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Phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) plays a key role in lymphocytes and inhibitors targeting this PI3K have been approved for hematological malignancies. While studies in hematological and solid tumor models in mice have demonstrated that PI3Kδ inhibitors (PI3Kδi) can induce anti-tumor immunity, the impact of PI3Kδi on solid tumors in humans remains unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of the PI3Kδi AMG319 in patients with resectable head and neck cancer in a neoadjuvant, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised phase-II trial. We find that PI3Kδ inhibition decreases tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive TREG cells and causes heightened cytotoxic potential of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Loss of intratumoral TREG cells and an increase in the frequency of activated TREG cells in the blood post-treatment are indicative of systemic effects on TREG tissue retention and maintenance. At the tested AMG319 doses, immune-related adverse events caused treatment discontinuation in 12/21 of AMG319-treated patients, further suggestive of systemic effects on TREG cells. Consistent with this notion, in a murine syngeneic tumor model, PI3Kδi decreased TREG cells in both tumor and non-malignant tissues and affected TREG subtype composition, maintenance and functionality. Our data demonstrate the cancer-immunotherapy potential of PI3Kδ inhibition in humans, but its modulation will need to be carefully balanced to harness its anti-tumor capacity while minimizing immune related toxicity.

The first order reversal curve (FORC) method is a magnetometry based technique used to capture nanoscale magnetic phase separation and interactions with macroscopic measurements using minor hysteresis loop analysis. This makes the FORC technique a powerful tool in the analysis of complex systems which cannot be effectively probed using localized techniques. However, recovering quantitative details about the identified phases which can be compared to traditionally measured metrics remains an enigmatic challenge. We demonstrate a technique to reconstruct phase-resolved magnetic hysteresis loops by selectively integrating the measured FORC distribution. From these minor loops, the traditional metrics—including the coercivity and saturation field, and the remanent and saturation magnetization—can be determined. In order to perform this analysis, special consideration must be paid to the accurate quantitative management of the so-called reversible features. This technique is demonstrated on three representative materials systems, high anisotropy FeCuPt thin-films, Fe nanodots, and SmCo/Fe exchange spring magnet films, and shows excellent agreement with the direct measured major loop, as well as the phase separated loops.

We report on the noise performance characteristics of magnetic sensors using both magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) elements. Each sensor studied has a notably different noise and detectivity. Of the sensors we measured, those based on GMR multilayers have the lowest noise and detectivity. However, the GMR sensor also has a significantly smaller linear range. To make a direct comparison between sensors we scale the linear operating ranges of each sensor to be the same. This is the phenomenological equivalent of modifying the flux concentration. Upon scaling the low frequency detectivity of the TMR sensors becomes essentially equal to that of the GMR sensor. Using the scaling approach we are able to place the detectivity in the context of other key parameters, namely size and power consumption. Lastly, we use this technique to examine the upper limit for magnetoresistive sensor performance based on a notional MTJ sensor using present record setting TMR values., Comment: Accepted to Applied Physics Letters, 6 pages, 7 figures

Magnetoresistive (MR) sensors have been identified as promising candidates for the development of high-performance magnetometers due to their high sensitivity, low cost, low power consumption, and small size. The rapid advance of MR sensor technology has opened up a variety of MR sensor applications. These applications are in different areas that require MR sensors with different properties. Future MR sensor development in each of these areas requires an overview and a strategic guide. An MR sensor roadmap (non-recording applications) was therefore developed and made public by the Technical Committee of the IEEE Magnetics Society with the aim to provide an research and development (R&D) guide for MR sensors intended to be used by industry, government, and academia. The roadmap was developed over a three-year period and coordinated by an international effort of 22 taskforce members from ten countries and 17 organizations, including universities, research institutes, and sensor companies. In this paper, the current status of MR sensors for non-recording applications was identified by analyzing the patent and publication statistics. As a result, timescales for MR sensor development were established and critical milestones for sensor parameters were extracted in order to gain insight into potential MR sensor applications (non-recording). Five application areas were identified, and five MR sensor roadmaps were established. These include biomedical applications, flexible electronics, position sensing and human-computer interactions, non-destructive evaluation and monitoring, and navigation and transportation. Each roadmap was analyzed using a logistic growth model, and new opportunities were predicted based on the extrapolated curve, forecast milestones, and professional judgment of the taskforce members. This paper provides a framework for MR sensor technology (non-recording applications) to be used for public and private R&D planning, in order to provide guidance into likely MR sensor applications, products, and services expected in the next 15 years and beyond. This work was supported in part by the Seed Funding Program for Basic Research, in part by the Seed Funding Program for Applied Research and Small Project Funding Program from the University of Hong Kong, and in part by ITF Tier 3 funding under Grant ITS/203/14, Grant ITS/104/13, and Grant ITS/214/14), in part by RGC-GRF under Grant HKU 17210014 and Grant HKU 17204617, and in part by the University Grants Committee of Hong Kong under Contract AoE/P-04/08.

The group velocity of both acoustic waves and spin waves in crystals are orders of magnitude less than those of electromagnetic waves. As a result, complex analog signal processing tasks that span multiple periods of a signal can be implemented more compactly with acoustic or spin waves than with electromagnetic waves. Acoustic wave devices have thus become common in RF communications circuits, realizing complex linear filter functions in a compact and efficient manner. Although spin-wave-based devices could, in principle, perform many of the same functions as acoustic wave devices, the much higher losses and non-linear effects have limited the practical application of spin wave signal processors. However, we propose that for nonlinear signal processing functions, such as signal correlation, the combination of acoustic and spin wave signals in a single device may prove advantageous. We have developed a magneto-elastic device that exploits the nonlinear interactions between acoustic waves and spin waves to implement a microwave signal correlator. The device, illustrated schematically in Fig. 1a, uses an acoustic wave signal generated by a piezoelectric transducer to parametrically pump [1–3] a signal spin wave launched into a thin-film yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) waveguide by an antenna. The resulting idler spin wave is picked up by an output antenna. The frequencies of the three waves are related ${{\text{f}}_{p}}={{\text{f}}_{s}}+{{\text{f}}_{i}}$. In our experiments, the acoustic pump signal is at a frequency of $\mathrm {f}_{p}=2.4$ GHz while the signal and idler spin wave frequencies, f s and f i , are a few MHz above and below 1.2 GHz. It can be shown that if the microwave input signal and pump signal are modulated with signals S(t) and P(t) respectively, the generated idler signal is modulated by the combination of the two signals as $\mathrm {I}( \mathrm {t}) = \int _{0 {o}}^{t}\mathrm {S} ( 2 \tau - \mathrm {t}) \mathrm {P}( \tau ) \mathrm {d}\tau $, thus implementing a signal correlator. The correlation time window, t o , depends on the length of time that the spin wave transits the pumping region. The correlation signal processing is used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of weak signals in a presence of an interference. In our proposed scheme the weak signal is used to generate spin-waves via the input spin-wave transducer, while the “reference” code is applied to the pumping acoustic transducer. We created a theoretical formalism, which allows us to predict the characteristics of the output idler signal taking into account the features of the magneto-elastic parametric interactions, magnetic damping and the non-linearities in spinwaves associated with the pumping process. As an example we calculate the distribution of the spin-wave amplitude under the transducer for two orthogonal Walsh codes, while the pumping signal is modulated with one these codes. Fig. 2a demonstrate the distribution of two “signal” spin-waves, while Fig.2b shows the corresponding two “idler” spin-waves under the influence of the the pumping signal. Our simulations show, that i) the output idler power is enhanced when the signal spin-wave code matches the reference and suppressed otherwise, ii) the non-linearity introduced by a relative high pumping amplitude does not spoil the correlation process, and iii) the spinwave damping does not spoil the correlation processing. We have fabricated such a device, and sample results of its operation with a continuous pump are shown in Fig. 1b. The input microwave pulse of duration $\mathrm {t}_{s} \quad =30$ ns on the signal channel generates an idler pulse that appears after some delay at the output. Since the pump is continuous, the output spans a time $\mathrm {t}_{s} + \mathrm {t}_{o}$, where t o is approximately 200 ns, the time required for the pulse to traverse the 2 mm long device. We are currently implementing the ability to modulate the pump signal as well, so that the convolution of two signals, such as in Fig 2, can be demonstrated. Such a signal correlator could be used to great advantage at the input to a code division multiple access (CDMA) communications receiver, such as a cellular telephone, to de-correlate the incoming code sequence in the analog domain. Shifting this function to the analog domain could result in significant power savings and may improve the receiver's resilience to interfering signals.

The ability to travel safely and efficiently has been a key driver of economic growth and prosperity since before civilization.

We develop a phenomenological model to study magnetic hysteresis in two samples designed as possible perpendicular recording media. A stochastic cellular automata model captures cooperative behavior in the nucleation of magnetic domains. We show how this simple model turns broad hysteresis loops into loops with sharp drops like those observed in these samples, and explains their unusual features. We also present, and experimentally verify, predictions of this model, and suggest how insights from this model may apply more generally., 4.5 pages, 5 figures

A vertically graded anisotropy profile has been proposed as an optimized balance of low coercivity and thermal stability for multilayers used in magnetic media. Deposition pressure is known to have a profound effect on the magnetic reversal properties of Co/Pd multilayers, making it an attractive control parameter for achieving an anisotropy gradient. We have used polarized neutron reflectometry to study the depth-dependent reversal behavior of "pressure-graded" Co/Pd, and observed pronounced gradients in the saturation magnetization and in the rate at which magnetization changes with field (the effective anisotropy). While the anisotropy gradient likely arises from a combination of factors intrinsic to deposition pressure, micromagnetic simulations indicate that the observed saturation magnetization gradient alone has a major effect on the resulting coercivity.

Using a combination of resonant soft x-ray scattering, magnetometry, x-ray reflectivity and microscopy techniques we have investigated the magnetic properties and microstructure of a series of perpendicular anisotropy Co/Pt multilayer films with respect to structural disorder tuned by varying the sputtering deposition pressure. The observed magnetic changes in domain size, shape and correlation length originate from structural and chemical variations in the samples, such as chemical segregation and grain formation as well as roughness at the surface and interfaces, which are all impacted by the deposition pressure. For low pressure samples we find evidence of a random "gas-like" distribution of magnetic domains, while in the higher pressure samples the domain structure exhibits only short range "liquid-like" positional ordering. The structural and chemical disorder induced by the higher deposition pressure first leads to an increase in the number of magnetic point defects that limit free domain wall propagation. Then, as the sputtering pressure is further increased, the domain wall energy density is lowered due to the formation of local regions with reduced magnetic moment, and finally magnetically void regions appear that confine the magnetic domains and clusters, similar to segregated granular magnetic recording media., 17 pages, 18 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. B

Years of intensive work on perovskite manganites has led to a detailed understanding of the phenomena that emerge from competition between the electronic and lattice degrees of freedom in these correlated electron systems. It is well understood that the related cobaltites provide an additional spin-state degree of freedom. Here, we use the magnetic properties of a particular cobaltite, ${\text{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Sr}}_{x}{\text{CoO}}_{3}$, to demonstrate the vital role played by a further ingredient often negligible in manganites; magnetocrystalline anisotropy. ${\text{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Sr}}_{x}{\text{CoO}}_{3}$ exhibits an anomalous ``double magnetic transition'' that cannot be ascribed to a spin-state transition or the usual charge/orbital/antiferromagnetic ordering and has thus far evaded explanation. We show that this is actually due to a coupled structural/magnetocrystalline anisotropy transition driven, in this case, by Pr-O hybridization. The results point to the existence of a distinct class of phenomena in the cobaltites due to the unique interplay between structure and magnetic anisotropy.

Magnetometry and neutron scattering have been used to study the magnetic properties of pressure graded Co/Pd multilayers. The grading of the multilayer structure was done by varying the deposition pressure during sputtering of the samples. Magnetic depth profiling by polarized neutron reflectometry directly shows that for pressure-graded samples, the magnetization changes significantly from one pressure region to the next, while control samples sputtered at uniform pressure exhibit essentially uniform magnetic depth profiles. Complementary magnetometry results suggest that the observed graded magnetic profiles are due in part to a decrease in saturation magnetization for regions deposited at progressively higher pressure. Increased deposition pressure is shown to increase coercivity, and for graded samples, the absence of discrete steps in the hysteresis loops implies exchange coupling among regions deposited at different pressures., accepted to Journal of Applied Physics

Depth grading of magnetic anisotropy in perpendicular magnetic media has been predicted to reduce the field required to write data without sacrificing thermal stability. To study this prediction, we have produced Co/Pd multilayers with depth-dependent Co layer thickness. Polarized neutron reflectometry shows that the thickness grading results in a corresponding magnetic anisotropy gradient. Magnetometry reveals that the anisotropy gradient promotes domain nucleation upon magnetization reversal---a clear experimental demonstration of the effectiveness of graded anisotropy for reducing write field.

Antiferromagnetically coupled $(\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{Pt})∕\mathrm{Ru}$ multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy have been shown to exhibit both vertically and laterally correlated magnetization reversal modes. In this work, the magnetization reversal of a multilayer film whose layer thicknesses have been tuned to be at the phase boundary between the two reversal modes has been investigated as a function of temperature, using the first-order reversal curve (FORC) method. At high temperatures, reversal via vertically correlated stripe domains throughout the film thickness is observed, similar to that in $\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{Pt}$ films without the Ru spacers. At low temperatures, antiferromagnetic (AF) interlayer exchange coupling dominates, and laterally correlated reversal is observed with an AF coupled remanent state. Under magnetic field cycling, dipolar fields can transform the sample back into a vertically correlated domain state, thus leading to an exotic behavior with FORC's existing outside the major hysteresis loop. Calculations show that the laterally correlated reversal mode is indeed slightly more stable, and the crossover to vertically correlated reversal can be induced by temperature as well as magnetic field.

Beautiful theories of magnetic hysteresis based on random microscopic disorder have been developed over the past ten years. Our goal was to directly compare these theories with precise experiments. We first developed and then applied coherent x-ray speckle metrology to a series of thin multilayer perpendicular magnetic materials. To directly observe the effects of disorder, we deliberately introduced increasing degrees of disorder into our films. We used coherent x-rays to generate highly speckled magnetic scattering patterns. The apparently random arrangement of the speckles is due to the exact configuration of the magnetic domains in the sample. In effect, each speckle pattern acts as a unique fingerprint for the magnetic domain configuration. Small changes in the domain structure change the speckles, and comparison of the different speckle patterns provides a quantitative determination of how much the domain structure has changed. How is the magnetic domain configuration at one point on the major hysteresis loop related to the configurations at the same point on the loop during subsequent cycles? The microscopic return-point memory(RPM) is partial and imperfect in the disordered samples, and completely absent when the disorder was not present. We found the complementary-point memory(CPM) is also partial and imperfect in the disordered samples and completely absent when the disorder was not present. We found that the RPM is always a little larger than the CPM. We also studied the correlations between the domains within a single ascending or descending loop. We developed new theoretical models that do fit our experiments., Comment: 26 pages, 25 figures, Accepted by Physical Review B 01/25/07

In (Co/Pt)Ru multilayers, a prototype perpendicular media, magnetization reversal is studied using a first order reversal curve (FORC) method.

Fe/Au nanoparticles have been chemically synthesized through a reverse micelle reaction and investigated by both conventional and synchrotron based x-ray diffraction and by magnetic and Moessbauer spectral studies. The powder x-ray diffraction patterns reveal both the presence of crystalline alpha-iron and gold and the absence of any crystalline iron oxides or other crystalline products. First-order reversal curves, along with the major hysteresis loops of the Fe/Au nanoparticles have been measured as a function of time in order to investigate the evolution of their magnetic properties. The iron-57 Moessbauer spectra of both uncoated iron nanoparticles and the Fe/Au nanoparticles have been measured at 78 and 295 K and indicate that two major iron containing components are present, namely the expected alpha-iron and the unexpected amorphous Fe1-xBx alloy; several poorly crystallized ordered iron(III) oxide components as well as paramagnetic iron(II) and iron(III) components are also observed. These results indicate that the Fe-core/Au-shell nanoparticles synthesized through reverse micelles are far more complex that had been believed., 31 pages, 1 table, 8 figures, to appear in Chemistry of Materials

The doped perovskite cobaltite ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ (LSCO) has been advanced as a model system for studying intrinsic magnetic phase separation. We have employed a first-order reversal curve (FORC) method to probe the amount of irreversible switching in bulk polycrystalline LSCO as a function of Sr doping, field cooling procedure, and temperature. The value of the FORC distribution $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is used as a measure of the extent of irreversible switching. For $xl0.18$, the small values of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and its ridgelike distribution along local coercivity $({H}_{c})$ and zero bias $({H}_{b})$ are characteristic of noninteracting single domain particles. This is consistent with the formation of an array of isolated nanoscopic ferromagnetic clusters, as observed in previous work. For $x\ensuremath{\geqslant}0.18$, the much larger values of $\ensuremath{\rho}$, the tilting of its distribution towards negative bias field, and the emergence of regions with negative $\ensuremath{\rho}$ are consistent with increased long-range ferromagnetic ordering. The FORC distributions display little dependence on the cooling procedure. With increasing temperature, the fraction of irreversible switching determined from the FORC distribution follows closely the ferromagnetic phase fraction measured by La nuclear magnetic resonance. Our results furthermore demonstrate that the FORC method is a valuable first-pass characterization tool for magnetic-phase separation.

Magnetization reversal in exchange-spring magnet films has been investigated by a First Order Reversal Curve (FORC) technique and vector magnetometry. In Fe/epitaxial-SmCo films, the reversal proceeds by a reversible rotation of the Fe soft layer, followed by an irreversible switching of the SmCo hard layer. The switching fields are clearly manifested by separate steps in both longitudinal and transverse hysteresis loops, as well as sharp boundaries in the FORC distribution. In FeNi/polycrystalline-FePt films, particularly with thin FeNi, the switching fields are masked by the smooth and step-free major loop. However, the FORC diagram still displays a distinct onset of irreversible switching and transverse hysteresis loops exhibit a pair of peaks, whose amplitude is larger than the maximum possible contribution from the FeNi layer alone. This suggests that the FeNi and FePt layers reverse in a continuous process via a vertical spiral. The successive vs. continuous rotation of the soft/hard layer system is primarily due to the different crystal structure of the hard layer, which results in different anisotropies., Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, APL in press

We investigate the magnetization reversal in fCos 4A d /P ts 7A dg50 multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy both macroscopically by the first-order reversal curve (FORC) technique and microscopically by transmission x-ray microscopy (TXRM) and resonant x-ray small angle scattering (SAS). In particular, we focus on the nucleation and saturation processes. The onset of magnetization reversal is dominated by irreversible processes corresponding to the avalanchelike propagation of one-dimensional stripe domains that originate from earlier nucleated zero-dimensional bubble domains. In a second stage we observe mainly reversible behavior where the overall domain topology is preserved. Finally another irreversible process brings the sample to negative saturation, corresponding to the contraction and annihilation of domains. Interestingly, even well beyond the apparent major-loop saturation field, the FORC diagram exhibits pronounced irreversible switching and thus provides a direct measure of the true (and significantly higher) saturation field. TXRM and SAS measurements reveal on a microscopic level that some residual bubble domains with negligible moments still persist for fields well above the apparent saturation field. These residual domains, if unannihilated, significantly alter the subsequent magnetization reversal.

Using coherent x-ray speckle metrology, we have measured the influence of disorder on major loop return point memory (RPM) and complementary point memory (CPM) for a series of perpendicular anisotropy Co/Pt multilayer films. In the low disorder limit, the domain structures show no memory with field cycling--no RPM and no CPM. With increasing disorder, we observe the onset and the saturation of both the RPM and the CPM. These results provide the first direct ensemble-sensitive experimental study of the effects of varying disorder on microscopic magnetic memory and are compared against the predictions of existing theories., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters in Nov. 2004

We have observed distinct temperature-dependent magnetization reversal modes in a perpendicular (Co/Pd)4/Co/Cu/(Co/Ni)4/Co pseudo-spin-valve, which are correlated with spin-transport properties. At 300 K, magnetization reversal occurs by vertically correlated domains. Below 200 K the hysteresis loop becomes bifurcated due to laterally correlated reversal of the individual stacks. The magnetic configuration change also leads to higher spin disorders and a significant increase in the giant magnetoresistance effect. First order reversal curve measurements reveal that the coupled state can be re-established through field cycling and allow direct determination of the interlayer coupling strength as a function of temperature.

We have used polarized neutron reflectometry to study the field-dependent magnetizations of Co/Pt mulitlayers patterned via deposition onto nanoporous alumina hosts with varying pore aspect ratio. Despite the porosity and lack of long-range order, robust spin-dependent reflectivities are observed, allowing us to distinguish the magnetization of the surface multilayer from that of material in the pores. We find that as the pores become wider and shallower, the surface Co/Pt multilayers have progressively smaller high field magnetization and exhibit softer magnetic reversal—consistent with increased magnetic disorder and a reduction of the perpendicular anisotropy near the pore rims. These results reveal complexities of magnetic order in nanoporous heterostructures, and help pave the way for depth-resolved studies of complex magnetic heterostructures grown on prepatterned substrates.

First-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis is conventionally applied to magnetization versus applied magnetic field loops to determine the ensemble properties of multidomain magnetic samples ranging from naturally occurring geological samples to exquisitely engineered materials for use in magnetic storage. We apply FORC analysis to magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) by using magnetoresistance instead of magnetization field. By using the MTJ resistance to monitor domain switching, arbitrarily small samples can be studied, as well as functioning devices after lithographic patterning. Experimental data are presented from sub-0.01 mm2 MTJs that illustrate the application of FORC analysis and demonstrate asymmetric switching distributions when mapped in coercive versus interaction field space.

Superconformal Co(Fe) filling of submicrometer trenches by electrodeposition is demonstrated in the presence of 2-mercapto-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid (MBIS). MBIS inhibits the initiation of Co deposition. Inhibition breakdown is characterized by hysteretic voltammetry and rising chronoamperometric transients. The positive feedback process reflects the competition between MBIS adsorption and its desorption, and consumption, with the latter being closely coupled with proton reduction and the metal deposition reaction. Void-free Co trench filling proceeds by preferential metal deposition at the bottom corners leading to a V-notch interface shape that is followed by geometrical leveling. Void-free filling is also demonstrated for a via geometry. Almost identical superconformal trench filling is obtained for Co-rich Co-Fe alloys. Analytical transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicate that the Fe/Co ratio within the filled trenches is uniform. MBIS does not significantly perturb the magnetic properties of the Co or Co-Fe alloy deposits. © 2009 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.11 49/1.3142427] All rights reserved.

Superconformal filling of submicrometer trenches with electrodeposited Ni is demonstrated using a NiSO 4 -NiCl 2 -FeSO 4 electrolyte containing 2-mercapto-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid (MBIS). The process offers the ability to build three-dimensional magnetically active structures that may be easily integrated with other state-of-the-art metallization schemes. MBIS acts to inhibit Ni(Fe) electrodeposition, although under certain conditions rapid, autocatalytic breakdown accompanies the onset of Ni deposition. Optimal trench filling is associated with the positive feedback process, moderated by electrolyte internal-resistance losses, and manifests as a hysteretic voltammetric response on planar electrodes for an MBIS concentration ∼100 μmol/L. On freshly immersed substrates, trench filling is characterized by an initial period of uniform growth followed by the development of a v-notch geometry associated with transient depletion of MBIS within the recessed feature. Interestingly, the finest submicrometer features are filled while only minimal deposition occurs on the neighboring free surface. Continued growth of the MBIS derived v-notch geometry also results in void-free filling of the larger features by geometrical leveling. The same behavior is observed for soft magnetic alloys, such as Ni-rich Ni-Fe alloys. Preliminary experiments indicated that MBIS does not significantly perturb the low coercivity of Ni-Fe alloys, an important attribute for prospective technical applications.

Largely as a result of this recommendation, the Webb Bill passed the House of Representatives on September 2, 1916. The original House bill contained two clauses that negatived the purposes of the bill. It was provided that export trade should not "be deemed to include the production, manufacture, trading in or marketing within the United States or any territory thereof, of such goods, wares or merchandise or any act in the course of such production or manufacture." Again it was provided that such action should be confined to such as "does not restrain the export trade of the United States." It would be manifestly impossible to obtain goods for export in the United States unless the organization were to trade or market in the United States. Further, it would appear that such a combination to be effective must "restrain export trade." The bill did not pass the 64th Congress. The bill was, however, passed by the 65th Congress and approved April 10, 1918, with the objectionable features eliminated. In general terms, the act as finally adopted declared that nothing contained in the Sherman Law should be construed as making illegal a combination entered into for the sole purpose of engaging in export trade or acts in furtherance thereof providing there were no resulting restraints of domestic trade, or of the export trade of a domestic competitor, nor any act of any kind whatsoever which artificially or intentionally enhanced or depressed prices, substantially lessened competition or otherwise restrained trade in 150

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