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1. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Author

Clem, KR, Raphael, MN, Adusumilli, Susheel, Amory, Charles, Baiman, Rebecca, Banwell, Alison F, Barreira, Sandra, Beadling, Rebecca L, Bozkurt, Deniz, Colwell, Steve, Coy, Lawrence, Datta, Rajashree T, Deb, Pranab, De Laat, Jos, du Plessis, Marcel, Fernandez, Denise, Fogt, Ryan L, Fricker, Helen A, Gille, Sarah T, Johnson, Bryan, Josey, Simon A, Keller, Linda M, Kramarova, Natalya A, Kromer, Jessica, Lait, Leslie R, Lazzara, Matthew A, Lieser, Jan L, MacFerrin, Michael, MacGilchrist, Graeme M, MacLennan, Michelle L, Marouchos, Andreas, Massom, Robert A, McMahon, Clive R, Mikolajczyk, David E, Mote, Thomas L, Newman, Paul A, Norton, Taylor, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezzi, Luciano P, Pitts, Michael, Reid, Phillip, Santee, Michelle L, Scambos, Theodore A, Schulz, Cristina, Shi, Jia-Rui, Souza, Everaldo, Stammerjohn, Sharon, Thomalla, Sandy, Tripathy, Sarat Chandra, Trusel, Luke D, Turner, Katherine, and Yin, Ziqi

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Climate Change Science, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Climate change science
Published
2024

2. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Author

Clem, Kyle R, Adusumilli, Susheel, Baiman, Rebecca, Banwell, Alison F, Barreira, Sandra, Beadling, Rebecca L, Bozkurt, Deniz, Colwell, Steve, Coy, Lawrence, Datta, Rajashree T, De Laat, Jos, du Plessis, Marcel, Dunmire, Devon, Fogt, Ryan L, Freeman, Natalie M, Fricker, Helen A, Gardner, Alex S, Gille, Sarah T, Johnson, Bryan, Josey, Simon A, Keller, Linda M, Kramarova, Natalya A, Lazzara, Matthew A, Lieser, Jan L, MacFerrin, Michael, MacGilchrist, Graeme A, MacLennan, Michelle L, Massom, Robert A, Mazloff, Matthew R, Mikolajczyk, David E, Mote, Thomas L, Nash, Eric R, Newman, Paul A, Norton, Taylor, Ochwat, Naomi, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezzi, Luciano P, Pitts, Michael, Raphael, Marilyn N, Reid, Phillip, Santee, Michelle L, Santini, Marcelo, Scambos, Theodore, Schultz, Cristina, Shi, Jia-Rui, Souza, Everaldo, Stammerjohn, Sharon, Strahan, Susan E, Thompson, Andrew F, Trusel, Luke D, Wille, Jonathan D, Yin, Ziqi, Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy V, Haley, Bridgette O, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S Elizabeth, Ohlmann, Laura, Noguchi, Lukas, Riddle, Deborah B, and Veasey, Sara W

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Climate Change Science, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Climate change science
Published
2023

4. Mooring Observations of Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in Two Subantarctic Mode Water Formation Regions

Author

Tamsitt, Veronica, Cerovečki, Ivana, Josey, Simon A, Gille, Sarah T, and Schulz, Eric

Subjects
Atmospheric Sciences, Oceanography, Geomatic Engineering, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

AbstractWintertime surface ocean heat loss is the key process driving the formation of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW), but there are few direct observations of heat fluxes, particularly during winter. The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Southern Ocean mooring in the southeast Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean Flux Station (SOFS) in the southeast Indian Ocean provide the first concurrent, multiyear time series of air–sea fluxes in the Southern Ocean from two key SAMW formation regions. In this work we compare drivers of wintertime heat loss and SAMW formation by comparing air–sea fluxes and mixed layers at these two mooring locations. A gridded Argo product and the ERA5 reanalysis product provide temporal and spatial context for the mooring observations. Turbulent ocean heat loss is on average 1.5 times larger in the southeast Indian (SOFS) than in the southeast Pacific (OOI), with stronger extreme heat flux events in the southeast Indian leading to larger cumulative winter ocean heat loss. Turbulent heat loss events in the southeast Indian (SOFS) occur in two atmospheric regimes (cold air from the south or dry air circulating via the north), while heat loss events in the southeast Pacific (OOI) occur in a single atmospheric regime (cold air from the south). On interannual time scales, wintertime anomalies in net heat flux and mixed layer depth (MLD) are often correlated at the two sites, particularly when wintertime MLDs are anomalously deep. This relationship is part of a larger basin-scale zonal dipole in heat flux and MLD anomalies present in both the Indian and Pacific basins, associated with anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation.

Published
2020

6. List of contributors

Author

Alvarez-Fanjul, Enrique, primary, Álvarez, Marta, additional, Amores, Angel, additional, Artale, Vincenzo, additional, Barceló-Llull, Bàrbara, additional, Calafat, Francisco M., additional, Casalbore, Daniele, additional, Catalá, Teresa S., additional, Cessi, Paola, additional, Chiarella, Domenico, additional, Chiggiato, Jacopo, additional, Civitarese, Giuseppe, additional, Clementi, Emanuela, additional, Coppini, Giovanni, additional, Coppola, Laurent, additional, Cutolo, Eugenio, additional, Daniel, Pierre, additional, Delepoulle, Antoine, additional, Déverchère, Jacques, additional, Dupré, Stephanie, additional, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, additional, Escudier, Romain, additional, Estournel, Claude, additional, Francocci, Fedra, additional, García Lafuente, Jesús, additional, Giorgi, Filippo, additional, Hassoun, Abed E.R., additional, Ibello, Valeria, additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Korres, Gerasimos, additional, Lazzari, Paolo, additional, Lefevre, Dominique, additional, Lionello, Piero, additional, Lyubartsev, Vladyslav, additional, Macías, Diego, additional, Marcos, Marta, additional, Mason, Evan, additional, Miramontes, Elda, additional, Mourre, Baptiste, additional, Novellino, Antonio, additional, Pascual, Ananda, additional, Pellegrini, Claudio, additional, Pinardi, Nadia, additional, Ribera d’Alcalà, Maurizio, additional, Rodríguez-Tarry, Daniel, additional, Rohling, Eelco, additional, Ruiz, Simón, additional, Sannino, Gianmaria, additional, Santinelli, Chiara, additional, Schroeder, Katrin, additional, Seager, Richard, additional, Sprovieri, Mario, additional, Sánchez-Román, Antonio, additional, Tanhua, Toste, additional, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, additional, Tintoré, Joaquín, additional, Trincardi, Fabio, additional, Ulses, Caroline, additional, Vacchi, Matteo, additional, Vargas-Yáñez, Manuel, additional, Velaoras, Dimitris, additional, Vilibić, Ivica, additional, Wöppelmann, Guy, additional, and Zodiatis, George, additional

Published
2023
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8. Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum

Author

Cronin, Meghan F, Gentemann, Chelle L, Edson, James, Ueki, Iwao, Bourassa, Mark, Brown, Shannon, Clayson, Carol Anne, Fairall, Chris W, Farrar, J Thomas, Gille, Sarah T, Gulev, Sergey, Josey, Simon A, Kato, Seiji, Katsumata, Masaki, Kent, Elizabeth, Krug, Marjolaine, Minnett, Peter J, Parfitt, Rhys, Pinker, Rachel T, Jr, Stackhouse Paul W, Swart, Sebastiaan, Tomita, Hiroyuki, Vandemark, Douglas, AWeller, Robert, Yoneyama, Kunio, Yu, Lisan, and Zhang, Dongxiao

Subjects
air-sea heat flux, latent heat flux, surface radiation, ocean wind stress, autonomous surface vehicle, OceanSITES, ICOADS, satellite-based ocean monitoring system, Oceanography, Ecology
Published
2019

9. Constraining Southern Ocean Air-Sea-Ice Fluxes Through Enhanced Observations

Author

Swart, Sebastiaan, Gille, Sarah T, Delille, Bruno, Josey, Simon, Mazloff, Matthew, Newman, Louise, Thompson, Andrew F, Thomson, Jim, Ward, Brian, du Plessis, Marcel D, Kent, Elizabeth C, Girton, James, Gregor, Luke, Heil, Petra, Hyder, Patrick, Pezzi, Luciano Ponzi, de Souza, Ronald Buss, Tamsitt, Veronica, Weller, Robert A, and Zappa, Christopher J

Subjects
air-sea/air-sea-ice fluxes, Southern Ocean, ocean-atmosphere interaction, climate, ocean-ice interaction, Oceanography, Ecology
Published
2019

12. European summer weather linked to North Atlantic freshwater anomalies in preceding years

Author

Oltmanns, Marilena, Holliday, N. Penny, Screen, James, Moat, Ben I., Josey, Simon A., Evans, D. Gwyn, Bacon, Sheldon, Oltmanns, Marilena, Holliday, N. Penny, Screen, James, Moat, Ben I., Josey, Simon A., Evans, D. Gwyn, and Bacon, Sheldon

Abstract

Amplified Arctic ice loss in recent decades has been linked to the increased occurrence of extreme mid-latitude weather. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive, however. One potential link occurs through the ocean as the loss of sea ice and glacial ice leads to increased freshwater fluxes into the ocean. Thus, in this study, we examine the link between North Atlantic freshwater anomalies and European summer weather. Combining a comprehensive set of observational products, we show that stronger freshwater anomalies are associated with a sharper sea surface temperature front between the subpolar and the subtropical North Atlantic in winter, an increased atmospheric instability above the sea surface temperature front, and a large-scale atmospheric circulation that induces a northward shift in the North Atlantic Current, strengthening the sea surface temperature front. In the following summer, the lower-tropospheric winds are deflected northward along the enhanced sea surface temperature front and the European coastline, forming part of a large-scale atmospheric circulation anomaly that is associated with warmer and drier weather over Europe. The identified statistical links are significant on timescales from years to decades and indicate an enhanced predictability of European summer weather at least a winter in advance, with the exact regions and amplitudes of the warm and dry weather anomalies over Europe being sensitive to the location, strength, and extent of North Atlantic freshwater anomalies in the preceding winter.

Published
2024

13. Drivers of Laptev Sea interannual variability in salinity and temperature

Author

Hudson, Phoebe A., Martin, Adrien C. H., Josey, Simon A., Marzocchi, Alice, Angeloudis, Athanasios, Hudson, Phoebe A., Martin, Adrien C. H., Josey, Simon A., Marzocchi, Alice, and Angeloudis, Athanasios

Abstract

Eurasian rivers provide a quarter of total fresh water to the Arctic, maintaining a persistent fresh layer that covers the surface Arctic Ocean. This freshwater export controls Arctic Ocean stratification, circulation, and basin-wide sea ice concentration. The Lena River supplies the largest volume of runoff and plays a key role in this system, as runoff outflows into the Laptev Sea as a particularly shallow plume. Previous in situ and modelling studies suggest that local wind forcing is a driver of variability in Laptev sea surface salinity (SSS) but there is no consensus on the roles of Lena River discharge and sea ice cover in contributing to this variability or on the dominant driver of variability. Until recently, satellite SSS retrievals were insufficiently accurate for use in the Arctic. However, retreating sea ice cover and continuous progress in satellite product development have significantly improved SSS retrievals, giving satellite SSS data true potential in the Arctic. In this region, satellite-based SSS is found to agree well with in situ data (r>0.8) and provides notable improvements compared to the reanalysis product used in this study (r>0.7) in capturing patterns and variability observed in in situ data. This study demonstrates a novel method of identifying the dominant drivers of interannual variability in Laptev Sea dynamics within reanalysis products and testing if these relationships appear to hold in satellite-based SSS, sea surface temperature (SST) data, and in situ observations. The satellite SSS data firmly establish what is suggested by reanalysis products and what has previously been subject to debate due to the limited years and locations analysed with in situ data; the zonal wind is the dominant driver of offshore or onshore Lena River plume transport. The eastward wind confines the plume to the southern Laptev Sea and drives alongshore transport into the East Siberian Sea, and westward wind drives offshore plume transport into the nor

Published
2024

14. New Approaches for Air-Sea Fluxes in the Southern Ocean

Author

Gille, Sarah, Josey, Simon, and Swart, Seb

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Oceanography, Life Below Water, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Air-Sea Fluxes for the Southern Ocean: Strategies and Requirements for Detecting Physical and Biogeochemical Exchanges; Frascati, Italy, 21–23 September 2015

Published
2016

16. Introduction

Author

Boyer, Tim, primary, Bartow-Gillies, Ellen, additional, Abida, A., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Agyakwah, W., additional, Ahmasuk, Brandon, additional, Aldeco, Laura S., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Alfaro, Eric J., additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Allgood, Adam, additional, Alves, Lincoln. M., additional, Amador, Jorge A., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Andrade, B., additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Atkinson, C., additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Backensto, Stacia A., additional, Bader, Stephan, additional, Baez, Julian, additional, Baiman, Rebecca, additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Banwell, Alison F., additional, Bardin, M. Yu, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Barreira, Sandra, additional, Beadling, Rebecca L., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Becker, Emily J., additional, Bekele, E., additional, Bellido, Guillem Martín, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Benestad, Rasmus, additional, Berne, Christine, additional, Berner, Logan. T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bhuiyan, A. E., additional, Bigalke, Siiri, additional, Biló, Tiago, additional, Bissolli, Peter, additional, Bjerke Jarle, W., additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blake, Eric S., additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Blunden, Jessica, additional, Bochníček, Oliver, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodenstein, Barbara, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bozkurt, Deniz, additional, Brettschneider, Brian, additional, Bringas, Francis G., additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Bukunt, Brandon, additional, Calderón, Blanca, additional, Camargo, Suzana J., additional, Campbell, Jayaka, additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Chan, Duo, additional, Chandler, Elise, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Chen, Hua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Cheng, Vincent Y. S., additional, Chomiak, Leah, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clarke, Leonardo, additional, Clem, Kyle R., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coelho, Caio A.S., additional, Cohen, Judah L., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Colwell, Steve, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Correa, Kris, additional, Costa, Felipe, additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Coy, Lawrence, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crhova, Lenka, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cunha, Ana P., additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Datta, Rajashree T., additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, De Bock, Veerle, additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, De Laat, Jos, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Demircan, Mesut, additional, Derksen, Chris, additional, Deus, Ricardo, additional, Dhurmea, K. R., additional, Diamond, Howard J., additional, Dirkse, S., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Drost Jensen, Caroline, additional, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Drumond, Paula, additional, du Plessis, Marcel, additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, additional, Dunmire, Devon, additional, Dunn, Robert J. H., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dusek, Robert, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Ekici, Mithat, additional, Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, additional, ElKharrim, M., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fauchereau, Nicolas, additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fenimore, Chris, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Fogarty, Chris, additional, Fogt, Ryan L., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Freeman, Natalie M., additional, Fricker, Helen A., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Frost, Gerald V. (JJ), additional, Fuhrman, Steven, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Ganter, Catherine, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Gardner, Alex S., additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Gille, Sarah T., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Gleason, Karin, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Goldenberg, Stanley B., additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., additional, Hagos, S., additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Harnos, Daniel S., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, He, Qiong, additional, Heim, Richard R., additional, Hellström, Sverker, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hicks, J., additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), additional, Hobbs, W., additional, Holmes, Robert M., additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Huang, Hongjie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jadra, Gerardo, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Johns, W., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Johnson, Bryan, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Jones, Timothy, additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Jumaux, G., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kabidi, K., additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaler, Robb S.A., additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kazemi, Amin Fazl, additional, Keller, Linda M., additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kendon, Mike, additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kerr, Kenneth, additional, Khan, Valentina, additional, Khiem, Mai Van, additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Mi Ju, additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Klotzbach, Philip J., additional, Knaff, John A., additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Korshunova, Natalia N., additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya A., additional, Kruger, A. C., additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, Kumar, Arun, additional, L’Heureux, Michelle, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Labe, Zachary M., additional, Lader, Rick, additional, Lakatos, Mónika, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lam, Hoang Phuc, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Landsea, Chris W., additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Lazzara, Matthew A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Lee, Tsz-Cheung, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Leung, Kinson H. Y., additional, Lieser, Jan L., additional, Likso, Tanja, additional, Lin, I-I., additional, Lindsey, Jackie, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loomis, Bryant D., additional, Lorrey, Andrew M., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Lu, Rui, additional, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Luo, Jing-Jia, additional, Luojus, Kari, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, MacFerrin, Michael, additional, MacGilchrist, Graeme A., additional, MacLennan, Michelle L., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magee, Andrew D., additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Mankoff, Ken D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Marcinonienė, Izolda, additional, Marengo, Jose A., additional, Marjan, Mohammadi, additional, Martínez, Ana E., additional, Massom, Robert A., additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, Mazloff, Matthew R., additional, McAfee, Stephanie A., additional, McBride, C., additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McClelland, James W., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Mcvicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mekonnen, A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Meyers, Tristan, additional, Mikolajczyk, David E., additional, Miller, John B., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Misevicius, Noelia, additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Moise, Aurel, additional, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Moore, G. W. K., additional, Mora, Natali, additional, Morán, Johnny, additional, Morehen, Claire, additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mostafa, A. E., additional, Mote, Thomas L., additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nash, Eric R., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Newman, Paul A., additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, Norton, Taylor, additional, Nyland, Kelsey E., additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Ochwat, Naomi, additional, Oikawa, Yoshinori, additional, Okunaka, Yuka, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Parrish, Julia K., additional, Pasch, Richard J., additional, Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Perčec Tadić, Melita, additional, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Pezza, Alexandre B., additional, Pezzi, Luciano P., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Pires, Vanda, additional, Pitts, Michael, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Poinar, Kristin, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Quisbert, Kenny, additional, Quispe, Willy R., additional, Rajeevan, M., additional, Ramos, Andrea M., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rantanen, Mika, additional, Raphael, Marilyn N., additional, Reagan, James, additional, Recalde, Cristina, additional, Reid, Phillip, additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J., additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Robjhon, M., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Rosencrans, Matthew, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rösner, Benjamin, additional, Rösner, Henrieke, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rubek, Frans, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Salinas, Roberto, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Santee, Michelle L., additional, Santini, Marcelo, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Sayouri, A., additional, Scambos, Theodore, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Schreck, Carl J., additional, Schultz, Cristina, additional, _, _, additional, Segele, Z. T., additional, Sensoy, Serhat, additional, Serbin, Shawn P., additional, Serreze, Mark C., additional, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Sheffield, Gay, additional, Shi, Jia-Rui, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Shukla, R., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Sima, F., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Smith, Adam, additional, Smith, Matthew M., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Souza, Everaldo, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, additional, Spencer, Robert G. M., additional, Spillane, Sandra, additional, Sreejith, O. P., additional, Srivastava, A. K., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stammerjohn, Sharon, additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stella, Jose L., additional, Stephenson, Tannecia S., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Strahan, Susan E., additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Suslova, Anya, additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Sweet, William, additional, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, additional, Takemura, Kazuto, additional, Tank, Suzanne E., additional, Taylor, Michael A., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thiaw, W. M., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Thompson, Andrew F., additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tobin, Skie, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Trescilo, Lidia, additional, Tretiakov, Mikhail, additional, Trewin, Blair C., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Trotman, Adrian, additional, Truchelut, Ryan E., additional, Trusel, Luke D., additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, Van Hemert, Caroline, additional, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., additional, van vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Vazife, Ahad, additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Walker, Donald (Skip) A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Bin, additional, Wang, Hui, additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, Adrian, additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Wille, Jonathan D., additional, Willems, An, additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Willis, J., additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Wood, Kimberly M., additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Xie, Ping-Ping, additional, Yang, Daqing, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yin, Ziqi, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Zhang, Li, additional, Zhang, Peiqun, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Zhu, Zhiwei, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zolkos, Scott, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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17. JRA-55 based surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models (JRA55-do)

Author

Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Urakawa, Shogo, Nakano, Hideyuki, Small, R. Justin, Kim, Who M., Yeager, Stephen G., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Suzuki, Tatsuo, Bamber, Jonathan L., Bentsen, Mats, Böning, Claus W., Bozec, Alexandra, Chassignet, Eric P., Curchitser, Enrique, Boeira Dias, Fabio, Durack, Paul J., Griffies, Stephen M., Harada, Yayoi, Ilicak, Mehmet, Josey, Simon A., Kobayashi, Chiaki, Kobayashi, Shinya, Komuro, Yoshiki, Large, William G., Le Sommer, Julien, Marsland, Simon J., Masina, Simona, Scheinert, Markus, Tomita, Hiroyuki, Valdivieso, Maria, and Yamazaki, Dai

Published
2018
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21. Finale: impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding

Author

Meijers, Andrew J. S., primary, Meredith, Michael P., additional, Shuckburgh, Emily F., additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Munday, David R., additional, Firing, Yvonne L., additional, King, Brian, additional, Smyth, Tim J., additional, Leng, Melanie J., additional, George Nurser, A. J., additional, Hewitt, Helene T., additional, Povl Abrahamsen, E., additional, Weiss, Alexandra, additional, Yang, Mingxi, additional, Bell, Thomas G., additional, Alexander Brearley, J., additional, Boland, Emma J. D., additional, Jones, Daniel C., additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Owen, Robyn P., additional, Grist, Jeremy P., additional, Blaker, Adam T., additional, Biri, Stavroula, additional, Yelland, Margaret J., additional, Pimm, Ciara, additional, Zhou, Shenjie, additional, Harle, James, additional, and Cornes, Richard C., additional

Published
2023
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25. Thermal Rossby waves explain multidecadal upper ocean heat content variability in the Subpolar North Atlantic

Author

Sinha, Bablu, Moat, Ben, Fraser, Neil, Hermanson, Leon, Josey, Simon, Macintosh, Claire, Berry, Dave, Jones, Dan, Sanders, Rachael, and Drijfhout, Sybren

Abstract

It is important to understanding the mechanism behind multidecadal changes in North Atlantic ocean heat storage as these directly impact the climate of the surrounding continents. We construct a multidecadal upper ocean heat budget for the North Atlantic for the period 1950 to 2020 based on multiple observational datasets and a state of the art forced global ocean model. On multidecadal timescales ocean heat transport convergence is the dominant term in all regions of the North Atlantic. In the subpolar region (north of 45N) the heat transport convergence is largely explained by anomalous geostrophic currents acting on the mean temperature gradient. The timescale and spatial distribution of the anomalous geostrophic currents are consistent with basin scale ‘thermal’ Rossby waves propagating westwards/northwestwards in the subpolar gyre. Using a forced ocean model we link the ocean heat transport convergence with variations in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023

26. Drivers of Laptev Sea interannual variability in salinity and temperature

Author

Hudson, Phoebe Alice, Martin, Adrien, Josey, Simon, Marzocchi, Alice, and Angeloudis, Athanasios

Abstract

Eurasian Rivers provide a quarter of total fresh water to the Arctic, maintaining a persistent fresh layer that covers the surface Arctic Ocean. The Lena River supplies the largest volume of runoff and plays a key role in this system, as runoff outflows into the Laptev Sea as a particularly shallow plume. This freshwater export controls Arctic Ocean stratification, circulation, and basin-wide sea ice area. Previous in-situ and modelling studies suggest that local wind forcing is a primary driver of variability in Laptev sea surface salinity (SSS) with no consensus over the roles of Lena river discharge and sea ice cover in contributing to this variability. Until recently, satellite SSS retrievals were insufficiently accurate for use in the Arctic, due to the low sensitivity of the L-band signal they utilise in cold water and challenges of retrieval near sea ice. However, retreating sea ice cover and continuous progress in satellite product development have significantly improved SSS retrievals, giving satellite SSS data true potential in the Arctic. This study demonstrates a novel method of using satellite-based SSS, sea surface temperature (SST) data, in-situ observations, and reanalysis products to identify the dominant drivers of interannual variability in Laptev Sea dynamics. Satellite-based SSS is found to agree well with in-situ data in this region (r > 0.8) and provides notable improvements compared to the reanalysis product used in this study (r > 0.7) in capturing patterns and variability observed in in-situ data. The satellite SSS data firmly establishes what has previously been subject to debate due to the limited years and locations analysed with in-situ data: that the zonal wind is the dominant driver of offshore or onshore Lena river plume transport. This finding is affirmed by the strong agreement in SSS pattern in all reanalyses and satellite products used in this study under eastward and westward wind regimes. The pattern of SST also varies with the zonal wind component, and drives spatial variability in sea ice area. The strong correspondence between large scale and local zonal wind dynamics and the key role of SSS and SST variability in driving sea ice and stratification dynamics demonstrates the importance of changes in large-scale atmospheric dynamics for variability in this region as well as for future Arctic sea ice dynamics and freshwater transport.

Published
2023

33. The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses

Author

Schroeder, Katrin, Tanhua, Toste, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Velaoras, Dimitris, Josey, Simon A., García Lafuente, Jesús, Vargas-Yáñez, Manuel, Schroeder, Katrin, Tanhua, Toste, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Velaoras, Dimitris, Josey, Simon A., García Lafuente, Jesús, and Vargas-Yáñez, Manuel

Abstract

This chapter aims at introducing the reader to general concepts about the main forcings of the Mediterranean Sea, in terms of exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar, and air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum. These forcings are also responsible for the peculiar characteristics of Mediterranean water masses. Therefore, the chapter continues with giving a general explanation on water mass analysis, and then it describes the properties and vertical and horizontal distributions of the main Mediterranean water masses. To conclude, the reader is introduced to the use of other (biogeochemical, and chemical) tracers of water masses, with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea.

Published
2023
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34. The relationship between sea surface temperature anomalies, wind and translation speed and North Atlantic tropical cyclone rainfall over ocean and land

Author

Hallam, Samantha, McCarthy, Gerard D, Feng, Xiangbo, Josey, Simon A, Harris, Elizabeth, Düsterhus, Andre, Ogungbenro, Stephen, Hirschi, Joël J-M, Hallam, Samantha, McCarthy, Gerard D, Feng, Xiangbo, Josey, Simon A, Harris, Elizabeth, Düsterhus, Andre, Ogungbenro, Stephen, and Hirschi, Joël J-M

Abstract

There have been increasing losses from freshwater flooding associated with United States(US) landfalling hurricanes in recent years. This study analyses the relationship between sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA), wind and translation speed and North Atlantic tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP)for the period 1998-2017. Based on our statistical analysis of observation data, for a 1 °C SST increase in the main development region (MDR), there is a 6% increase (not statistically significant)in the TCP rate (mmhr−1 ) over the Atlantic, which rises to over 40% over land (US states) and appears linked not only to the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship but also to the increase in tropical cyclone (TC)intensity associated with increasing SSTA. Total annual TCP is significantly correlated with the SST in the MDR. Over the Atlantic there is an increase of 116% and over land there is an increase of 140% in total TCP for a 1 °C rise in SST in the MDR. Again, this is linked to the increase in windspeed and the number of TC tracks which also rises with positive SSTAs in the MDR. Our analysis of landfalling TC tracks for nine US states provides a systematic review and highlights how TCP varies by US state. The highest number of landfalls per year are found in Florida, North Carolina and Texas. The median tropical cyclone translation speed is 20.3kmhr−1 , although this falls to 16.5 kmhr−1 over land and there is a latitudinal dependence on translation speed. Overall, we find a different TCP response to rising SST over the ocean and land, with the response over land over four times more than the Clausius-Clapeyron rate. The links between SSTA in the MDR and both TCP rate and annual total TCP provide useful insights for seasonal to decadal US flood prediction from TCs.

Published
2023

35. Observed and projected changes in North Atlantic seasonal temperature reduction and their drivers

Author

Grist, Jeremy P., Josey, Simon A., Sinha, Bablu, Grist, Jeremy P., Josey, Simon A., and Sinha, Bablu

Abstract

The autumn-winter seasonal temperature reduction (STR) of the surface North Atlantic Ocean is investigated with control and climate change simulations of a coupled model and an observation-based sea surface temperature (SST) data set. In the climate change simulation, an increase in the magnitude of the STR is found over much of the North Atlantic, and this change is particularly marked in sea-ice affected regions and the subpolar gyre. Similar results for the mid-high latitude North Atlantic are obtained in the observational analysis. In particular, both the observation and climate model based results show that the STR has increased in magnitude by up to 0.3°C per decade in the subpolar gyre over the period 1951–2020. Drivers for the stronger STR are explored with a focus on potential contributions from increases in either ocean heat loss or the sensitivity of SST to heat loss. Over a large part of the mid-high latitude North Atlantic surface heat loss is found to have weakened in recent decades and is therefore not responsible for the stronger STR (exceptions to this are the near-coastal areas where sea-ice loss is important). In contrast, analysis of daily sensible and latent heat flux data reveals that the sensitivity of SST to heat loss has increased indicating that this term has played a major role in the stronger STR. Areas of greater SST sensitivity (and greater STR) are associated with increased surface stratification brought about predominantly by warming of the northern ocean regions.

Published
2023

36. Evaluation of operational ocean forecasting systems from the perspective of the users and the experts

Author

Ciliberti, Stefania A., Fanjul, Enrique Alvarez, Pearlman, Jay, Wilmer-Becker, Kirsten, Bahurel, Pierre, Ardhuin, Fabrice, Arnaud, Alain, Bell, Mike, Berthou, Segolene, Bertino, Laurent, Capet, Arthur, Chassignet, Eric, Ciavatta, Stefano, Cirano, Mauro, Clementi, Emanuela, Cossarini, Gianpiero, Coro, Gianpaolo, Corney, Stuart, Davidson, Fraser, Drevillon, Marie, Drillet, Yann, Dussurget, Renaud, El Serafy, Ghada, Fennel, Katja, Sotillo, Marcos Garcia, Heimbach, Patrick, Hernandez, Fabrice, Hogan, Patrick, Hoteit, Ibrahim, Joseph, Sudheer, Josey, Simon, Le Traon, Pierre-Yves, Libralato, Simone, Mancini, Marco, Matte, Pascal, Melet, Angelique, Miyazawa, Yasumasa, Moore, Andrew M., Novellino, Antonio, Porter, Andrew, Regan, Heather, Romero, Laia, Schiller, Andreas, Siddorn, John, Staneva, Joanna, Thomas-Courcoux, Cecile, Tonani, Marina, Garcia-Valdecasa, Jose Maria, Veitch, Jennifer, von Schuckmann, Karina, Wan, Liying, Wilkin, John, Zufic, Romane, Ciliberti, Stefania A., Fanjul, Enrique Alvarez, Pearlman, Jay, Wilmer-Becker, Kirsten, Bahurel, Pierre, Ardhuin, Fabrice, Arnaud, Alain, Bell, Mike, Berthou, Segolene, Bertino, Laurent, Capet, Arthur, Chassignet, Eric, Ciavatta, Stefano, Cirano, Mauro, Clementi, Emanuela, Cossarini, Gianpiero, Coro, Gianpaolo, Corney, Stuart, Davidson, Fraser, Drevillon, Marie, Drillet, Yann, Dussurget, Renaud, El Serafy, Ghada, Fennel, Katja, Sotillo, Marcos Garcia, Heimbach, Patrick, Hernandez, Fabrice, Hogan, Patrick, Hoteit, Ibrahim, Joseph, Sudheer, Josey, Simon, Le Traon, Pierre-Yves, Libralato, Simone, Mancini, Marco, Matte, Pascal, Melet, Angelique, Miyazawa, Yasumasa, Moore, Andrew M., Novellino, Antonio, Porter, Andrew, Regan, Heather, Romero, Laia, Schiller, Andreas, Siddorn, John, Staneva, Joanna, Thomas-Courcoux, Cecile, Tonani, Marina, Garcia-Valdecasa, Jose Maria, Veitch, Jennifer, von Schuckmann, Karina, Wan, Liying, Wilkin, John, and Zufic, Romane

Abstract

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) has an Ocean Decade Implementation Plan (UNESCO-IOC, 2021) that states seven outcomes required for the ocean we want, with the fourth outcome being “A predicted ocean where society understands and can respond to changing ocean conditions.” To facilitate the achievement of this goal, the IOC has endorsed Mercator Ocean International to implement the Decade Collaborative Center (DCC) for OceanPrediction (https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/oceanprediction/, last access: 21 August 2023), which is a cross-cutting structure that will work to develop global-scale collaboration between Decade Actions related to ocean prediction.

Published
2023

37. A clearer view of Southern Ocean air–sea interaction using surface heat flux asymmetry

Author

Josey, Simon A., Grist, Jeremy P., Mecking, Jennifer V., Moat, Ben I., Schulz, Eric, Josey, Simon A., Grist, Jeremy P., Mecking, Jennifer V., Moat, Ben I., and Schulz, Eric

Abstract

Progress in understanding Southern Ocean heat exchange and wind forcing is discussed and new results presented. These include a metric of the zonal asymmetry between surface ocean heat gain in the Atlantic/Indian sector and heat loss in the Pacific sector. The asymmetry arises from an intersector variation in the humidity gradient between the sea surface and near-surface atmosphere. This gradient increases by 60% in the Pacific sector enabling a 20 Wm−2 stronger latent heat loss compared with the Atlantic/Indian sector. The new metric is used for intercomparison of atmospheric reanalyses and CMIP6 climate simulations. CMIP6 has weaker Atlantic/Indian sector heat gain compared with the reanalyses primarily due to Indian Ocean sector differences. The potential for surface flux buoys to provide an observation-based counterpart to the asymmetry metric is explored. Over the past decade, flux buoys have been deployed at two sites (south of Tasmania and upstream of Drake Passage). The data record provided by these moorings is assessed and an argument developed for a third buoy to sample the Atlantic/Indian sector of the asymmetry metric. To close, we assess evidence that the main westerly wind belt has strengthened and moved southward in recent decades using the ERA5 reanalysis.

Published
2023

38. Ocean Heat Content responses to changing Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing Strength: Regional and multi-decadal variability

Author

Boland, Emma J.D., Dittus, Andrea J., Jones, Daniel C., Josey, Simon A., Sinha, Bablu, Boland, Emma J.D., Dittus, Andrea J., Jones, Daniel C., Josey, Simon A., and Sinha, Bablu

Abstract

The causes of decadal variations in global warming are poorly understood, however it is widely understood that variations in ocean heat content are linked with variations in surface warming. To investigate the forced response of ocean heat content (OHC) to anthropogenic aerosols (AA), we use an ensemble of historical simulations, which were carried out using a range of anthropogenic aerosol forcing magnitudes in a CMIP6-era global circulation model. We find that the centennial scale linear trends in historical ocean heat content are significantly sensitive to AA forcing magnitude (−3.0 ± 0.1 x105 (J m−3 century−1)/(W m−2), R2=0.99), but interannual to multi-decadal variability in global ocean heat content appear largely independent of AA forcing magnitude. Comparison with observations find consistencies in different depth ranges and at different time scales with all but the strongest aerosol forcing magnitude, at least partly due to limited observational accuracy. We find that ocean heat content is sensitive to aerosol forcing magnitude across much of the tropics and sub-tropics, and stronger negative forcing induces more ocean cooling. The polar regions and North Atlantic show the strongest heat content trends, and also show the strongest dependence on aerosol forcing magnitude. However, the ocean heat content response to increasing aerosol forcing magnitude in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean is either dominated by internal variability, or strongly state dependent, showing different behaviour in different time periods. Our results suggest the response to aerosols in these regions is a complex combination of influences from ocean transport, atmospheric forcings, and sea ice.

Published
2023

39. Finale: Impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding

Author

Meijers, Andrew J.S., Meredith, Michael P., Shuckburgh, Emily F., Kent, Elizabeth C., Munday, David R., Firing, Yvonne L., King, Brian, Smyth, Timothy J., Leng, Melanie J., Nurser, A.J. George, Hewitt, Helene T., Abrahamsen, E. Povl, Weiss, Alexandra, Yang, Mingxi, Bell, Thomas G., Brearley, J. Alexander, Boland, Emma J.D., Jones, Daniel C., Josey, Simon A., Owen, Robyn P., Grist, Jeremy P., Blaker, Adam T., Biri, Stavroula, Yelland, Margaret J., Pimm, Ciara, Zhou, Shenjie, Harle, James, Cornes, Richard C., Meijers, Andrew J.S., Meredith, Michael P., Shuckburgh, Emily F., Kent, Elizabeth C., Munday, David R., Firing, Yvonne L., King, Brian, Smyth, Timothy J., Leng, Melanie J., Nurser, A.J. George, Hewitt, Helene T., Abrahamsen, E. Povl, Weiss, Alexandra, Yang, Mingxi, Bell, Thomas G., Brearley, J. Alexander, Boland, Emma J.D., Jones, Daniel C., Josey, Simon A., Owen, Robyn P., Grist, Jeremy P., Blaker, Adam T., Biri, Stavroula, Yelland, Margaret J., Pimm, Ciara, Zhou, Shenjie, Harle, James, and Cornes, Richard C.

Abstract

The 5-year Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) programme and its 1-year extension ENCORE (ENCORE is the National Capability ORCHESTRA Extension) was an approximately 11-million-pound programme involving seven UK research centres that finished in March 2022. The project sought to radically improve our ability to measure, understand and predict the exchange, storage and export of heat and carbon by the Southern Ocean. It achieved this through a series of milestone observational campaigns in combination with model development and analysis. Twelve cruises in the Weddell Sea and South Atlantic were undertaken, along with mooring, glider and profiler deployments and aircraft missions, all contributing to measurements of internal ocean and air–sea heat and carbon fluxes. Numerous forward and adjoint numerical experiments were developed and supported by the analysis of coupled climate models. The programme has resulted in over 100 peer-reviewed publications to date as well as significant impacts on climate assessments and policy and science coordination groups. Here, we summarize the research highlights of the programme and assess the progress achieved by ORCHESTRA/ENCORE and the questions it raises for the future. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities’.

Published
2023

49. Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author

Sallée, Jean B., Abrahamsen, Einar P., Allaigre, C., Auger, Matthis, Ayres, Holly, Badhe, R., Boutin, Jacqueline, Brearley, J. Alexander, de Lavergne, Casimir, ten Doeschate, Anneke M.M., Droste, Elise S., du Plessis, Marcel D., Giddy, Isabelle S., Gülk, B., Gruber, Nicolas, Hague, Mark, Hoppema, M., Josey, Simon A., Kanzow, T., and Kimmritz, Madlen

Abstract

The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea-ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 381 (2249), ISSN:1364-503X, ISSN:1471-2962

Published
2023
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50. Supplementary materials to Finale: Impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding

Author

Meijers, Andrew J. S., Meredith, Michael P., Shuckburgh, Emily F., Kent, Elizabeth C., Munday, David R., Firing, Yvonne L., King, Brian, Smyth, Tim J., Leng, Melanie J., George Nurser, A. J., Hewitt, Helene T., Povl Abrahamsen, E., Weiss, Alexandra, Yang, Mingxi, Bell, Thomas G., Alexander Brearley, J., Boland, Emma J. D., Jones, Daniel C., Josey, Simon A., Owen, Robyn P., Grist, Jeremy P., Blaker, Adam T., Biri, Stavroula, Yelland, Margaret J., Pimm, Ciara, Zhou, Shenjie, Harle, James, and Cornes, Richard C.

Abstract

Four supplementary figures and one table providing maps of flight paths and aircraft vs ship data comparisons, as well as cruise information

Published
2023
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