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This study was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the effect of leaves extract of three botanicals on the biochemical parameters of insect pest of stored beans, Callosobruchus maculatus. The results of the qualitative phytochemicals revealed the presence of different metabolites such as tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids etc. The toxic effect of methanolic leaves extracts of Lasianthera africana, Hippocratea africana and Uvaria chamae on the mortality and biochemical parameters after treatment against C. maculatus was evaluated. The result showed that treatment of the insects with these extracts significantly increased mortality in C. maculatus. There was a significant inhibition of the enzymatic activities of the digestive enzymes (such as amylase and invertase) in the treated larvae. The transaminase enzymes (AST and ALT) were found to be reduced in the insect after treatment (33.2 and 42.6) while the result of the phosphatase (ACP and ALP) enzyme activity showed a potent inhibitory effect of the leaves extract, which was more pronounced in ALP (75.8%) than ACP (31.8%).

The Physicochemical variables and Zooplankton of Asu River, Ebonyi State, Nigeria were studied monthly between October 2013 and June 2014 which covered the wet and dry seasons. The study was carried out monthly in two selected sites by collecting water samples for physiochemical analysis and zooplankton identification. Shannon-Weiner diversity and Margalef's indices were used to determine the zooplankton composition. Investigation on the physiochemical variables showed that water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, pH, conductivity and carbon (iv) oxide all recorded maximum values in the dry season. The present result also showed that the river is not seriously polluted. However, only carbon (iv) oxide and nitrate varied significantly between seasons (p

Invasion of the exotic Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Tephritidae) has drastically reduced the abundance and distribution of native Ceratitis anonae Graham, 1908 (Tephritidae) and false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick, 1913) (Tortricidae) in Nigeria. There is an overlap in resource use among the three frugivorous insects which could result in interspecific competition. Knowledge of the population dynamics and distribution of the three frugivorous insects in the study area is lacking and such data are indispensable for effective management of the tephritid and tortricid pests. The population dynamics and distribution of the three frugivorous insects were investigated to predict the route of invasion and the outcome of interactions among the three frugivorous insects. Bactrocera dorsalis occurred in all the seven Local Government Areas (LGAs) sampled while C. anonae and T. leucotreta occurred together in two LGAs and separately in two other LGAs. The population of B. dorsalis is significantly higher than either C. anonae or T. leucotreta in the study area. The three frugivorous insects are negatively associated with one another but only the association between B. dorsalis and C. anonae was significantly different. Bactrocera dorsalis invaded the study area from southern Nigeria and C. anonae is being driven towards northern Nigeria.

Assessment of geographical distribution of malaria vectors is essential to effective malaria parasite control. This study evaluated the influence of geographical locations on distribution of Anopheles mosquito species and malaria parasite vectorial efficacy in Enugu State, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected, using indoor resting pyrethrum spray collection (IRPSC) method. They were morphologically identified and molecularly (PCR) characterised. The M form (now called Anopheles coluzzii) and S form (now called nominotypical Anopheles gambiae s.s.), were identified using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates of sampled mosquitoes and malaria status of households were evaluated microscopically and by using rapid diagnostic kits. An. gambiae Giles (sensu stricto), and bands resembling An. melas and An. arabiensisspecies complexes were observed. Out of 300 An. gambiae s.l. identified using PCR, 243 were An. gambiae Giles (sensu stricto), 6 were An. melas and 5 were An. arabiensis. Out of the 243 An. gambiae Giles (sensu stricto), 184 were M form (now An. coluzzii) and 59 were S form (now nominotypical An. gambiae s.s).The M form (now An. coluzzii) constituted 99% of Anopheles mosquitoes from southernmost part of the study area while northernmost part showed 100% S form (An. gambiae s.s.). The median location had the M form (An. coluzzii) and S form (An. gambiae s.s.) in sympatric. Sporozoite rate in northernmost area was highest when compared with median and southernmost parts. The S form (An. gambiae s.s.) was observed as more important malaria parasite vector, and the results revealed that geographical location affected species diversities which is an important consideration for malaria control programme. Keywords: Anopheles, distribution, sporozoite, malaria parasite

Malaria remains endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Haematological and biochemical changes that occur have been suggested as potential predictors of malaria. This study was aimed at evaluating the diagnostic relevance of some haematological and biochemical parameters in predicting malaria in children in Anambra State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study involving 248 symptomatic and asymptomatic children in Anambra State, Nigeria was conducted. Thin blood films were prepared for each subject and stained with Giemsa to aid the detection of malaria parasites. Their haematological and biochemical parameters were determined. Haematological and biochemical parameters of infected and uninfected children from the communities and hospitals were compared using the Student’s t-test. Difference was set at p0.05). The comparison of the biochemical and haematological indices, and the parasite density of infected and uninfected children from communities and hospitals in Anambra State, Nigeria showed that all the haematological indices except WBC of hospital and community infection did not differ significantly (p> 0.05), but there were significant differences in their Na+, total iron, SGPT and SGOT. The comparison of these results showed that the changes in serum levels of these parameters may not be associated with malaria infection.

Malaria is a major cause of morbidity especially in children less than five years of age. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between malaria infection and nutritional status of some purposely selected children aged 0–36 months from hospitals in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data were collected on nutritional status using anthropometric data – age, height, weight and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Malaria infection status was obtained through microscopic examination of thick films blood smears. The prevalence of malnutrition (weight-for-height Z - scores) among malaria uninfected in the community and hospital surveys was 26.7% and 9.2% respectively, while the prevalence among the malaria parasite infected children was 21.4% and 7.4% in the community and hospital respectively. The average number of malnourished children with Z-scores

Background: A study on the biochemical indices of albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and treated with Alstonia boonei aqueous and ethanolic extracts was undertaken. Methods: 216 males mice were randomly assigned to six treatment groups each containing six mice for both aqueous and ethanolic extracts experiments. P. berghei NK-65 was inoculated into the mice intraperitoneally and establishment of infection confirmed. Administration of extracts of was done after phytochemical and acute toxicity tests at varying concentrations, for both suppressive and curative tests. Blood samples collected by ocular puncturing were examined for the biochemical indices; ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine and total protein using the standard procedures. Results: A. boonei extracts suppression of P. berghei in mice was comparable to the standard drug. Significantly higher (p

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on dietary supplements that possess hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic properties in lieu of the synergistically synthesized drugs like statins and metiform which have been proven to have adverse effects. This present work was carried out to study the potential effects of Lipton tea aqueous extract (LTAE) on normal male albino rats. 36 six male Wistar rats weighing 115-150 g were assigned into four main groups; each group was divided into three subgroups, consisting of three replicates namely R1, R2 and R3 making a total of nine rats in each of the main groups. Group 1 served as the control and received only water, Group 2 received 200 mg/kg of LTAE, Group 3 received 400 mg/kg of the LTAE, while Group 4 received 800 mg/kg of LTAE. All treatment was given orally on daily basis for 28 consecutive days, but the parameters were assessed on weekly basis. The result revealed that, weight gain, fasting blood sugar and serum (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c and VLDL-c) significantly (p < 0.05) decrease in all the treated groups while HDL-c significantly (p < 0.05) increased when compared to the control group. The Lipton tea aqueous extract induced both a dose-dependent and a time-dependent effect in the parameters measured, apart from the total cholesterol which did not show a dose-dependent effect. This led to an overall decrease in the antherogenic index and coronary risk index, suggesting that LTAE possesses hypoglycaemic and hypoglycaemic activities in normal male rats.

Background: Anopheles resistance to insecticides is an impediment to the success of malaria control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. This study addresses the enzymes that play the key role in insecticide resistance in Kogi State, Nigeria.Methods: Anopheles immature stages were collected from breeding sites across four LGAs in Kogi State, Nigeria. Adult anophelines were identified morphologically and molecularly to species level using the polymerase chain reaction. Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were exposed to eight different insecticides belonging to organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroids. Newly developed and integrable to the LabDisk automated diagnostic platform quantitative Reverse Transcription-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) 3-plex TaqMan® assays were used to quantify 7 detoxification genes’ expression. Fold-changes, 95% CIs and statistical significance were performed according to the Pfaffl methods. Results: An. gambiae sl were susceptible to pirimiphos methyl in all the LGAs, but resistance to alphacypermethrin, permethrin, DDT, bendiocarb, propoxur, lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin. The detoxification genes CYP6P3(1.6), CYP6M2(36 folds), CYP9K1(6.4 folds), CYP6P4(5.3), CYP6Z1(4.8 folds), GSTE2(4.1 fold), CYP6P1(0.50 folds) and CYP4G16 (2.36 folds) were encountered but only CYP6M2, CYP9K1, CYP6P4 and CYP6Z1 were found to be up regulated in the Dekina multi resistant (pyrethroids, DDT, bendiocarb) population compared to two susceptible (Kisumu and G3) laboratory strains. Resistance was observed in seven out of the eight insecticides tested. Very high level of resistance was observed in DDT across the three LGAs. The CYP6M2, CYP9K1, CYP6P4 and CYP6Z1 were up regulated genes that confer resistance to different insecticides. Conclusion: This study recorded for the first time CYP9K1, CYP6P4 and CYP6Z1 detoxification genes in wild Anopheles gambiae ss populations from Nigeria. In light of the absence of iAche mutations in our results, carbamate (bendiocarb and propoxur) resistance could be associated with the expression of CYP6P4 that has been previously implicated.

Buchholzia coriacea (wonderful kola) is a medicinal plant that has been used worldwide as an alternative medication to promote human health. Comparative nephroprotective effects of crude seed powder, aqueous and methanolic extracts of B. coriacea in hepatotoxic rats was investigated for 56 days. The crude powder (BCCP), aqueous extract (BCAE) and methanolic extract (BCME) significantly reduced (p

The influence of abattoir wastes on macroinvertebrates distribution in River Idemili, South-Eastern Nigeria, was studied. Three sampling stations 1, 2 and 3 representing upstream of the impacted site, impacted site and downstream of the impacted site respectively were selected. The water quality characteristics, which were significantly different (p0.05) in the levels of pH and nitrate-nitrogen among the study stations. Thirteen taxa composed of 201 individuals were encountered. Station 1 had the highest taxa (13) species, as well as the number of individuals (92, 45.8%), followed by station 3 with 12 species and 64 (31.8%) individuals. Station 2 had the least diversity and abundance of 6 species composed of 45 (22.4%) individuals. Macroinvertebrate abundance in the study stations were significantly different (p

The exotic Bactrocera dorsalis and the native Ceratitis anonae infest citrus and constitute a threat to citrus production in Nigeria. The immature stages of the two species are difficult to differentiate morphologically and share the same fruit in the study area. A 658 bp portion of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced in 88 life stages of the species using LCO1490/HCO2198 primers. The enzymes RsaI, Sau3AI and Hsp92II were used to construct banding patterns distinguishing life stages of B. dorsalis from C. anonae. DNA barcoding confirmed the species to be B. invadens syn. n. B. dorsalis and C. anonae. Rsa I produced bands of 322 and 336 bp in B. dorsalis and 201 and 457 bp in C. anonae. Sau3AI produced bands of 103, 144 and 364 bp in B. dorsalis and 164 and 471 bp in C. anonae. Hsp92II produced fragment lengths of 137 and 521 bp in B. dorsalis and 110, 231 and 290 bp in C. anonae. The identification method was confirmed by DNA barcoding and molecular phylogenetic analysis. All the life stages within a...

One hundred and fifty-two malaria-infected pregnant women whose pregnancies had advanced to the 6th month were randomised into two study groups – supplemented and placebo groups, after obtaining their approved consents. Ten thousand international units of vitamin A soft gels were administered to the supplemented group three times per week. Vitamin A soft gels devoid of their active ingredients were administered thrice weekly to the placebo group. Two hundred thousand international units of vitamin A was administered to the supplemented groups within 8 weeks postpartum. Placebo was given to the control group at same time after delivery. The regimen was continued in the two groups at three-month intervals until 12 months. Quarterly, 3 ml of venous blood was collected from each infant in the two groups and was used for the estimation of hemoglobin concentrations and determination of blood glucose levels. Hemoglobin concentrations were estimated using hemiglobincyanide method while the blood glucose levels were determined with a glucometer. Analysis of variance, Fisher’s least significant difference and t-test were used for data analysis. Statistical significance was established at p

We evaluated the utility of DNA barcodes for identifying Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) infesting sweet oranges in Nigeria. Approximately 658 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed for 32 adult samples, eight from each of the four geopolitical zones of Nigeria. All of the samples had identical sequences except for two, both of which showed a transition from “G” to “A” at position 433 bp. DNA barcodes of specimens from Nigeria showed 100% similarity with sequences of T. leucotreta in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) from Kenya and South Africa; all the Nigerian samples cluster with T. leucotreta from BOLD with a bootstrap support of 90. DNA barcoding is consistent with identifications of the samples based on morphology.

The present study reports the bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the gills, muscles and intestine of Tilapia zillii, Malapterurus electricus and Clarias gariepinus sampled from fishermen at Niger River, Onitsha shelf. Heavy metals in gills, muscles and intestine of fishes was investigated using Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Mean cadmium concentration in the fish organs was highest (0.068 ± 0.02 mg/kg) in the gills and lowest (0.040 ± 0.01 mg/kg) in the muscles. The descending order of mean cadmium concentration in the organs is gills > intestine > muscles. T. zillii and C. gariepinus had the maximum and minimum mean cadmium concentration of 0.087 ± 0.04 mg/kg and 0.043 ± 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. Cadmium concentration in the fish organs were lower than the FAO/WHO standard for seafood, thus the fishes with this levels of heavy metals are safe for human consumption. The mean concentration of zinc in the organs of the studied fish species was highest (8.180 ± 3.508 mg/kg) in intestine and lowest (4.176 ± 1.091 mg/ kg) in the muscles. The descending order was intestine > gills > muscles. Mean zinc concentration was maximum (8.848 ± 3.39 mg/kg) in T. zillii and minimum (5.084 ± 1.17 mg/kg) in M. electricus. These values were below the FAO/WHO recommended standard limit of zinc (10–20 mg/kg) in fish samples. Lead and mercury were not detected in any of the fish. The result obtained in this study, revealed that Niger River is contaminated to varying levels by zinc and cadmium. Control measures recommended include public enlightenment on the need to desist from anthropogenic activities that could lead to water pollution.

The exotic tephritid Bactrocera invadens (syn. Bactrocera dorsalis) and the native Ceratitis species constitute serious pests and major impediment to Citrus production in Nigeria. Lack of accurate and reliable diagnostic methods independent of the life stages intercepted for both genera hampers implementation of appropriate early management programmes to avoid economic losses and delays in quarantine decision regarding these pests. We used a PCR amplification technique to successfully establish RFLP patterns of the COI coding gene to differentiate the exotic B. invadens from the native Ceratitis species infesting sweet oranges in Nigeria. The universal barcoding primer pair LCO1490/HCO2198 was used to amplify 658 bp-long fragment of the mitochondrial COI coding gene. The amplified fragment was analysed by automated direct sequencing and RFLP. Intraspecific variation in nucleotide sequences of B. invadens was very low with not more than 2 bp substitutions in four out of 31 individuals sequenced. Among the ...

Background: Geophagy is wide spread among pregnant women in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess intestinal nematode infections among geophagous pregnant women in Southern Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Methods: Pregnant women were aged 17-45 years at gestational ages of ≥ 14 to 24 weeks on hospital enrolment were sampled. Data on geophagy was collected using structured questionnaire. Gastrointestinal nematode status of the participants was determined by stool analyses. Soil types ingested were examined for intestinal nematode ova / larvae. Results: The prevalence of geophagy (46.4%) was associated with socio-demographic characteristics. Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm were associated with geophagy while Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis had no association. Prevalence of A. lumbricoides , T. trichiura and S. stercoralis differed significantly (p

Introduction and objective. The effect of climatic conditions on the biting density and relative abundance of Simulium damnosum complex at Adani, Nigeria, from August 2010 – January 2011 was investigated. Materials and methods: The classical method of collecting blackflies for a period of 11 hours using human attractants was employed in the study. Monthly climatic data, such as rainfall, relative humidity and temperature were collected for the period of study. Results. Rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, harmattan (cold, dry wind) and deforestation were observed to affect the biting density and relative abundance of blackflies at the site. A total of 548 female adult blackflies were collected. The biting density of the flies ranged from 0.5 Flies/Man/Hour (FMH) in December to 5.5 FMH in January. The relative abundance of the flies ranged from 21 in December to 243 in January. Regression analysis showed that temperature and relative humidity had a positive correlation with relative abundance of Simulium damnosum complex (y = -0.0006x + 25.593, r = 0.0519) and (y = -0.1213x + 78.794, r = 0.505), respectively. Conclusions. The risk of getting infected with Onchocerca volvulus increased during the dry season with its associated weather conditions.

Parasitic investigation was carried out to determine the incidence and prevalence of the parasites of exotic Suis (large white) slaughtered for meat in Nsukka, Nigeria. All the 180 large white examined were infected with either or both ecto- and endoparasites. The ecto- parasites were Sarcoptes suis and Haematopinus suis and endoparasites were Strongyloides ransomi, Eimeria sp and Ascaris suum. Among the endoparasites, Eimeria sp. had the highest prevalence (51.70%), followed by S. ransomi (41.10 %) and A. suum (31.10 %). S. suis (35.50%) was more prevalent than H. suis (6.60%). Incidence of the endoparasites was high being 142.60% of S. ransomi, 1350% of Eimeria sp. and 104.30% of A. suum. Incidence of S. suis was 146.40% and that of H. suis was 38.7%. The prevalence of haemoparasites encoun- tered during the survey were Trypanosoma brucei (10.00%) T. congolense, (13.30%) Babesia trautmanni (42.77%) and Babesia perroncitoi (33.89%) and the incidences of these parasites were 31.40, 45.00, 127.79 and 95.78%, respectively. Age groups 7-9 months were mostly affected by various ectoparasites except in the infection of H. suis which was recorded mostly in the young stock 4-6 months of age. Age groups 7-9 months were mostly affected by haemoparasites followed by above 9 months and lastly 4-6 months old pigs.

The parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes of the Warri River, Delta State, Nigeria, with reference to their prevalence, intensity and differences in metazoan parasites between fish sexes, was investigated. A total of 85 fish samples comprising of 21 Tilapia zillii (Cichlidae: Perciformes), 23 Synodontis clarias (Mochokidae: Siluriformes), 23 Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Claroteidae: Siluriformes), 16 Hepsetus odoe (Hepsetidae: Characiformes) and 2 Clarias anguillaris (Clariidae: Siluriformes) collected from the Warri River, Delta State, Nigeria, were subjected to parasitological examination. The overall metazoan parasite prevalence was 32.9%. The metazoan parasites recovered were mainly the acanthocephalans: Neoechinorhynchus prolixum , Pomphorhynchus spp., Acanthocephalus spp. and unidentified acanthocephalan, and nematodes: Camallanus polypteri, Capillaria pterophylli, C. cichlasomae, Procamallanus laeviconchus, Philometroides africanus and Railletnema synodontis. Although the acanthocephalans constituted 75.6% and nematodes 22.2% of the parasites recovered, the nematodes had the highest prevalence (23.5%) compared to the acanthocephalans (9.4%). Similarly, variable prevalences were observed for the other metazoan parasite taxa recovered, namely trematoda; Clinostomum complanatum (1.2%), Leech; Pisciola geometra (2.4%) and Crustaceans (1.2%). The highest parasite prevalence (39.1%) was observed in S. clarias, while the least (23.8%) was observed in T. zillii . Generally, the prevalence of parasites was higher in female (35.7%) than in the males (31.6%), although statistically no significant difference was observed in the prevalence by sex (X 2 = 0.145, P = 0.807). The relatively high overall parasite prevalence in fishes inhabiting the Warri River may be attributed to the relatively high level of pollution.

Liver damage due to paracetamol hepatotoxicity is a major health challenge worldwide. It is against this background that this study was designed to determine the hepatoprotective effects of the increasing dosage of Allium cepa methanolic extracts on paracetamol induced hepatotoxic rats. Fifty-four (54) adult male albino rats comprising of nine normal and 45 paracetamol hepatotoxic rats were used for this study. The experimental design was the three by three Latin square design. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity was induced by single administration of paracetamol at 750 mg/kg ip on the first day of the experiment. The different biochemical parameters assessed were determined before the start of the study and subsequently monthly for the duration of the study. Blood samples were collected from the rat through the eye monthly for analysis and serum was obtained by centrifugation (5000 rpm for 10 min) and stored at -20°C prior to analysis. The effects of duration and increasing dosages (200, 300 and 450 mg/kg) of A. cepa methanolic extracts produced a duration dependent significant (p < 0.05) reductions in the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total serum bilirubin (TSB) of paracetamol hepatotoxic rats after the duration of study when compared with those of the paracetamol, normal and silymarin control rats. A. cepa reduced alanine aminotransferase and total serum bilirubin in a dose dependent fashion whereas it reduced aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase level in a dose independent manner. A. cepa extracts studied showed potent hepatoprotective properties. It was evident that A. cepa extracts was able to reduce significantly all the elevated biochemical parameters due to paracetamol hepatotoxicity and this was collaborated by results of histopathological studies.Keywords: Allium cepa, paracetamol, hepatoprotective effects, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total serum bilirubinAfrican Journal of Biotechnology, Vol 13(26) 2679-2688

The increasing discovery of more medicinal plants have triggered increased scientific screening of their bioactivity in order to provide data that will help physicians and patients make wise decision before using them. This study was designed to elucidate comparative phytochemical and antioxidant properties of crude seed powder, aqueous and methanolic seed extracts of Buchholzia coriacea. The results showed that crude seed powder had the highest alkaloid and phenol content of 3.98 ± 0.00% and 0.92 ± 0.00%, while aqueous extract had the least alkaloid and phenol content of 1.00 ± 0.00% and 0.12 ± 0.00% respectively. Methanolic extracts had the highest phytochemical components among the three extracts with flavonoids (12.03 ± 0.0), saponins (1.99 ± 0.01), terpenoids (2.00 ± 0.00), tannin (0.10 ± 0.00) and phytate (2.02 ± 0.01) compositions, while aqueous extracts had the highest hydrogen cyanide (0.30 ± 0.00) and glycoside (0.35 ± 0.00). Antioxidant (DPPH) activities of B. coriacea showed that aqueous extract and crude seed powder had inhibition concentration (IC50) of 4.65 mg/ml while methanolic extract had IC50 of 5.85 mg/ml. The result of the LD50 of the extracts showed the each extracts was well tolerated at a dose of 5000 mg/kg, an indication of high safety profile. The study therefore clearly demonstrated that methanolic extracts of B. coriacea have antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypocholesterolmic and anticarcinogenic properties owing to the presence of high levels of phytochemical components than the aqueous and crude seed powder.

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal property of Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract as seed protectant against maize weevil. One (1) gram each of acetone, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts were re-suspended in 5 ml of deionized water and used to impregnate filter papers set in four replicates. Varied concentrations of the aqueous extract per 50 g of Zea mays grains infested with 10 pairs of sexed Sitophilus zeamais for 28 days were tested for insecticidal properties and compared with experimental and synthetic conventional insecticide [Coopex (0.25 g)] controls. Parameters assessed were effect of C. citratus extracts on weevil mortality (toxicity test) and protection of maize against S. zeamais. Data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using New Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% level of significance. Results showed significant (P < 0.05) concentration and duration dependent mortalities of S. zeamais. The aqueous extract gave the highest protection of the maize grains followed by chloroform, methanol and acetone extracts respectively. The insecticidal potency of C. citratus extracts and its availability places it as an attractive biopesticide in traditional post-harvest seed protection.

The parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes of the Warri River, Delta State, Nigeria, with reference to their prevalence, intensity and differences in metazoan parasites between fish sexes, was investigated. A total of 85fish samples comprising of 21 Tilapia zillii (Cichlidae: Perciformes), 23 Synodontisclarias (Mochokidae: Siluriformes), 23 Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Claroteidae: Siluriformes), 16 Hepsetus odoe (Hepsetidae: Characiformes)and 2 Clarias anguillaris (Clariidae: Siluriformes) collected from the Warri River, Delta State, Nigeria, were subjected to parasitological examination.The overall metazoan parasite prevalence was 32.9%. The metazoan parasites recovered were mainly the acanthocephalans: Neoechinorhynchusprolixum, Pomphorhynchus spp., Acanthocephalus spp. and unidentified acanthocephalan, and nematodes: Camallanus polypteri, Capillariapterophylli, C. cichlasomae, Procamallanus laeviconchus, Philometroides africanus and Railletnema synodontis. Although the acanthocephalans constituted 75.6% and nematodes 22.2% of the parasites recovered, thenematodes had the highest prevalence (23.5%) compared to the acanthocephalans (9.4%). Similarly, variable prevalences were observed for the other metazoan parasite taxa recovered, namely trematoda; Clinostomumcomplanatum (1.2%), Leech; Pisciola geometra (2.4%) and Crustaceans (1.2%). The highest parasite prevalence (39.1%) was observed in S. clarias, while the least (23.8%) was observed in T. zillii. Generally, the prevalenceof parasites was higher in female (35.7%) than in the males (31.6%), although statistically no significant difference was observed in the prevalence by sex (X2 = 0.145, P = 0.807). The relatively high overall parasite prevalence in fishes inhabiting the Warri River may be attributed to the relatively high level of pollution., Ovo istraživanje bavi se proučavanjem parazitofaune slatkovodnih riba iz rijeke Warri u državi Delti u Nigeriji s obzirom nazastupljenost, intenzitet pojave i razlike u višestaničnim parazitima kod različitih spolova. Parazitološkom pregledu podvrgnutoje ukupno 85 jedinki ribe iz rijeke Warri u državi Delti u Nigeriji: 21 Tilapia zillii (Cichlidae: Perciformes), 23 Synodontisclarias (Mochokidae: Siluriformes), 23 Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus(Claroteidae: Siluriformes), 16 Hepsetus odoe (Hepsetidae: Characiformes) i dvije Clarias anguillaris (Clariidae: Siluriformes).Ukupna zastupljenost višestaničnih parazita bila je 32,9%. Otkriveni višestanični paraziti uglavnom su bili akantocefali, Neoechinorhynchus prolixum, Pomphorhynchus spp., Acanthocephalus spp., a isto tako i neidentificirani akantocefali i nematode, Camallanus polypteri, Capillaria pterophylli,C. cichlasomae, Procamallanus laeviconchus, Philometroides africanus i Railletnema synodontis. Među otkrivenim parazitimaakantocefala je bilo 75,6%, a nematoda 22,2%, no usprkos manjem postotku, nematode su imale veću zastupljenost (23,5%) u usporedbi s akantocefalima (9,4%). Isto tako, praćena je i zastupljenost drugog višestaničnog parazita– trematoda (metilja): Clinostomum complanatum (1,2%), zatim pijavica (Leech); Pisciola geometra (2,4%) i račića (Crustaceans)(1,2%). Najveća zastupljenost parazita zabilježena je kod S. Clarias, a najmanja (23,8%) kod T. zillii. Sveukupno gledajući, zastupljenost parazita bila je veća kod ženki (35,7%)nego kod mužjaka (31,6%), iako statistički nema velike razlike u zastupljenosti parazita po spolu ( 2 = 0,145, P = 0,807). Relativno visoka ukupna zastupljenost parazita kod riba možese pripisati relativno visokoj razini onečišćenja.

Artificial induce breeding of gravid Heterobranchus bidorsalis was carried out using two hormonal materials – homoplastic and heteroplastic hormones. The study which involved 10 trials was carried out with 60 gravid female and 20 mature male. The broodfish used for the study were 18 months hatchery produced H. bidorsalis. The hormonal treatments led to the following results in terms of percentage weight loss (3.16 and 306%); fertilization rate (9522.77 ± 34813 and 8,857.93± 25557); and hatchability (9,18013± 34337 and 8,476.83 ± 34595) for homoplastic and heteroplastic hormones respectively. The mean numbers of dead eggs were 396.10± 19.15 forhomoplastic hormone injected catfish and 425.53 ± 17.09 for those injected heteroplastic hormone. Recorded deormed of larva were low (35.80 ± 1.11 and 34.27 ± 1.43) respectively for catfish injected homoplastic and heteroplastic hormones. Survival of hatchlings was high (99.61 and 9959 %) for gravid catfish inected homoplastic and heteroplastic hormones respectively. There was no significant difference (P < 005) in weight of pre and post female spawners. Although the two tested hormones investigated were effective inducers, homoplastic hormone is recommended as it recorded better results.Keywords: Homoplastic and Heteroplastic hormones, Induced spawning, Hatchability, Heterobranchus bidorsalis

Studies on some aspects of the biology of Heterots nilotcus in Anambra river were carried out for 22 months. Analysis of the stomach content of 546 species of H. niloticus in Anambra river established the preponderance o plantivorous crustacean, copepods and cladocera throughout the four maturation stages examined. Seasonal variations occurred in the dietary components of the fish. The length-weights relationship and the relative condition revealed that females had better conditon. The mean length and weght were 94.5 ± 60 cm (29 – 167 cm) and 120 ± 21.8g (10 – 250g) respectively. A sex ratio of 1:0.8 (M: F) at Otuocha was more pronounced than at Ogurugu and Nsugbe. Dgestive enzyme assays in the different gut regions (oesaphagus, stomach, pyloriccaeca, ileum and rectum) of H. niloticus showed an array of glycosidase (amylase, sucrase, malatase, lactase, cellulase); protease, (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin) and lpases. The pattern of spread and relative activity of the enzymes is consistent with its planktophagous diet. Haematocrit values, haemoglobin concentrations, erythrocyte and leucocytes counts, mean cells haemoglobin concentrations, plasma protein, glucose, albumin and inorganic ion (sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus) for H. niloticus were established. Correlations were found between some blood parameters and standard length. Keywords: Heterotis niloticus, Length-weight relationship, Stomach content, Digestive enzymes, Haematology

In ever competitive environment of nature, evolution of most attributes of an organism - anatomy,physiology, and behaviour are determined by the environment through selection. The same is the microhabitats of Sarotherodon melanotheron where three Clinostomatids; Clinostomum tilapiae, Clinostomum complanatum, and Euclinostomum heterostomum, were recovered from Opi Lake (GPS N06.75275*, E00749104*), were studied from (November 2007– October 2008) using multiple fishing gear techniques; cast nets, hook and line, and seine nets (150 mm – 200 mm), showed signiicant dfference (p < 005) in all other anatomical parts but the distance between oraand ventral suckers. The prevalence was low; (20.8 %) was recorded in C. complanatum, (6.4 %) in E. heterostomum and (21.1 %) in C. tilapiae. But mean intensity was high which was suggestive of heavy parasite burden; C. complanatum (2.7), C. tilapiae (5.8) and E. heterostomum (5.1). In therank-abundance curve for parasite communities C.tilapiae was more abundant than the other twospecies. Differential parasitic implications was due o selection for relatively better adaptiveness tohost’s microhabitats, more population size, better host location, and larger body size. Consequently, this resulted in a trade-off between larger morphometric parts and population size among the parasites.Key words: Clinostomum sp, co-parasitism, Morphometrics, E. heterostomum, Opi Lake, Selection

Co-infection and morphometrics of helminth parasites of Tilapia guinensis in Opi Lake (GPS N06.75275*, E007.49104*), were studied from (Nov 2007– Oct 2008) using multiple fishing gear techniques; cast nets, hook and line, and seine nets (150 mm – 200 mm). The parasites recovered were C. tilapiae, C. complanatum and E. heterostomum. The prevalence was low, indicative of parasitic infection in the wild. Prevalence of (33.9 %) was recorded in C. complanatum, (7.2 %) in E. heterostomum and (12.6 %) in C. tilapiae. But high mean intensity was suggestive of heavy parasite burden; C. complanatum (4.8), C. tilapiae (2.8), and E. heterostomum (5.1). Morphometrics of the parasites showed no significance difference in the distance between oral and ventral suckers. However, they differed in all other parts significantly (p < 0.05). In the rank-abundance curve for parasite communities, C. complanatum was most abundant (pi 0.63). Differential parasitic effects were due to selection for relatively better adaptiveness to host’s microhabitats, more population size, better host location, and larger body size. Consequently, this resulted in a trade-off between larger morphometric parts and population size among the parasites

This study reviews the effects of parasites of fresh water fish hosts. Like other living organisms, fish harbour parasites either external or internal which cause a host of pathological debilities in them. The parasites live in close obligate association and derive benefits such as nutrition at the host\'s expense, usually without killing the host. They utililize energy otherwise available for the hosts growth, sustenance, development, establishment and reproduction and as such may harm their hosts in a number of ways and affect fish production. The common parasites of fishes include the unicellular microparasites (viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoans). The protozoans i.e. microsporidians and mixozoans are considered in this review. The multicellular macroparasites mainly comprised of the helminthes and arthropods are also highlighted. The effects of parasites on their fish hosts maybe exacerbated by different pollutants including heavy metals and hydrocarbons, organic enrichment of sediments by domestic sewage and others such as parasite life cycles and fish population size. Keywords : Parasites, Helminths, Protozoans, Microparasites, Macroparasites, Debilities, Freshwater fish Bio-Research Vol. 6 (1) 2008: pp. 328-338

This study compares the hypolipidaemic effects of the increasing dosages of A. cepa, A. sativum and Z. officinale aqueous extract on alloxan-diabetic Rattus novergicus for possible use in the management of hyperlipidaemia characteristic of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus was induced in 108 out of a total of 117 adult Rattus novergicus using 150mg/kg b wt of alloxan monohydrate. Increasing dosages (200, 250 and 300mg/kg bw ip) of A. cepa, A. sativum and Z. officinale aqueous extracts were given to the diabetic rats for six weeks while the control rats got either normal saline (1ml) or increasing dosage of glibenclamide ( 2.5, 3.8 and 5.0mg/kg b wt ip) during the same period. Total serum lipids and total serum cholesterol were assessed using routine methods. Increasing dosages of plants aqueous extracts produced a dose-dependent significant (P A. cepa and A. sativum at 300mg/kg bw ip caused significant reductions in total serum lipids more effective than the diabetic control drug glibenclamide at 5.0 mg/kg bw ip. A. cepa at 300mg/kg bw ip was the most effective in reducing total serum lipids, reducing it by 44.4% (184.3 ± 8.4 to 129.7 ± 5.7). A. sativum at 300mg/kg bw ip was the most effective in reducing total serum cholesterol, 39.8%, that was from ( 128.7 ± 2.7 to 77.2 ± 4.9), A. cepa followed 27.2% (130.1 ± 3.7 to 94.7 ± 4.2) and Z. Officinale was next , 16.1% from (130.7 ± 4.4 to 109.7 ± 7.5). From our experimental findings, it can be concluded that the three plant extracts studied exhibited promising hypolipidaemic activity in alloxan-diabetic rats. The hypolipidaemic effect presents a protective mechanism against the development of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidaemia common in diabetes mellitus. Further studies on the extracts, their composition, mode of action and active ingredients are suggested. A research on the combined effects of the three plant extracts on hyperlipidaemia was recommended for future investigations. Keywords : Hypolipidaemic effects, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale Alloxan-Induced diabetic Rattus novergicus Bio-Research Vol. 6 (2) 2008: pp. 384-391

A study of the physico-chemical parameters of Agulu Lake was made from January to December 2003. Except for surface temperature, the other parameters were markedly season-dependent. Conductivity, total residue, DO, alkalinity, turbidity, calcium, N-NO3, P-PO4 values were higher in the rainy than the dry season. Conversely, pH, visibility and free CO2 were higher in the dry season. There was no significant seasonality in surface temperature. Keywords : Physico-chemical parameters, Agulu Lake Bio-Research Vol. 6 (2) 2008: pp. 371-374

Cytogenetic variations among four Clarias species from Anambra river, Nigeria were studied using leucocytes culture techniques. Heterogeneity in chromosome number (2n = 48 in Clarias ebriensis and C. albopunctatus to 2n = 56 in C. anguillaris and C. gariepinus) and Karyotype morphologies occurred among the clariids. The chromosomes were characterized by a high proportion of meta-submetacentric chromosomes and low proportion of acrocentric chromosomes. The females karyotype morphologies exhibited a heteromorphic pair suspected to be the sex chromosome complex. The following formulae were established for the male clariids; C. ebriensis 6m + 22sm + 20a FN =76; C. albopunctatus 4m ± 22sm + 22a FN = 74; C. gariepinus 8m + 24a FN = 88; and C. anguillaris 8m + 26m + 22a FN = 90. The female karyotype morphologies were C. ebriensis 6m + 23sm + 19a FN = 77, C. albopunctatus 4m ± 23sm + 21a FN = 75, C. gariepinus 8m + 25sm + 23a FN = 89 and C. anguillaris 8m + 27sm + 21a FN = 91. A generic chromosomal number of 2n = 54 + 4 for the clariids was suggested. The almost uniform karyotype morphologies and the closeness of the chromosome numbers around the generic chromosome number may suggest success with which the clariids may hybridize in nature.

The lake Alau fisheries of the North East zone of Nigeria, Maiduguri contains relatively low fish species exploited artisanally by 365 fishers in all the sampled stations. Station 4 has the highest mean number of fishers (275 ± 21.30) while station 2 has the least mean number (35 ± 9.30). A total of one thousand, eight hundred and thirty one (1831) fish specimens were sampled. The major fish species were from the families; Characidae, Cichlidae, Mochokidae, Schilbeidae, Mormyridae, Cyprinidae, Clariidae, Bagridae, Centropomidae, Polypteridae and Osteoglossidae. The most dominant family observed was the Cichlidae. The species composition recorded was 28 in all the studied stations. Heterotis niloticus was dominant with mean number of 40.4 ± 1.1.28 and percentage composition of 11.2 %. Sex ratio of 1 male to 0.95 female was recorded for Heterotis niloticus. Multi gears fishing were observed. The percentage composition of fishing gears observed were in the order of clap net (33 %), cast net (20 %), gill net (20 %), long line (11 %), Mali trap (15 %) and seine net (1 %). There was a steady increase in number of fishers employing nets of various kinds. Lake Alau fisheries can be rated as over fished due to the pressure of fishers and the quality of their catches.

Sex discriminating characters of four mormyrid species caught from Anambra river basin, Nigeria were investigated. Sexual dimorphism occurred in only one transformed character – dorsal fin base length and in four raw morphometric characters namely totallength, standard length, dorsal fin base length and anal fin base length. These characters are recommended as key characters in mormyrid taxonomy. Keywords : Mormyridae, sex dimorphism, Anambra river Animal Research International Vol. 1 (3) 2004 pp. 169-172

The management-oriented background for harnessing aquatic physicochemical parameters influencing macro invertebrate fauna of Anambra River basin for sustainable fish productivity was studied. The intra seasonal variability in the water quality of the river revealed mean transparency of 1.79 cm, Conductivity of 28.81 μscm-1, nitrate-nitrogen of 3.23 mgl-1, total hardness of 6.43 mgcaco3L-1, biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of 3.62 mgl-1, No3-N/Po4-P 0.54 ratio and Co2/DO o0.81 were significantly higher in the dry season than all other parameters which were signicantly higher in he wet season. A toal of 1808 individuals (mosty adults) belongng to 97 species of macro-invertebrate fauna were collected. The overall composition of the fauna in the river basin was dominated by coleopterans and the hemipterans. The estimated annual fish yield of the river basin was 72.91 kg/ha based on a morphoedaphic index. The water quality of the River can be harnessed by controlling and/or prohibiting the discharge of municipal effluents and domestic garbage into the river as well as the continuous use of the riparian zone for agronomy. The maintenance of periphera 50/60 m of thick riparian vegetation can act as buffer strp to check bank erosion is suggested. Keywords: Macro invertebrates, Physicochemical Parameters, Harnessing, Fish yield Animal Research International Vol. 4 (2) 2007 pp. 705-712

Plasmodium infection in man is caused by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. This results in the disease, malaria. Malaria has serious debilitating effects on man. It adversely affectsman's health, strength and productivity. Here, a review of Plasmodium infection in man including the life cycle transmisson, immunity, symptoms, diagnosis, pathology, prevention, control and treatment is given. Only by knowing about Plasmodium infection, the burden of infection on man and the prevention and control options can we understand the disease better and so be better prepare for the future management of this disease. Keywords : Plasmodium infection, Malaria, Epidemiology, Symptoms, Treatment, Control, Man Animal Research International Vol. 3 (3) 2006 pp. 573-580

The food and feeding habits of 417 samples of Campylomormyrus tamandua (Osteichthyes Mormyridae) in Anambra River, Nigeria were studied from October 2002 to March 2004. Fish samples were collected monthly at Otuocha and Ogurugu river ports along the Anambra river using a fleet of gill nets of various mesh sizes, traps and hook and lines. Out of the eight (8) categories ofood consumed, the most dominant group was benthic invertebrates (IFS = 4492) followed by alochthonous invertebrates (IFS = 33.40) whe the least was mud/sand (IFS = 10.02). Variaton in the stomach fullness condition showed that 82 (19.66%) ofthe stomachs studied were empty 40 (9.59%) were full while 295 (7074%) were partially filled Food richness and diet breadth showed no significant difference between the seasons and sex respectively (P > 0.05). The trophicvariations and flexibility in C. tamandua are discussed. Keywords : Anambra river, Campylomormyrus tamandua , Food, Feeding habits Animal Research International Vol. 3 (1) 2006 pp. 410-414

The length-weight relatonship and condition factor of four mormyrid species namely Mormyrus rume, Hyperopisus bebe, Campylomormyrus tamandua and Gnathonemus petersii from Anambra river were investigated from October 2002 to March 2004. In al400 species M. rume, 384 H. bebe417 C. tamandua and 335 G. petersii were sampled for the study Length-weigh relationship showed that the exponent “b,\' were 3.067, 2.459, 3.201 and 3.114 for M. rume, H. bebe, C. tamandua and G. petersii respectively. The mormyrid species studied with exception of H. bebe exhibited isometric growth and the correlation coefficients were positive and highly sgnificant (P < 0.05). The condtion factor (k) varied from 0.69 ± 0.22 in G. petersii to 1.17 ± 0.59 in M. rume. There were no significant difference in the mean condition facor between themales and females inall the mormyrid species. The importance of condition factor in the breeding activities o the mormyrid species revealed that not much energy s diverted into gonad synthesis and maturation during the breeding cycle season. Keywords: Mormyrids, Length-weight relationship, Condition factorAnimal Research International Vol. 3 (1) 2006 pp. 426-430

A study to evaluate the effects of the preservative, Actellic 25 EC solution, on the mineral composition of the three freshwater fish species was carried out. Pieces of fish (samples) were analysed for mineral composition before and after traditional smoke drying and smoke drying after Actellic treatment. The investigations were carried out using fresh water fish, Heterobranchus longifilis, Heterotis niloticus and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus. The result showed that Actellic 0.03 % solution greatly reduced the sodium content of the smoked dried fish species. Furthermore, Actellic 25 EC eroded the magnesium (Mg) content of C. nigrodigitatus and also reduced slightly the naturally high iron content of H. longifilis, H. niloticus and C. nigrodigitatus. The implications of these results are discussed. Keywords: Actellic, Mineral, Freshwater fishAnimal Research International Vol. 1 (2) 2004 pp. 86-89

Physico-chemical studies were conducted in lake Alau, a large reservoir in the northeast arid zone of Nigeria, between October, 2001 and September, 2002. Five stations were selected to determine the physico-chemical characteristics. The results showed that water temperature values ranged from 23 oC to 27 oC, depth varied from 2.85 m to 7.23m, water current was between 19.62 cm/sec and 26.71 cm/sec, Secchi disc transparency ranged from 0.26 m to 0.42 m, pH varied from 6.59 to 7.29, conductivity was between 118.41 homs/cm and 131.45 homs/cm, free CO2 ranged from 2.55 mg/l to 3.06 mg/l, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was between 4.30 mg/l and 5.31 mg/l and nitrate-nitrogen concentration was between 30.30 mg/l and 47.0 mg/l. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between these parameters in relation to stations. Generally, the physico-chemical characteristics of lake Alau fall within the productive values for aquatic systems, and strongly indicate that the lake is unpolluted. Keywords: vAnimal Research International Vol. 1 (2) 2004 pp. 113-119

Specific differences in meristic counts were exhibited in both the anal fin ray count and the vertebral count in the clariids of Anambra river, Nigeria. There was a close numerical relationship between the number of anal fin rays and the number of vertebrae. The present study further justifies the taxonomic importance of anal fin ray count in differentiating Clarias species.

Coefficient of difference in 54 morphometric characters was studied using 258 Clarias species from Anambra river, Nigeria. There were no differences between C. ebrensis andC. albopunctatus for all the 54 characters studied. The coefficient of difference in morphometric characters of C. ebriensis vs. C.gariepinus indicated that about 90 % of C. ebriensis were significantly different from about 90 % of C. gariepinus in about 34 morphometric characters. Thirty seven differentiating morphometric characters occurred between C. ebriensis and C. anguillaris. Considering the discrimnating characters between C. albopunctatus and C. gariepinus, 90 % of C. abopunctatus differed from 90% of C. gariepinus in about 32 characters. Furthermore, about 90 % of C. albopunctatus differed from 90 % of C. anguillaris in about 35 characters. Differentiating of C. gariepinus from C. anguillaris based on the coefficient of difference was impossibe for all the 54 characters studied. The coefficients of difference among all clariids studied were almost identical in 10 characters namely: maximum body depth, pectoral spine height, anal fin base length, inner mandibular barbe length, outer mandibular barbel length, maxillary barbel length, premaxillary teeth band depth, vomerine teeth band depth, prenasal length and nasal - nasal barbel space, with exception of C. ebriensis vs. C. albopunctatus and C. gariepinus vs. C. anguillaris. These characters thus represent “key characters” for differentiating between the “small” and “large” clariids. Keywords: Mayr's Coefficient of Difference, Clarias, Clariidae, Taxonomy Animal Research International Vol. 1 (1) 2004: pp. 36-41

No Abstract.Bio-Research Vol. 5 (1) 2007: pp. 201-206

The effects of substituting soyabean meal for breadfruit ( Tricuria africana ) meal in diets fed to Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) x Clarias gariepinus (♀) hybrid fingerlings on diet acceptability, growth responses and cost benefit of fed catfishes were studied. The acceptability of breadfruit based diets by Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) x Clarias gariepinus (♀) hybrid fingerlings was studied using the “time to strike and acceptability index” and their growth responses studied using “weight gain and specific growth rate”. The cost benefit arising from feeding Breadfruit meal based diets to 1000 Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) x Clarias gariepinus (♀) hybrid fingerlings for nine weeks was estimated. The results indicated that substituting soyabean meal for breadfruit meal in diets fed to Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) x Clarias gariepinus (♀) fingerlings slightly decreased the time to strike dietary pellets. Diets containing 0 % breadfruit meal (diet A – control) were not easily stroked by fed catfishes when compared to the diets containing 100 % breadfruit meal (diet G). Furthermore, increased substitutions of soyabean meal for breadfruit meal in diets fed to catfishes slightly improved the acceptability of diets; the best acceptable diet being diets C, E and G, there was statistically no significant difference in the acceptability of the control diets and diets having breadfruit meal. Increasing substitutions of soyabean meal for breadfruit meal in diets fed to Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) x Clarias gariepinus (♀) hybrid fingerlings led to weight increases in all dietary types with exception of diet G and higher growth induction in catfishes fed all diets with exception of diet B. Diets C had induced better mean growth than the control and other experimental diets, although statistically, there was no significant difference between the control diets and diets having breadfruit meal. Increased incorporation of breadfruit meal in diets fed to catfish hybrid fingerlings led to slight increased in the cost of diets. The cost benefit analysis revealed that catfishes fed diet C had comparatively better cost of diet per unit weight gain. The benefits derived by incorporation of Breadfruit meal in diets fed to Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) x Clarias gariepinus (♀) hybrid are discussed. Key Words: Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias gariepinus , African catfish hybrid, breadfruit meal, acceptability, growth responses, cost Bio-Research Vol.2(2) 2004: 27-33

The acceptability of diet, growth performance and cost benefit analysis of C. gariepinus fed varied diets enriched with dietary lipids from plant and animal sources was investigated. The acceptability of diets enriched with lipids was investigated using the “time to strike and acceptability index.” The growth potentials and survival of C. gariepinus fed varied dietary lipid, were investigated using “weight gain, specific growth rate and normalized biomass index.” The combined effects of diets fortified with either animal or plant lipids on diet acceptability, growth and survival of C. gariepinus, were studied. Furthermore, the cost benefit of feeding C. gariepinus fingerlings with diet enriched with varied lipid types was established. Results indicated that enrichment of C. gariepinus fingerlings diets with lipids enhances the acceptability of the diet, the best acceptable diet being olive oil enriched diet. The acceptability of diets enriched with olive oil, cow fat and pig fat were statistically not significantly different. Although, olive oil diets were easily accepted, with regards to weight gain, growth induction and survival the pig fat enriched diets performed best when compared with other lipid fortified diets. All lipid enriched diets had significantly different weight gain (p < 0.05), specific growth rate (p < 0.05) and survival rate (p < 0.05) than the control diet. Although lipid enhanced diets were better than those without lipid in C. gariepinus, animal lipid enriched diets had better acceptability index, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival than plant lipid fortified diets. The cost benefit analysis revealed that both pig and goat fats had better comparative and effective cost per unit weight gain. Key words: Diet, fingerlings, Clarius gariepinus Bio-Research Vol.1(2) 2003: 87-99