is traditionally used as an anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic and for bacillary dysentery, cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: The essential oil composition of the leaves of A. absinthium growing in the Western Ghats region of North West Karnataka, India, is investigated for the first time in this region and the oil was screened for antimicrobial properties. Materials and methods: The chemical composition of the hydro-distilled essential oil obtained from the leaves of A. absinthium was analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The oil was tested against five Gram positive and, eight Gram negative bacteria and three fungi by the tube-dilution method at a concentration range of 5000-9 µg/mL. Results: Results demonstrated that the leave oil was found to be rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (39.7% and 41.1%). The major compounds were borneol (18.7% and16.7%), methyl hinokiate (11.9% and 12.9%), isobornyl acetate (4.0% and 4.7%), β-gurjunene (3.8% and 4.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.7% and 4.3%), among 64 identified compounds, comprising 91.7% and 90.1% of the total oil. The organism Micrococcus luteus was found more susceptible to the oil with an MIC value of 25 ± 4 µg/mL, followed by Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus fumigatus with MIC values of 58 ± 8, 65 ± 8, 84 ± 15 and 91 ± 13 µg/mL, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The oil showing antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi validate the traditional use of the plant as an antiseptic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achyranthes asperaL. (Amaranthaceae) is used traditionally in Indian system of medicine as diuretic, astringent, purgative, anticancer, dropsy, piles, and skin eruptions. To explore anti-atherosclerotic potential of crude saponins and ethanol extract ofA. asperaseeds husk on hyperlipidemic diet induced rats model was used to increase the lipid profile. After 2 weeks, all the animals showed symptoms of hyperlipidemia and were treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg ethanol extract (EE) respectively, while saponins (SAPN) at a dose of 10 mg/kg by gavage for 28 days. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), serum glucose and atherogenic index (A.I.) level were estimated on 0th, 14thand 42thday by using autoanalyser. EE of husks decreases TC 40.71-46.77 %, TG 23.95-37.27 %, LDL 56.49-65.50 %, serum glucose 17.48-25.54 % and A.I. 51.27-77.05 % significantly (P < 0.01). SAPN (10 mg/kg bodyweight) decreased TC, TG, LDL, glucose and A.I. by 48.21 %, 29.47 %, 72.26 %, 21.23 % and 82.29 % respectively (P < 0.01). EE and SAPN increased HDL level significantly (P < 0.01). The findings of the present work indicate the reversal of elevated A.I., TC, TG, LDL, serum glucose and AI level significantly associated with atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]