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A two-wheeler ride without wearing a helmet is punishable offence in many countries and, it can be irritating to have it around your head owing to heat and sweat generated. People riding over long distances or in harsh-conditions, in addition to a helmet uses a jacket to prevent themselves from the weather. Controlling the temperature that a rider is exposed to is highly-essential for the safety, quality and the ability of the rider to enjoy rides. The smart-attachment to jackets and helmets is an equipment which is capable of imparting an enhanced riding experience by regulating the temperature around a rider’s head and body. The device makes use of the phenomenon of thermoelectric effect, i.e. the Peltier effect to control temperature around the head and the body. In this study a Peltier TEC1-12706 module is used in the design of the smart-attachment to helmets and jackets and the proposed system makes use of the ambient air for the heat transfer process. The ambient-air, when allowed to flow over the Peltier-module gets cooled and hence enables temperature regulation. The design and analysis of a mechanism to control temperature in helmets and jackets is proposed through this study and steady-state thermal analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis are performed on the proposed model making use of commercially available Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software, namely ANSYS. The system developed through this study can be used as an attachment to existing helmets and jackets with minor modifications and is designed in such a way as to not interfere with crash-protection capability of the helmet/jacket and can be used under rainy conditions adding to the versatility of the product.

Single-cell-resolved measurements reveal heterogeneous distributions of clathrin-dependent (CD) and -independent (CLIC/GEEC: CG) endocytic activity in Drosophila cell populations. dsRNA-mediated knockdown of core versus peripheral endocytic machinery induces strong changes in the mean, or subtle changes in the shapes of these distributions, respectively. By quantifying these subtle shape changes for 27 single-cell features which report on endocytic activity and cell morphology, we organize 1072 Drosophila genes into a tree-like hierarchy. We find that tree nodes contain gene sets enriched in functional classes and protein complexes, providing a portrait of core and peripheral control of CD and CG endocytosis. For 470 genes we obtain additional features from separate assays and classify them into early- or late-acting genes of the endocytic pathways. Detailed analyses of specific genes at intermediate levels of the tree suggest that Vacuolar ATPase and lysosomal genes involved in vacuolar biogenesis play an evolutionarily conserved role in CG endocytosis.

Endocytosis has long been identified as a key cellular process involved in bringing in nutrients, in clearing cellular debris in tissue, in the regulation of signaling, and in maintaining cell membrane compositional homeostasis. While clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been most extensively studied, a number of clathrin-independent endocytic pathways are continuing to be delineated. Here we provide a current survey of the different types of endocytic pathways available at the cell surface and discuss a new classification and plausible molecular mechanisms for some of the less characterized pathways. Along with an evolutionary perspective of the origins of some of these pathways, we provide an appreciation of the distinct roles that these pathways play in various aspects of cellular physiology, including the control of signaling and membrane tension.

Biological processes in any physiological environment involve changes in cell shape, which must be accommodated by their physical envelope—the bilayer membrane. However, the fundamental biophysical principles by which the cell membrane allows for and responds to shape changes remain unclear. Here we show that the 3D remodelling of the membrane in response to a broad diversity of physiological perturbations can be explained by a purely mechanical process. This process is passive, local, almost instantaneous, before any active remodelling and generates different types of membrane invaginations that can repeatedly store and release large fractions of the cell membrane. We further demonstrate that the shape of those invaginations is determined by the minimum elastic and adhesive energy required to store both membrane area and liquid volume at the cell–substrate interface. Once formed, cells reabsorb the invaginations through an active process with duration of the order of minutes., Variations in cell shape must be accommodated by the cell membrane, but how the membrane adjusts to changes in area and volume is not known. Here the authors show that the membrane responds in a nearly instantaneous, purely physical manner involving the flattening or generation of membrane invaginations.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has made a prodigious growth in recent years in both commercial as well as industrial space. Nowadays everything from a car to an oven can be connected together to share information. Even though these smart devices help us improve our daily life, it poses a great deal of danger by opening pathways for exploits and abuse by cybercriminals. The security and privacy of these devices become crucial in the network with many devices having access to highly personalized and sensitive data. The paper begins with an overview of the security and privacy concerns of the Internet of Things by analyzing MQTT, a lightweight messaging protocol designed predominantly for low-end devices. Following with some of the security solutions and amelioration suggested and implemented in an MQTT deployment. The paper also explicates about IoT forensics and finally, it culminates with the concern over the challenges related to IoT security.

Single-cell-resolved measurements reveal heterogeneous distributions of clathrin-dependent (CD) and -independent (CLIC/GEEC: CG) endocytic activity in Drosophila cell populations. dsRNA-mediated knockdown of core versus peripheral endocytic machinery induces strong changes in the mean, or subtle changes in the shapes of these distributions, respectively. By quantifying these subtle shape changes for 27 single-cell features which report on endocytic activity and cell morphology, we organize 1072 Drosophila genes into a tree-like hierarchy. We find that tree nodes contain gene sets enriched in functional classes and protein complexes, providing a portrait of core and peripheral control of CD and CG endocytosis. For 470 genes we obtain additional features from separate assays and classify them into early- or late-acting genes of the endocytic pathways. Detailed analyses of specific genes at intermediate levels of the tree suggest that Vacuolar ATPase and lysosomal genes involved in vacuolar biogenesis play an evolutionarily conserved role in CG endocytosis.