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As a byproduct of our search for Galactic stellar systems with gamma-ray emission, we have identified an unrelated cool and evolved star (IRC-10412) that attracted our attention due to its strong radio emission level with a spectral index matching, almost perfectly, the canonical +0.6 value expected from an ionized stellar wind. A follow-up observational analysis was undertaken given that these two properties are hard to reconcile as originating in the same stellar object. As a result, IRC-10412 has been classified as a new semiregular variable of SRb type in the asymptotic giant branch, and different but consistent estimates of its mass-loss parameter are reported. We propose that its unusually high radio emission arises from a ∼10 ^−5 M _⊙ yr ^−1 stellar wind exposed to an external source of ionizing photons, possibly coming from nearby OB associations.

Nervous systems are endowed with rapid chemosensation and intercellular signaling by ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). While a complex, bilaterally symmetrical nervous system is a major innovation of bilaterian animals, the employment of specific LGICs during early bilaterian evolution is poorly understood. We therefore questioned bilaterian animals’ employment of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), LGICs that mediate fast excitatory responses to decreases in extracellular pH in vertebrate neurons. Our phylogenetic analysis identified an earlier emergence of ASICs from the overarching DEG/ENaC (degenerin/epithelial sodium channel) superfamily than previously thought and suggests that ASICs were a bilaterian innovation. Our broad examination of ASIC gene expression and biophysical function in each major bilaterian lineage of Xenacoelomorpha, Protostomia, and Deuterostomia suggests that the earliest bilaterian ASICs were probably expressed in the periphery, before being incorporated into the brain as it emerged independently in certain deuterostomes and xenacoelomorphs. The loss of certain peripheral cells from Ecdysozoa after they separated from other protostomes likely explains their loss of ASICs, and thus the absence of ASICs from model organisms Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, our use of diverse bilaterians in the investigation of LGIC expression and function offers a unique hypothesis on the employment of LGICs in early bilaterian evolution.

Gene loss is a pervasive source of genetic variation that influences species evolvability, biodiversity and the innovation of evolutionary adaptations. To better understand the evolutionary patterns and impact of gene loss, here we investigate as a case study the evolution of the wingless (Wnt) family in the appendicularian tunicate Oikopleura dioica, an emergent EvoDevo model characterized by its proneness to lose genes among chordates. Genome survey and phylogenetic analyses reveal that only four of the thirteen Wnt subfamilies have survived in O. dioica—Wnt5, Wnt10, Wnt11, and Wnt16,—representing the minimal Wnt repertoire described in chordates. While the loss of Wnt4 and Wnt8 likely occurred in the last common ancestor of tunicates, representing therefore a synapomorphy of this subphylum, the rest of losses occurred during the evolution of appendicularians. This work provides the first complete Wnt developmental expression atlas in a tunicate and the first insights into the evolution of Wnt developmental functions in appendicularians. Our work highlights three main evolutionary patterns of gene loss: (1) conservation of ancestral Wnt expression domains not affected by gene losses; (2) function shuffling among Wnt paralogs accompanied by gene losses; and (3) extinction of Wnt expression in certain embryonic directly correlated with gene losses. Overall our work reveals that in contrast to “conservative” pattern of evolution of cephalochordates and vertebrates, O. dioica shows an even more radical “liberal” evolutionary pattern than that described ascidian tunicates, stretching the boundaries of the malleability of Wnt family evolution in chordates.

Abstract Background What impact gene loss has on the evolution of developmental processes, and how function shuffling has affected retained genes driving essential biological processes, remain open questions in the fields of genome evolution and EvoDevo. To investigate these problems, we have analyzed the evolution of the Wnt ligand repertoire in the chordate phylum as a case study. Results We conduct an exhaustive survey of Wnt genes in genomic databases, identifying 156 Wnt genes in 13 non-vertebrate chordates. This represents the most complete Wnt gene catalog of the chordate subphyla and has allowed us to resolve previous ambiguities about the orthology of many Wnt genes, including the identification of WntA for the first time in chordates. Moreover, we create the first complete expression atlas for the Wnt family during amphioxus development, providing a useful resource to investigate the evolution of Wnt expression throughout the radiation of chordates. Conclusions Our data underscore extraordinary genomic stasis in cephalochordates, which contrasts with the liberal and dynamic evolutionary patterns of gene loss and duplication in urochordate genomes. Our analysis has allowed us to infer ancestral Wnt functions shared among all chordates, several cases of function shuffling among Wnt paralogs, as well as unique expression domains for Wnt genes that likely reflect functional innovations in each chordate lineage. Finally, we propose a potential relationship between the evolution of WntA and the evolution of the mouth in chordates.

Abstract Background New systemic chemotherapy agents have improved prognosis in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM), but some of them damage the liver parenchyma and ultimately increase postoperative morbidity and mortality after liver resection. The aims of our study were to determine the degree of hemodynamic and pathological liver injury in CLM patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy and to identify an association between these injuries and postoperative complications after liver resection. Methods This is a prospective descriptive study of patients with CLM receiving preoperative chemotherapy before curative liver resection from November 2013 to June 2014. All patients had preoperative elastography and hepatic hemodynamic evaluation. We analyzed clinical preoperative data and postoperative outcomes after grouping the patients by chemotherapy type, development of sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS), and development of major complications. Results Eleven from the 20 patients included in the study received preoperative oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (OBC). Nine patients had SOS at pathological analysis and five patients developed major complications. Patients receiving preoperative OBC had higher values of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) and developed more SOS and major complications. Patients developing SOS had higher values of HVPG and developed more major complications. Patients with major complications had higher values of HVPG, and patients with a HVPG of 5 mmHg or greater had more major complications than those under 5 mmHg (20 vs 80%, p = 0.005). Conclusions OBC and SOS impair liver hemodynamics in CLM patients. An increase in major complications after liver resection in these patients develops at subclinical HVPG levels.

The number of gamma-ray binaries currently known is still so small that even a new finding represents a significant expansion of its population. We present a possible hunting strategy based on screening different catalogs to filter potential peculiar stars consistent with gamma-ray sources whose association at lower energies is not yet certain. So far, two candidate systems have emerged from this process; we report about them here.

Winged radio galaxies possess wing features detectable at radio wavelengths, yet the physical interpretation of such extragalactic radio sources remains elusive. Here, the authors report the observation of a downsized Z-shaped radio emission from the Galactic microquasar GRS 1758-258, shedding light on the formation of wings in radio galaxies given its strongly reminiscent winged morphology.

Tot reconeixent que la societat no és la mera suma d’individus sinó el resultat d’individus interactuant, i els individus són així mateix el resultat de la seva interacció, l’article pren com a punt de partença la idea que aquesta interacció que ens construeix com a individus es produeix entre d’altres molts recursos mitjançant la música. La importància que té la música a la tasca de fer societat es posa especialment de manifest en el paper que juga en tres paràmetres bàsics de la lògica social: la identitat, l’ordre social i la necessitat de l’intercanvi. Però no és tan sols que la persona sigui incomprensible sense el constant intercanvi amb altres individus; sense moltes de les coses que l’envolten, ontològicament, tampoc podria ésser. I la música, en aquest sentit, en tant que tecnologia, pot arribar a entendre’s així mateix como una veritable extensió del nostre cos (McLuhan).

This paper examines the extent to which firms’ characteristics are related to export activity behaviour. Using a dataset comprised of harmonized and detailed firm-level data from six European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom) for the period 2007-2009 (EFIGE dataset), we analyse the effects of firms’ characteristics on two different measures of export activity: export intensity and market scope. Firstly, we estimate OLS regressions to analyse this relationship. Our empirical results show that there is a positive relationship between firms’ characteristics and export activity. Secondly, quantile regressions are performed in order to observe whether there are any heterogeneous effects along the conditional distribution of the two measures of export activity. The quantile regressions reveal the existence of heterogeneous effects and nonlinearities among firms’ characteristics and both export intensity and market scope. Moreover, the quantile analysis also shows that, for some cases, the effects of firms’ characteristics on export intensity and market scope differ greatly.

En aquest article es presenten algunes idees pròpies del pensament posthumanista en relació als cossos. Tot intentant entendre la realitat mitjançant la superació d’esquemes conceptuals del dualisme cartesià, l’antropocentrisme i el biocentrisme, la noció posthumanista del cos es basteix sobre pressupòsits molt diferents als de l’humanisme. No concep el cos com a mer suport de la ment sinó que parteix de la idea d’embodiment, però entenent aquest concepte de forma més àmplia de com fou originàriament formulada per Thomas Csordas. El cos se’l conceptualitza com un assemblatge de diferents elements que només resulta comprensible a partir de les intra-accions (Karen Barad) amb tot allò que l’envolta, a diferència de la visió clàssica de considerar-lo com un tot orgànic unificat i separat del seu entorn. Els nostres cossos van molt més enllà de la pell que els recobreix (Donna Haraway). D’aquesta manera, els límits del cos, tan clarament establerts per estructures epistemològiques pregonament antropocèntriques i molt marcades per les dualitats individu/societat i ment/cos, es desdibuixen en el marc conceptual del posthumanisme. Dins de l’ontologia de caire no dualista característica del posthumanisme és a les relacions abans que a les entitats a allò que se li atorga una major importància. El cos és entès —més que en termes del que és— segons les seves capacitats d’acció i interacció (Gilles Deleuze).

In this paper, we use firm-level data to investigate how different host country characteristics affect the decision of Spanish multinational firms to locate in developing and transition countries, and whether these determinants change when looking at manufacturing or services firms. As a methodological novelty, we estimate both standard conditional logit models as well as other discrete choice models that allow us to account for the possibility that firms perceive some alternative destinations as being more similar (nested and mixed logit models). A better understanding of the relevance of local factors that determine the competitiveness of these economies in providing multinational firms with location advantages can guide policymakers in their attempt to attract foreign capital flows. This, however, has not been previously addressed by the empirical literature at a firm level and across sectors. Our results suggest that Spanish investments in developing and transition economies are mainly driven by market-seeking factors. They also confirm the relevance of the business and financial climate in the location decision of multinational firms. Finally, the estimations reveal differences between manufacturing and services foreign direct investments in several local factors, such as the agglomeration effects, skilled labour and financial risk.

The concept of alterity constitutes an important issue in anthropological research and, therefore, in the study of musical practices, as well. Without it, we could hardly understand other kinds of music situated in different spaces and time from the observer. In order to effectively approach these musical practices, we have to develop strategies to help us reduce as much as possible that which distorts the vision of the other. However, beyond the strictly epistemological and methodological issues, the study of music cannot ignore the ethical question related to the manner in which Western thought has understood and treated the other: through a hierarchical and stereotypical type of thinking based on the condition of otherness. Throughout the article, different alterity procedures are presented and discussed, such as synecdochization, exoticization, undervaluation, overvaluation, misunderstanding and exclusion. Taking these different alterity strategies into account may help us to better understand how the musical other is constructed, used and ultimately instrumentalized.

Este artículo ilustra la cerrada relación entre el desarrollo tecnológico y el progreso científico. Ejemplos de estas conexiones se pueden ver en el caso de estudio de la astronomía china. Aspectos remarcables en el historial de las contribuciones al conocimiento de los cuerpos celestes, el papel de China en la moderna astronomía y el papel de los astrónomos en tiempos recientes. Únicamente en las últimas décadas China ha iniciado su desarrollo en proyectos astronómicos (telescopios ópticos, estaciones de radio…). Estos avances, y su uso, permiten excelentes capacidades para estudiar la astronomía a través de diferentes ventanas. Además, los astrónomos chinos son miembros activos a través de diversas colaboraciones internacionales.Palabras clave: China, astronomía, tecnología, telescopios._______________________Abstract:This paper illustrated the close relationship between technology development and progress in science. Examples of this connection are discussed using Chinese Astronomy as a study case. Despite remarkable historical contributions to the knowledge of celestial bodies, the role of China in modern Astronomy and Astrophysics did not start until relatively recent times. Only in the last decades has China started to develop impressive astronomical projects (optical telescopes, interferometric radio networks, Cherenkov detector arrays, etc.) in parallel with the country's growth.These facilities provide, or will soon provide, excellent capabilities for observational astronomy in different windows of the electromagnetic spectrum. In addition, Chinese astronomers are currently active members of the major international astronomical collaborations.Keywords: China, astronomy, technology, telescopes.

El cuerpo constituye un privilegiado ámbito de trabajo para indagar sobre cómo se conceptualiza y manifiesta la modernidad en cualquier sociedad. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a una mejor comprensión de los procesos de modernización en el contexto de las sociedades africanas a partir precisamente de la problemática de la presentación social del cuerpo. Tras una breve discusión sobre la tan controvertida dicotomía “tradición‐modernidad”, en el artículo se elabora un marco teórico centrado en la relación que podemos establecer entre presentación social del cuerpo y discursos so‐ bre la modernidad. Si esta problemática posee un indudable interés para el ámbito académico, resul‐ ta innegable que también posee relevancia social y constituye, además, un tema claramente político. La subalternización, ya se trate a nivel de clase, de género, de etnia o de edad se sirve de la presenta‐ ción social del cuerpo para marcar, justificar o mantener relaciones jerárquicas de orden social.

Dada la gran importancia que toda sociedad otorga al cuerpo, tanto a su conceptualización como a los criterios para su presentación social, no es de extrañar que el cuerpo ocupe un lugar central en los procesos de colonización y las políticas coloniales. En este artículo se analiza la relación que podemos establecer entre colonialidad y presentación social del cuerpo, sirviéndonos para ello de los nuevos enfoques de los estudios postcoloniales, así como de la teoría antropológica y sociológica sobre el cuerpo en general. A partir de casos concretos de la colonización europea en África, el artículo se centra especialmente en las prácticas relativas al uso de indumentaria, así como a las modificaciones corporales. Si el establecimiento de identidades es crucial para construir un orden social jerarquizado, estos aspectos concretos de la presentación social del cuerpo han tenido un papel relevante en los procesos de subalternización, siendo la misma noción de salvaje uno de los ejemplos más claros para ello.

En este texto que sirve de introducción al dossier se presentan los diferentes artículos que lo componen enmarcándolos dentro del ámbito teórico de la antropología del cuerpo. En la introducción se delinean además algunos aspectos conceptuales, relativos a la presentación social del cuerpo, campo de estudio que constituye el eje central del dossier.

Dopaminergic depletion in the nigrostriatal system is the neurochemical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although numerous efforts have been made to determine the evolution of dopaminergic depletion in PD, “in vivo” data concerning the stages of this process are still scarce. We evaluated 6-[18F]-fluoro-l-DOPA (18F-DOPA) and 11C-(+)-α-dihydrotetrabenazine (11C-DTBZ) using PET in a model of chronically MPTP-induced parkinsonism in non-human primates. Methods: Sixty-seven cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were included in the study. Progressive parkinsonism was induced by repeated administration of small doses of MPTP (iv) over several months. Animals were classified as controls, asymptomatic, recovered (having exhibited parkinsonian features transiently) and stable parkinsonian, according to their motor status. Analysis of striatal dopaminergic activity was conducted by regions of interest (ROI) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) over normalized parametric images. Results: A progressive loss of striatal uptake was evident among groups for both radiotracers, which correlated significantly with the clinical motor status. Changes occurred earlier, i.e. in the less affected stages, with 11C-DTBZ. Similar results were achieved by ROI and SPM analysis. Uptake was similar with both radiotracers for the asymptomatic and recovered groups. Conclusions: Serial assessment with 18F-DOPA and 11C-DTBZ PETs provides an effective approach to evaluate evolution of dopaminergic depletion in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. This approach could be useful to perform studies aiming to test the effect of early therapeutic intervention and putative neuroprotective treatments.

El contenido de este artículo analiza algunas de las características de la denominada música ambiental, aquella música programada no con el objetivo de constituir el punto central de atención del oyente sino sencillamente con el de proporcionar un ambiente o trasfondo sonoro. En el caso de las audiciones convencionales, el ritual, en su calidad de metamensaje, nos dice cómo debemos entender aquello que está sucediendo en el escenario, pero las músicas ambientales se nos aparecen desprovistas de todo ritual. Siendo la ubicuidad una de sus características, la música ambiental sirve tanto para vestir espacios vacíos como para disimular sus carencias o disfrazarlos.

Objetivos: Investigar la efectividad de las intervenciones breves para reducir el consumo de alcohol en los pacientes lesionados por accidente de tráfico con alcoholemia positiva. Métodos: Se cribó la presencia de alcohol en 948 lesionados en accidente de tráfico (el 97,6% de los elegibles de un universo de 1.106), con 126 (13,3%) positivos. Se intervino en 85 individuos, aleatoriamente distribuidos en intervención mínima (consejo simple) e intervención breve (intervención de tipo motivacional), y se programó un seguimiento telefónico a los 3, 6 y 12 meses. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del seguimiento a los 3 meses. Resultados: A los 3 meses se ha seguido a 57 pacientes (67%). EL 73,7% ha reducido el consumo, porcentaje que fue mayor en el grupo intervención breve (p = 0,06; tamaño del efecto, 0,5) y en los incluidos en la categoría de los bebedores de riesgo (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Se registró la efectividad de la intervención breve, aunque el tamaño de la muestra no permite establecer conclusiones definitivas.Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of brief interventions to reduce alcohol intake in traffic casualties with a positive blood alcohol concentration. Methods: Nine hundred forty-eight eligible casualties (97.6% of eligible casualties within a universe of 1106) were screened for alcohol and 126 (13.3%) were identified as positive. Interventions were performed in 85, randomly allocated to a minimal intervention (simple advice) or a brief intervention (motivational intervention). Telephone follow-up was scheduled for months 3, 6 and 12. The present study reports the results of follow-up at month 3. Results: Fifty-seven patients (67%) were followed up at month 3. A total of 73.7% had reduced their alcohol intake and this percentage was greater in the group who underwent the brief intervention (p = 0.06; effect size 0.5) and among heavy drinkers (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The data indicate the effectiveness of the brief intervention, although the sample size does not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn.

Objetivo: Identificar de las características diferenciales de positividad a alcohol en lesionados en accidentes de tráfico atendidos en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario. Métodos: Estudio transversal con sujetos de 18 años o mayores, lesionados en accidentes de tráfico, atendidos en el servicio de urgencias del Área de Traumatología del Hospital Vall d'Hebron, entre julio de 2001 y febrero de 2002. Resultados: La muestra incluyó a 431 pacientes. El 13,7% resultó positivo a la determinación de alcohol: se hallaron diferencias en los varones (odds ratio [OR] = 2,5; IC del 95%, 1,3-5,4) y los lesionados ingresados (OR = 2,7; IC del 95%, 1,3-5,4) y en los que fueron asistidos en fin de semana o festivo (OR = 3,7; IC del 95%, 2,0-6,9), de noche y madrugada (OR = 4,6; IC del 95%, 2,0-10,3) o durante la mañana (OR = 3,6; IC del 95%, 1,5-8,4). Conclusiones: Se ha determinado la existencia de subgrupos de lesionados en accidentes de tráfico con una mayor probabilidad de alcoholemia positiva, en los cuales deberían aplicarse programas de cribado y prevención secundaria más activos desde los servicios de urgencias y de traumatología.Objective: To identify the differential features of positive blood alcohol level (BAL) in people injured in road crashes who were attended an acute care service. Methods: Cross-sectional study of persons aged 18 years old or older injured in motor vehicle crashes who were attended in the Traumatology Emergency Department of Vall d'Hebron Hospital (Spain) between July 2001 and February 2002. Results: The study sample included 431 patients. A positive alcohol test was found in 13.7% of the sample. A statistically significant and independent association was found between positive BAL and male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5 [95% CI, 1.3-5.4]), hospital admission (OR = 2.7 [95% CI, 1.3-5.4]), being attended on a weekend (OR = 3.7 [95% CI, 2.0-6.9]) and being attended during the night and early morning (OR = 4.6 [95% CI, 2.0-10.3]) or in the morning (OR = 3.6 [95% CI, 1.5-8.4]). Conclusions: The present study identifies a subgroup of people injured in motor vehicle crashes with a greater likelihood of positive BAL, in whom more active screening and secondary prevention activities should be implemented within traumatology and acute care setting.

En las cercanías de Barcelona, junto a la costa mediterránea, se halla una pequeña comunidad budista denominada Sankya Tashi Ling, seguidora del lamaísmo tibetano de tradición Sakyapa. La orden Sakyapa constituye una de las cuatro tradiciones mayores del budismo tibetano, y toma su nombre de un monasterio fundado en 1073 en el Tibet. La comunidad catalana Sankya Tashi Ling fue fundada hace quince años. La principal autoridad de la orden Sakyapa a la cual pertenece el monasterio del Garraf es Sakya Trizin, figura religiosa que se encuentra en la jerarquía inmediatamente después del Dalai Lama. En España existe otro monasterio de las mismas características en Huesca, concretamente en Barbastro. Para la comunidad catalana, formada básicamente por creyentes autóctonos pero con estrechas relaciones con la diáspora tibetana, la música juega un importante papel, tanto en el desarrollo de las actividades ceremoniales y rituales de su vida cotidiana como por sus funciones de representación hacia el exterior. Para ello, a lo largo de los años de su existencia, la comunidad ha ido asimilando técnicas musicales de índole vocal e instrumental propias de la escuela tibetana Sakyapa. El caso concreto, pues, de la comunidad Sankya Tashi Ling es uno de aquellos en los que las ideas religiosas o místicas son el principal vehículo de transmisión de unas músicas determinadas.

[ca] En aquest article es tracta la relació entre les practiques musicals i la festa. Després de delimitar la idea de festa des d'una perspectiva antropològica, es delineen els principals tipus de manifestacions musicals talment com apareixen a les celebracions festives i s'intenta explicar la rellevància del fet musical en l'àmbit festiu a partir principalment de la estreta complicitat de la música amb les quatre constants que Vittorio Lanternari va formular per entendre la festa: sociabilitat, participació, ritualitat i l'anul•lació temporal i simbòlica de l'ordre.

Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) is an epipelagic, highly migratory species distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate waters including the Mediterranean Sea. Protein electrophoresis analyses can provide knowledge of the genetic population structure of the species and therefore be used as a tool for fishery management. Areas sampled include the islands of Majorca and Sicily in the western Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in the eastern Atlantic. The results of the protein electrophoresis reveal a level of genetic variability similar to other highly migratory species. No differences were found among locations, and it was not possible to reject the null hypothesis of one panmictic population in the area studied.

Este artigo trata da problemática da relação entre gênero e música. Sabemos que a música como meio de comunicação contribui também para a construção social da realidade; se nos interessamos pela música como fenômeno sócio-cultural, então o aspecto de gênero constitui uma dimensão que não pode ser ignorada. Ao longo deste artigo, apresentarei alguns dados relativos a uma pesquisa tipo survey realizada com jovens barcelonenses durante o outono de 1995. Entre os diferentes objetivos da pesquisa buscava-se obter informações sobre o significado e funções da música na sociedade catalã, com algumas questões orientadas para tratar do papel que desempenha a música nas relações de gênero. Concretamente, os resultados da amostra nos aportam dados sobre o uso da música como estratégia de identidade de gênero, assim como sobre as funções que pode exercer a música como expressão e ao mesmo tempo recurso de manutenção das relações de gênero, que em nossa sociedade caracterizam-se pela sua natureza assimétrica.

logía al campo de estudio musical es el hecho de considerar la música como un fenómeno que va mucho más allá de la mera organización sonora y del ámbito de la estética. El hecho de considerar la música como cultura en el sentido antropológico del término nos hace tener en cuenta factores socioculturales que pueden ser determinantes en los procesos de creación, representación y recepción de la música, aspectos todos ellos que conciernen directamente también a la musicología. N o se trata de una aportación meramente complementaria sino que en ocasiones también puede tener importantes repercusiones en aspectos fundamentales de la disciplina musicològica. Pensemos, por ejemplo, en la tripartición de nuestro universo musical en música culta, folklórica y popular moderna. Se trata de una tripartición que se considera punto de partida para la investigación musicològica y que condiciona metodologías, valores e intereses de la disciplina. Se trata de una tripartición que se considera tan natural, que pocas veces se la cuestiona o incluso se la generaliza para todo el planeta cuando de hecho, tal como nos muestra claramente la antropología, se trata de una elaboración típicamente occidental y que obedece a una serie de valores sociales muy concretos más que a criterios de naturaleza intrínsecamente musical. Esta tripartición forma parte de aquello que el sociólogo Peter Berger denominaba stock of knowledge de la sociedad1 y que en este caso posee no poca importancia, tanto conceptual como pragmáticamente para nuestra cultura musical.

Se describe un plan de gestión de las listas de espera quirúrgicas de prótesis articulares de cadera y rodilla y sus resultados a los 3 años. El plan de gestión se basó en la unificación de la información y programación, depuración periódica, guía clínica, gestión de la demanda, priorización por necesidad e incremento de la oferta. Durante el primer año se consiguió aflorar la lista de espera real, con un 23% más de pacientes de los contabilizados hasta entonces. A los 3 años, se depuró la lista en un 16% de los pacientes, se disminuyó la estancia media de estos procedimientos en 4 días, se evaluó el 59,5% de los pacientes con un instrumento de priorización y se incrementó la actividad de artroplastias en un 16%. Se redujo en un 14,7% los pacientes en espera de prótesis articulares y el tiempo de resolución de estos procedimientos disminuyó en 3 meses para las artroplastias de rodilla y en un mes para las de cadera.This study describes the implementation of a management plan for surgical joint replacement waiting lists and its results after 3 years. The plan was based on the following: unification of information and scheduling, periodic review, clinical guidelines, management of demand, prioritization according to need, and increasing the services provided. During the first year, the plan succeeded in revealing the real waiting list, with 23% more patients than previously included. Three years later, 16% of the patients had not turned up for surgery after being scheduled; the mean length of hospital stay for joint replacements had been reduced by 4 days; 59.5% of the patients joining the list had been assessed with a prioritization instrument, and the number of joint replacements had increased by 16% with a reduction of 14.7% in patients waiting for joint replacements. The resolution time for these procedures had also deceased by 3 months for knee arthroplasty and by 1 month for hip arthroplasty.

Difícilmente podríamos llegar en la actualidad a comprender las diferentes manifestaciones de la cultura tradicional sin tener en cuenta las implicaciones formales, semánticas y funcionales del folklorismo, entendiendo este último término como todo aquello que hace relación al uso que se hace del folklore, una vez la sociedad ha devenido consciente de su existencia. Dado que el mundo de la vida tradicional está profusamente impregnado de formas y contenidos procedentes del ámbito religioso, las manifestaciones de la religiosidad popular también son objeto de la práctica folkloristica de nuestra sociedad. El análisis de esta problemática constituye el eje central del presente artículo.

Background and purposeDespite enormous advances in identifying genetic variants responsible for many neurological diseases, access to genetic testing may be limited in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to assess worldwide access to genetic tests for movement disorders and factors impacting their utilization.MethodsThe Rare Movement Disorders Study Group of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society designed an online survey electronically mailed to all 7815 members.ResultsSurvey data completed by 1269 participants from 109 countries were analysed. Limited access to geneticists and genetic counsellors was reported in many world regions compared to Europe and North America. Availability of genetic testing was limited, with rates of access lower than 50%. Genetic testing for chorea was the most commonly available. For parkinsonism, dystonia, ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegias and metabolic disorders, there was limited access to genetic testing in all countries compared to Europe and North America, with significant differences found for Africa, Central/South America, Asia. In many regions, genetic testing was supported by either private or public funding. Genetic testing was free of charge in Europe according to 63.5% of respondents. In North America, Africa, Central/South America, Asia and the Middle East access to free of charge genetic testing was by far significantly lower compared to Europe.ConclusionsThis survey highlights difficulties in accessing genetic testing and individuals with expertise in genetics at the worldwide level. In addition, major disparities in genetic testing amongst world regions are highlighted, probably due to a variety of factors including financial barriers.

En la medicina popular europea, el ensalmo terapéutico tiene una importancia de primer orden. Aunque ligado siempre a un procedimiento de tipo credencial o empírico, el ensalmo -por lo que a su formación y difusión se refiere- está sujeto a las mismas leyes que podemos observar en otros géneros de la literatura oral tradicional. La finalidad del presente trabajo ha consistido en elaborar una tipología del ensalmo terapéutico basada en criterios formales y de contenido. Para ello se han tomado en consideración ejemplos procedentes de las más diferentes regiones del Viejo Continente.

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