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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is emerging as a promising technology for converting waste biomass into a dense coal-like product known as hydrochar. Oily sludge (OS), known for its toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects, is classified as hazardous waste, posing negative implications for both humans and the ecosystem if improperly disposed. Consequently, the conversion of hazardous oily sludge into safe and renewable products offers significant benefits. To investigate the HTC process further, a design matrix consisting of 20 experimental runs was utilized, integrating results obtained from HTC experiments as input for response surface methodology (RSM). The variables were restricted to a temperature range of 175°C–250°C, a time span of 0.5–2 h, and a solid load range of 3%–8%. Analyzing the data, it was observed that raw sludge initially exhibited a hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio of 1.33 and an oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of 0.59. However, following HTC processing, these ratios decreased significantly to 0.18 (at 250°C, 2 h, 3% solid load) and 0.691 (at 250°C, 1 h, 5.5% solid load), respectively. These decreases can be attributed to dehydration and decarboxylation reactions that occurred during the HTC process. The model equation developed using RSM was: carbon content = 66.29 + 6.98A + 0.3515B–2.60C – 0.0412AB + 0.1730AC – 0.0037BC – 1.83A2 + 0.8005B2 – 0.945C2. Carbon densification increased from 1.09 to 1.45 with hydrochar retaining 66.5%–77.65% of the carbon. HTC holds promise as a sustainable technology for carbon and energy recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Edible and medicinal plants contain active principles that can act as antimutagens, and hence their intake may be useful for human cancer prevention. Green leafy vegetables are important sources of carotenoids which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic properties. Objective: To study the antimutagenic activity of oxycarotenoid-rich extracts isolated from Coriandrum sativum (coriander leaves) and Murraya koenigii (curry leaves). Methods: Oxycarotenoid-rich extracts isolated from Coriandrum sativum (coriander leaves) and Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) were investigated for antimutagenic activity in vitro by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 1535. Mutagens used were, nitro-o- phenylenediamine (NPD) (20μg/plate) and N-methyl- N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) (1μg/ plate). Results: The results revealed that oxycarotenoid-rich extracts isolated from Coriandrum sativum (coriander leaves) and Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) administered at doses of 1.0 mg, 2.5 mg and 5 mg per plate significantly inhibited mutagenicity induced by NPD and MNNG. Conclusion: These findings suggest that oxycarotenoid- rich extracts isolated from Coriandrum sativum (coriander leaves) and Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) have antimutagenic properties.

Primary Bone Lymphomas (PBLs) are uncommon. Most of these tumours are Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) with Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) being the most common. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) constitutes approximately 2% of all NHL and involves both nodal and extra nodal sites. ALCL presenting as exclusive and extensive bone involvement is rare. We report a case of 31-year-old man who presented with osseous involvement only. Imaging showed multiple lytic lesions involving the vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Clinical differential diagnosis included osteomyelitis and bone neoplasms. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the lytic lesion proved it to be Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK-1) positive ALCL. The patient relapsed three months after completion of six cycles of combination chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxydaunorubicin, Vincristine and Prednisone (CHOP).