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Background: Intravenous thrombolysis improves functional outcome in patients with acute stroke and frequencies of r-tPA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment have been increasing over time. We aimed to assess whether functional outcome in r-tPA–treated patients improved over time and to investigate the influence of clinical variables on functional outcome. Methods: We analyzed data of r-tPA–treated patients in the Austrian Stroke Unit Registry from 2006 to 2019. Favorable functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2. Frequencies of modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 were assessed for the overall population and in prespecified subgroups; multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess associations of baseline characteristics including clinically relevant interactions, and outcome. Results: Overall, 4865 out of 9409 r-tPA–treated patients (51.7%) achieved favorable functional outcome 3 months post stroke. Between 2006 and 2019, frequencies of favorable functional outcome increased from 45.9% to 56.8%. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, year of treatment (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR], 1.08 [95% CI, 1.01–1.15]) was associated with favorable functional outcome. Stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, adjOR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.85–0.87]), age (61–70 years: adjOR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.55–0.80], 71–80 years: adjOR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.35–0.50], >80 years: adjOR, 0.16 [95% CI, 0.13–0.20]), female sex (adjOR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.79–0.99]), and various comorbidities (eg, atrial fibrillation, prior stroke, diabetes) were negatively associated. Inclusion of interaction terms into the multivariable logistic regression model suggests a positive effect of year of treatment and endovascular treatment by increasing stroke severity on functional outcome (interaction between year of treatment and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: adjOR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00–1.02], interaction between National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and endovascular treatment: adjOR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01–1.03]). Conclusions: Frequencies of favorable functional outcome in r-tPA–treated patients have been increasing over time, likely driven by improved outcome in patients with more severe strokes receiving endovascular treatment. However, some subgroups are still less likely to achieve functional independency and deserve particular attention.

Purpose of the Review The concept of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is an approach to assess and manage multi-taxon species richness in forest ecosystems. Owing to their provision of special habitat features, TreMs are of special interest as a surrogate biodiversity indicator. In particular, in retention forestry, TreMs have gained attention over the past decade as a selection criterion for retained structural elements such as habitat trees. This review seeks to (a) address the suitability of TreMs as biodiversity indicator in the context of retention forestry, (b) summarize drivers of TreM occurrence and the status quo of the implementation of TreM-based retention concepts in forest management, and (c) discuss current and future challenges to the use of TreMs as biodiversity indicator. Recent Findings The TreM concept originated in Europe where it is now increasingly implemented. Most studies of the quantity, quality, and diversity of TreMs are focused on tree species from this region, although it is increasingly applied in other contexts. In addition to tree species, tree dimensions and live status have been identified as the main drivers of TreM occurrence. One major remaining research challenge is to verify relationships between the occurrence and abundance of forest-dwelling species from different taxonomic groups and TreMs to improve the evidence basis of this concept and thus increase its integration in forest conservation approaches. Summary TreMs are not the “silver bullet” indicator to quantify biodiversity of forest dwelling species, but they provide an important tool for forest managers to guide the selection of habitat trees for the conservation of the associated biodiversity.

Continuously suppressed S.torminalis trees were found to be highly sensitive to release cuttings. After release diameter growth increased drastically, the crown redensified from the inside and seeds were produced during the first growing season. Sorbustorminalis is valued for its timber characteristics and ecological role in cultural landscapes. Due to its increased drought tolerance, the species is of growing interest in the context of silviculturally driven climate change adaptation measures. Due to its comparably slow growth, it often forms a second canopy layer below other deciduous tree species. With regard to its ecological and economic value, forest practitioners need to know whether releasing these continuously suppressed individuals from competition is worth it. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of release cuttings on the crown growth and radial increment of S.torminalis heavily suppressed by surrounding sessile oaks (Quercuspetraea). We observed changes of shoot and diameter growth within the first year following release cuttings. The overall average annual shoot growth more than tripled when compared to pre-release growth patterns (from 1.9 to 6.2 cm). The greatest release effects were found in the inner part of the crown. The majority of the shoots forming the crown periphery developed fruits and showed only restrained increment. Crown redensification from inside was accompanied by the development of epicormic branches in previously branch-free bole sections. Following release cuttings, diameter growth increased by several orders of magnitude. Altogether, release cuttings seem to have a very positive effect on the vitality of continuously suppressed S.torminalis trees. All released trees grew vigorously and developed fruits throughout the crown surface. Thus, release cuttings may facilitate species propagation and reduce inbreeding effects.

In addition to social and economic benefits, urban trees provide habitats for many different species and contribute significantly to urban biodiversity. To prevent harm to humans or infrastructure, tree risk assessment is conducted regularly in urban areas. Resultant pruning activities are often criticized as leading to unnecessary injuries and artificial tree shapes. In this study we compared different tree maintenance levels and the occurrence of biodiversity related structures, so-called tree microhabitats, to provide another perspective on the consequences of pruning urban trees. For a sample of urban street and park trees in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, we found that the positive relationship between tree size (diameter at breast height) and microhabitat abundance and diversity was less steep than in a nearby forest with comparable species composition. Intensive tree maintenance in urban trees led to levels of certain microhabitats such as cavities and injuries that were comparable to natural, unmanaged forests. Light maintenance of urban trees encouraged more crown deadwood than typical and intensive maintenance levels. Tree species as well as cardinal direction of the nearest building played a minor role in the occurrence and development of microhabitats. Our results underline the importance of conserving and maintaining large living trees, especially in urban areas to provide tree microhabitats. These results also demonstrate the important role of intensive tree maintenance in stimulating tree microhabitat development in urban areas. However, new ways have to be found to reconcile the need for microhabitats and the maintenance of structurally healthy urban trees.

Tree-related microhabitats are an important determinant of forest biodiversity. Habitat trees, which typically provide many microhabitats such as hollows, crown dead wood, etc., are therefore selected to maintain those structural attributes within managed forests. To what extent the occurrence of microhabitats on potential habitat trees may be predicted from common tree attributes is a question of high practical relevance. Until now, most studies have attempted to predict the quantity of microhabitats at the tree or forest stand level. In our study, we aimed at explaining microhabitat occurrence from a qualitative perspective by considering their diversity. Tree diameter at breast height (dbh), tree species, and canopy class were useful predictors of microhabitat diversity. Microhabitat diversity on broadleaved trees was on average higher than in conifers of the same diameter. In contrast to microhabitat quantity, microhabitat diversity saturated towards higher dbh levels. Microhabitat diversity in beech trees of lower tree canopy classes was found to be surprisingly high. Habitat trees support not only more, but also more diverse, microhabitats in comparison to crop trees. Considering these findings on microhabitat distribution, the selection of habitat trees within Central European mixed mountain forests can be significantly improved.

Intravenous thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke remains underused worldwide. We aimed to assess whether our statewide comprehensive stroke management programme would improve thrombolysis use and clinical outcome in patients.In 2008-09, we designed the Tyrol Stroke Pathway, which provided information campaigns for the public and standardised the entire treatment pathway from stroke onset to outpatient rehabilitation. It was commenced in Tyrol, Austria, as a long-term routine-care programme and aimed to include all patients with stroke in the survey area. We focused on thrombolysis use and outcome in the first full 4 years of implementation (2010-13).We enrolled 4947 (99%) of 4992 patients with ischaemic stroke who were admitted to hospitals in Tyrol; 675 (14%) of the enrollees were treated with alteplase. Thrombolysis administration in Tyrol increased after programme implementation, from 160 of 1238 patients (12·9%, 95% CI 11·1-14·9) in 2010 to 213 of 1266 patients (16·8%, 14·8-19·0) in 2013 (ptrend 2010-130·0001). Differences in use of thrombolysis in the nine counties of Tyrol in 2010 (range, 2·2-22·6%) were reduced by 2013 (12·1-22·5%). Median statewide door-to-needle time decreased from 49 min (IQR 35-60) in 2010 to 44 min (29-60) in 2013; symptomatic post-thrombolysis intracerebral haemorrhages occurred in 28 of 675 patients (4·1%, 95% CI 2·8-5·9) during 2010-13. In four Austrian states without similar stroke programmes, thrombolysis administration remained stable or declined between 2010 and 2013 (mean reduction 14·4%, 95% CI 10·9-17·9). Although the 3-month mortality was not affected by our programme (137 [13%] of 1060 patients in 2010 vs 143 [13%] of 1069 patients in 2013), 3-month functional outcome significantly improved (modified Rankin Scale score 0-1 in 375 [40%] of 944 patients in 2010 vs 493 [53%] of 939 in 2013; score 0-2 in 531 [56%] patients in 2010 and 615 [65%] in 2013; ptrend 2010-130·0001).During the period of implementation of our comprehensive stroke management programme, thrombolysis administration increased and clinical outcome significantly improved, although mortality did not change. We hope that these results will guide health authorities and stroke physicians elsewhere when implementing similar programmes for patients with stroke.Reformpool of the Tyrolean Health Care Fund.

To investigate the frequency of mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) in a sample of Austrian Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, we sequenced the complete coding region in 16 patients with autosomal dominant PD. Furthermore, we sequenced exons 31, 35, and 41 additionally in 146 patients with idiopathic PD and 30 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Furthermore, all 192 patients were screened for 21 putative LRRK2 mutations. While the most common mutation G2019S and the risk variant G2385R were not found in our samples, we detected a novel missense mutation (S973N) in a patient with familial, late-onset and dopa-responsive PD.

Nach den Gesetzen der Physik bezeichnet man als Maschine eine Vorrichtung, die bei Vornahme von mechanischen Arbeiten eine Veranderung der Kraftrichtung, des Angriffspunktes der Kraft oder der Grose des Kraftaufwandes bezweckt.

Das Biegen ist ein Arbeitsvorgang, der speziellen Zwecken dient, aber in einigen Industriezweigen vielseitige Anwendung findet. (Gebogene Mobel, Fasdauben, Radfelgen, Schiffbauholzer, Stockgriffe usw.)

Im allgemeinen ist zwischen den im Sommer und dem im Winter gefallten Holz an sich kein wesentlicher Unterschied. Dagegen hat die Fallungszeit auf die spatere Behandlung oft grosen Einflus. Und von dieser Behandlung hangt die Gute, besonders die Dauerhaftigkeit in hohem Grade ab. Im Sommer ist die Saftbewegung im Baum noch sehr lebhaft. Die neuen Bildungsstoffe haben sich auch noch nicht mit dem jungen Holz verbunden. Konnen sie nach dem Fallen nicht bald entfernt werden (Trochnung) so gehen sie leicht in Zersetzung uber. Daher ist sommergefalltes Buchen- und Erlenholz, wenn es langere Zeit in der Rinde liegen bleibt, viel mehr dem „Ersticken“ und „Stockigwerden“ ausgesetzt als wintergefalltes Holz. Der Kiefernsplint lauft blau an, wenn das Holz langere Zeit feucht lagern mus. Fichte und Tanne, die nach dem Fallen langere Zeit liegen bleiben und dann geflost werden — wie es bei der Sommerfallung im Gebirge haufig notwendig ist — werden rotstreifig. Die Gefahr ist besonders dann gegeben, wenn die Bloche auch in der Sagemuhle noch eine Zeitlang liegen mussen, ehe sie aufgeschnitten werden konnen. Solches Holz verfallt dann spater leicht der „Trockenfaule“.

Wenn auch jedes Holz fur irgendeinen besonderen Zweck brauchbar sein kann, so finden doch nicht alle Holzarten allgemein technische Ausnutzung. So kommen beispielsweise verschiedene Zierbaume, manche Obstbaume und viele Straucher dafur kaum in frage. Dagegen warden neben unseren einheimischen Arten zahlreiche ausereuropaische Holzer verarbeitet. Fur die Verwendung ist die Unterscheidung von Laub- und Nadelholz nicht masgebend; fur einen bestimmten Zweck gibt vor allem die Eignung den Ausschlag. Neben den Eigenschaften kommen fur die gewerbliche Verwendung auserdem in Betracht: Menge, Verbreitungsgebiet, Aussehen und schieslich auch der Preis. Bei den im nachfolgenden aufgefuhrten Nusholzern finden daher besondere Beruchsichtigung: 1. Vorkommen und Verbreitung, 2. Aussehen und Unterscheidungsmertmale, 3. Die technisch wichtigsten Eigenschaften, 4. Die hauptsachlichste Verwendung 5. Einzelne Nebenprodukte.

Das holz ist einer der wichtigsten Rohstoffe des Manschen. In Baum und Strauch bietet ihm die Natur in fast allen Zonen des Fastlandes ein Material das ohne weiteres verwendbar ist. Weil es ferner der Bearbeitung nur geringe hindernisse entgegenstellt, konnen es schon Volker auf niedrigster Kulturstufe benutzen. Aber auch in unserer hochentwickelten Kultur ist das Holz ganz unentbehrlich. Vom Flugzeug in der Luft bis zu den tiefsten Schachten der Bergwerke findet es auf dem ganzen Erdkries Verwendung. In der Entwicklung der Kultur gebuhrt ihm daher ein hervorragender Platz. Hunderttausende finden durch seine Beschaffung, Zurichtung und Verarbeitung ihren Lebensunterhalt. Ebenso beschaftigt und ernahrt der Handel mit diesem Rohmaterial und den daraus gewonnenen Erzeugnissen viele Menschen. Das holz hat darum auch eine grose volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, mit diesem Material vertraut zu sein. Besonders vom technischen Standpunkte aus ist eine richtige Verwendung und Verarbeitung nicht moglich ohne Kenntnisse uber seine Entstehung, den Bau, die Eigenschaften, Behandlung, Fehler und Krankheiten im allgemeinen, sowie die Eigenarten der wichtigsten holzarten im besonderen. Die „Rohstoffkunde“ist die Lehre uber diese dinge.