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Introduction Renal Doppler resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) values are potentially more sensitive at detecting renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory indices in patients with HIV/AIDS. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published research articles on renal Doppler indices and their correlation with laboratory indices of HIV sero-positive adult individuals. This study aimed to assess the renal function of HIV-sero-positive adults using RI and PI, and correlating these indices against laboratory values. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to April 2020. A purposive sampling method was employed and included 396 HIV sero-positive adult individuals. Sampling for the renal RI and PI was performed at the level of the inter-lober arteries, in between the medullary pyramids. An RI value above 0.70 and a PI value above 1.56 were consider abnormal. Serum creatine and urea together with evidence of proteinuria were recorded at the time of scanning. Results Forty-three (10.9%) men had an abnormal RI, 32 (8.1%) had abnormal PI, five (2.5%) had abnormal creatinine, two (1%) abnormal urea and eight (4.1%) with proteinuria. In women, 29 (7.3%) had abnormal RI, 22 (5.6%) abnormal PI, four (2%) abnormal creatinine and urea and six (3%) had proteinuria. There was a statistically significant weak positive correlation between RI and PI and serum creatinine and urea (r > 0.2, P Conclusion The proportion of patients with abnormal RI and PI was higher than the proportion of participants with abnormal serum urea, creatinine and proteinuria. Renal Doppler indices could be used be used in the early assessment of renal function in HIV sero-positive adults individuals. Implications for practice Serum creatinine and urea are routinely used to evaluate renal function in patients with HIV/AIDS. Findings from this initial study show that RI and PI could be used detecting early renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory values.

Diagnostic x-radiation is an essential part of present-day medical practice being the largest contributor of irradiation to the general population. Therefore, routine checking of x-ray tubes leakage is very important to ensure that leakage radiation at a one-meter distance from focus is less than 1mR/h. The measurement of background radiation was performed during normal departmental working hours: early in the morning before the machines were switched on, and after the machines were switched on. Exposures were performed using different exposure factors and the fall out radiation in both control and uncontrolled areas were also recorded. The highest equivalent dose rate was recorded in the uncontrolled area of room 2, where the mean dose rate was 26.21 μSv/h (in changing room) and 11.67 μSv/h (behind the door), respectively. It follows the dose rate measured in the uncontrolled area of room 1, where the mean dose rate was 6.33 μSv/h (behind the door), 2.96 μSv/h (in changing room B), and 1.56 μSv/h (in changing room A), respectively. The lowest radiation dose was measured in both controlled and uncontrolled areas of CT-scan, where the mean dose rate was 0.17 μSv/h and 0.16 μSv/h, respectively, simply because the room doors and wall are adequately lead-lined and protected. All values obtained in this study are within the permissible limit, except that for uncontrolled areas in x-ray rooms 1 and 2, where radiation dose rates were higher than the reference limit for public exposure.

The lens of the eye are very sensitive to radiation and mostly exposed to scattered radiation during the Computed Tomography (CT) procedure. The study measures the absorbed doses to the lens of the eye and proposed a diagnostic reference level for head examination by comparing the current research result with the international standard. The incurred doses of 62 patients who undergone head and neck CT procedure were measure using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100), the protocols adopted in the study were brain (sequential and spiral), sinus (sequential and spiral), and neck-brain (spiral). The scanning parameters were CT dose index (CTDI), dose length product (DLP), tube current-exposure time product (mAs), kilovoltage peak (kVp), pitch factor, for each patient were recorded. The patients were divided into two age groups (½ to 17) years for Pediatric and18 years for adult patient, TLD chips were placed on the patient's skin surface at two different locations to measure the absorbed dose of the lens of the eye. The mean dose and standard deviation to left and right eye lens for Hospital A, for Paediatrics Patients were (left 5.29 ± 7.32 mGy, right 5.73 ± 8.9O mGy), Adult Patients (left 5.74 ± 9.23 mGy, right 4.78 ± 6.11 mGy), Hospital B Paediatrics (left 5.08 ± 9.06 mGy, right 2.82 ± 2.67 mGy) Adult (left 0.26 ± 0.07 mGy, right 0.48 ± 0.08 mGy), Hospital C Paediatrics (left 8.95 ± 15.20 mGy, right 7.32 ± 6.14 mGy) Adult (left 6.41 ± 4.15 mGy, right 7.24 ± 5.69 mGy). Threshold recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for lens of the eye damage, it appears to be clinically safe. While CT scan remains a crucial tool, further dose reduction can be achieved by controlling different factors affecting patient doses.

In a world that has been affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic, the idea of keeping ICRP recommendations fit for purpose is one whose time has come! However, the idea of keeping the ICRP recommendations fit for purpose cannot be achieved in isolation without a global North-South collaboration. Radiation protection experts from the global North who are versatile in the science and practice of radiation protection will have to collaborate with those from the global South and end-users to ensure that the system of radiological protection designed by ICRP to protect patients, workers, the public and the environment meets the need of endusers and produces the desired impact. End-users of radiation protection all work in diverse settings and contexts. Hence, the application of ICRP recommendations may vary for those in conflict and fragile settings who are often a neglected group. Authors of this paper who also work in conflict and fragile settings argue that there is a need for greater inclusivity through a global North-South collaboration over the next decade to develop the next fundamental recommendations that will shape radiation-related policy, practice, guidelines, and regulations around the world. The global road map for digital cooperation published by the United Nations in June 2020 at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic could serve as a useful guide to make this a reality. This would ensure that existing divides are not further exacerbated by current physical restrictions., License: Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 2.5 Generic Grants: I would like to leave it blank.

The quest for excellence in radiation protection calls for an integrated and holistic approach to education and training. Education and training are indispensable in ensuring that ICRP recommendations are applied, adopted and adhered to. In its program plan to the year 2000, the IAEA has attached considerable importance to the development of human resources for nuclear and radiation safety, in keeping with its ongoing emphasis on providing technical assistance to strengthen national infrastructures and promote the safe use of radiation. From the international perspective, the problem can be more readily tackled through an integrated and dogged approach to education in radiation protection, harmonization of the contents of courses, and assistance in training the trainers. Priority can be placed on better dissemination of experience and knowledge that is already available, and improved co-ordination of support mechanisms. Through its program over the coming years, the IAEA should help countries address these challenges. A system for credentialing RP training program should be established at national and regional level. This process should be undertaken by the Regulatory Authority, with the help of Academic Institutions and scientific or professional societies. A register of accredited bodies should be established with periodic reviews and policy on quality assurance and improvement in radiation protection education and training. Recommendations for radiation protection of the patient for individuals undergoing training programs in health centers, continuing education and training after qualification and on implementation of new techniques should be inculcated. There is a gap in education, awareness and training in radiation protection for developing countries with low resource settings, reaching out to the community, rural areas, mining sites, high radioactivity areas in the community setting. There is an urgent need to bridge the gap between theory and practical approach to addressing it. To make ICRP recommendations fit for purpose we need to bridge the gap and extend this radiation protection outreach programs, education and training to low resource settings. The existing national system on education and training on radiation protection of the medical professionals, proved to be very useful for improving the general situation in this field., License: Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 2.5 Generic Grants: I would like to leave it blank.

Collimation of x-ray beam is an important factor in optimization; good collimation will both minimize the radiation dose to the patient and improve image quality because the amount of scattered radiation will increase as if a large volume of tissue is irradiated. This study aimed to assess the level of collimation for pediatric plain chest radiographs in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital as an optimization tool. A retrospective audit was conducted on pediatric plain chest radiographs from May 2016 to May 2019 in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (Kano, Nigeria) using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected and recorded using self-developed data capture sheet based on the European Guidelines on quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images in pediatrics which captures the gender, age, projection, collimation (4 ways, 3 ways, 2 ways, 1 way, no and under collimation). The results showed that the most predominant age group exposed in the study was within 0 to 1 year representing 31.7% (n=76). Also gender distribution showed that more male were exposed than female, representing 55% (n=132). Out of 240 plain chest radiographs, about 77.0% (n=175), showed inadequate collimation. In conclusion,the study revealed poor collimation practice in pediatric plain chest radiographs.

Introduction: Interdisciplinary collaboration (IDC) is important in health caresettings as the complex nature and demands of the health care work environmentrequires the expertise and knowledge of different individuals or specialistsworking together to solve multifaceted and complex patient care problems. Objective: To assess the health professionals attitude towards the development ofan interdisciplinary collaborative approach to patient care in health institutionsand to systematically review the impact of IDC as a panacea for effective healthoutcomes in Nigeria. Methodology: The research is a systematic review that provides variousapproaches for studying interdisciplinary teams. Fifty articles were selectedfrom different search engines such as Google, google scholar, science direct andresearch gate with the search term Interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals. Articles were arranged based on most relevant, relevant andclosely related articles. Result: The study revealed that IDC is pivotal in evidence-based care andcontributes immensely to effective and efficient health outcomes. It puts thepatient at the centre of the healthcare team s focus and allows all healthprofessionals, with the patient, to collaboratively provide input, be part of thedecision making, and improve outcomes. Although there are several obstacles toIDC, adopting this team-based culture of mutual respect and understanding ispossible and, in fact, necessary. Conclusion: This study reveals that there are many benefits to IDC. It canimprove safety and healthcare delivery, as well as reduce costs. The interprofessionalteam supports patient and personnel engagement, organizationalefficiency and innovation.

Background: Real-time ultrasound scanning is increasing in popularity as a teaching tool for human anatomy because it is non-invasive, offers real-time 3-D anatomy and is cheaper than dissections. Objectives: To assess real-time ultrasound scanning as a teaching method of human anatomy, and to determine what teaching methods radiography students consider effective for understanding human anatomy. Materials and methods: One hundred and ten self-administered, structured and pre-tested questionnaires were distributed to Clinical Radiography students (Third, fourth and fifth year)in Northern Nigeria featuring University of Maiduguri and Bayero University Kano. The questionnaire consists of two sections;Demographics and preferred methods of delivery of anatomical information. Participation was voluntary. Comparisons among teaching methods were made using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: A significant difference among the eight delivery methods with 3-D Radiology imaging being as the most preferred method overall (48.17, p

Background: This study aimed at determining the mean portal vein diameter (PVD) based on age, gender, and anthropometric variables. Methods: This was a cross-sectional prospective study carried out among apparently healthy children aged 0–18 years at the radiology department of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH) Bauchi, from November 2016 to April 2017. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional committee on ethics and the head of radiology department in ATBUTH, Bauchi. Written and informed consent was obtained from all the participants, through their parents or guardians and from the head teachers of their schools before the study. Participants (children) were recruited (voluntarily) from primary and junior secondary schools within the vicinity of the hospital, and from parents who consented for their children to participate in the study. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentages) and Pearson product-moment correlation were used for the analysis. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results: There were 111 (58.2%) males and 99 (47.14%) females. The individuals were between the ages of

Background Mammography is the radiographic examination of the breast Radiation doses and cancer risks from breast imaging studies is under scrutiny hence the need to investigate the dose received during mammography Objective of the study To determine the doses received during mammography in two university teaching hospitals and to compare it with other established work Methodology This study is a prospective cross sectional study conducted in two university teaching hospitals in North eastern Nigeria Sixty patients were recruited for the study Thermoluminiscent dosimeter TLD chipshpere exposed for cranio caudal and medio lateral examinations to record the entrance skin dose ESD TLD readings were obtained at the Centre for Energy Research and Training Zaria Kaduna state Nigeria Dance formula was used to convert ESD to mean glandular dose MGD Student T test was used to determine the relationship between the mean ESD obtained in the two centers and Pearson rsquo s correlation was used to determine the relationship between the MGD and anthropotechnical parameters Statistical significance was set at P lt Results The total MGD for this study was plusmn mGy and plusmn mGy for cranio caudal CC and medio lateral oblique MLO respectively Conclusion Mean Glandular doses were lesser than recommended standards There was no statistical significant relationship p gt between the MGD and anthropotechnical parameters

Background: Diagnostic reference levels for a number of common diagnostic radiological exami- nations against which individual centres could compare their performance have been recom- mended by relevant international agencies. Due to variations in different populations globally, lo- cal and national diagnostic reference levels are more reliable. To the best of our knowledge, no centre-specific study has been carried out and national surveys are not available. Objective: To establish a preliminary local and national diagnostic reference level in Nigeria. Methods: A pros- pective and cross-sectional study involving 30 conscious paediatrics and adult patients referred for head computed tomography scan. They were positioned supine and scanned according to the standard protocol for head computed tomography with manual mA selection. The total dose- length products were recorded at the end of the pre-contrast and post-contrast sequences respec- tively. The pre-contrast dose was taken into cognizance in the determination of the post-contrast value. The effective dose was established by multiplying the dose-length product by 0.0023 mSv∙mGy −1 ∙cm −1 , a conversion coefficient for brain tissue adopted from the European Commission. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: 30 pae- diatrics and adult patients of mixed gender participated in the study. Their ages ranged from 1 to 74 years with a mean age of 41.47 ± 23.30 years. The pre-contrast effective dose ranged from 1.93 mSv to 3.32 mSv with mean of 2.56 ± 0.51 mSv and 75 th percentile of 3.11 mSv while the post- contrast effective dose ranged from 4.06 mSv to 6.97 mSv with mean of 5.27 ± 0.97 mSv and 75 th percentile of 6.13 mSv. The mean effective dose from this work and two other isolated studies was * Corresponding author.

Background: Sonography is a valuable tool in the assessment of porto-systemic pathologies. This study aimed at determining the mean portal vein diameter based on age, gender and anthropometric variables. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted among 201 apparently healthy adults in Bauchi Metropolis. Participants were recruited from the school of nursing AbubakarTafawa Balewa Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH), Bauchi. Ultrasound machine ALOKA SSD-1000, (IP-1233EV, SN-57324, Japan) with curvilinear transducer with frequency of 3-5MHz was used for a period of four months, (December 2015 to April 2016). Participants’ heights were measured while standing against a meter rule with the head in Frankfurts’ position and weight measured using a weighing scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation), and Pearson’s Correlation were used. Results: The mean portal vein diameter was 9.60 ± 1.41mm for both sexes. The mean value for males was 9.71 ± 1.42mm, and 9.35±1.46mm among females. There was a positive correlation correlation between the PV diameter and Body Mass Index (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: This study found the mean values of PV diameter in apparently healthy adults in our environment to be 9.60 ± 1.41mm and that PV diameter positively correlates with anthropometric variables. Keywords: Portal vein diameter, sonography, Nigerian population, healthy adults

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infections to occur in the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and remains a global emergency despite substantial investment in health services. Aim: This study aims to determine the spectrum of chest X-ray findings in patients with HIV/TB coinfection. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of the clinical and radiographic features of pulmonary TB (PTB) in 244 confirmed HIV-seropositive patients aged 9 months to 80 years. Descriptive statistics was employed in analyzing mean percentages and frequencies. Level of statistical significance between clinical findings, radiographic findings, age group, and gender was determined using z-test. Statistical significance was set atP ≤ 0.05. Results: The study constituted of 104 (42.62%) males and 140 (57.38%) females with mean age of 31.62 ± 16.93 years. The major clinical features among HIV-related PTB patients in this study are cough in 56.6% patients, chest pain in 11.44% patients, weight loss in 10.26% patients,P Conclusions: Normal chest X-rays constitute the major findings; primary and postprimary patterns of PTB account for the least findings with the age group 26–38 years as the most occurring (91, 37.30%). Females were more frequently involved in TB coinfection. The preponderance of normal radiographs does not exclude the presence of TB coinfection.

Objective: To determine the normal value of amniotic fluid (AF) volume among pregnant women in a Northern Nigerian population and to determine if there is a relationship between AF index (AFI) and single deepest pocket (SDP) with anthropometric variables. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among singleton pregnant women at late second and third trimester attending the antenatal clinic in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, from December 2016 to April 2017. The mean AFI and SDP were measured by sonography. Ethical approval was obtained from the institution and informed consent was sought for from all the participants. Descriptive statistics, i.e. mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient, were used for the analysis. Results: A total of 206 women, aged between 18 and 40 years, with fetal gestational ages between 22 and 39 weeks were included in the study. The values for AFI in the study ranged from 12 to 28.7 cm, with a mean value of 19.84 ± 3.64 cm, and SDP ranged from 3.7 to 9.1 cm with a mean value of 6.04 ± 1.12 cm. This study found a weak relationship between the anthropometric variables and AFI and SDP and a strong relationship between AFI and SDP with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.901 and P = 0.014. Conclusion: This study found the mean values for AF volume using AFI and SDP in the studied population to be 19.84 ± 3.64 cm and 6.04 ± 1.12 cm, respectively; a strong positive relationship between AFI and SDP; and a negative relationship between body mass index with AFI and SDP.

Background: Ultrasound is the frontline diagnostic tool of choice for perinatal care. It is usually provided in ideal settings by experts. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the knowledge, perception, and attitude of health-care professionals toward obstetric ultrasound in internally displaced persons (IDPs) camps in Maiduguri, Borno state, North-east Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A prospective survey was conducted in three selected IDPs camps in Maiduguri from January to May 2017. Healthcare personnel from the antenatal clinics of the selected IDPs camps were enrolled in the study. A 26-item structured questionnaire was used to elicit responses on demography, knowledge, perception, and attitude. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 and descriptive statistics were generated for the data. Results: Out of the fifty questionnaires distributed, forty-five were filled and returned appropriately; given a returned rate of 90.0%. The respondents consisted of community health extension worker (37.8%, n = 17), nurses (24.4%, n = 11), midwives (24.4%, n = 11), and doctors (13.3%, n = 6). Respondents had average knowledge about obstetric ultrasound (59%); however, their levels of perception and attitude toward obstetric ultrasound were high, 84% and 69%, respectively. Nevertheless, 31.1% of the respondents believed ultrasound to be harmful to the baby, 3.8% believed it can lead to cancer or can be painful, and 2.2% felt that there is no need for ultrasound scan during pregnancy. Doctors had the highest level of knowledge, right perception, and positive attitude toward obstetric ultrasound (100%). Conclusion: A good number of the respondents had the right perception and attitude toward obstetric ultrasound, but generally most respondents had inadequate knowledge.

Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) is an essential optimization tool in radiography and radiological sciences. The objective of the study is to establish DRL for radiography examinations in north eastern Nigeria. A Prospective cross- sectional study conducted in two university teaching hospitals in north eastern Nigeria. Seven hundred and fifty (750) patients were considered for the study. Thermoluminiscent dosimeter (TLD) chips were exposed for each examination. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between the dose and anthropotechnical parameters. Statistical significance was set at P