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Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in adults. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has reduced vaccine serotypes but has also led to the rise of non-vaccine serotypes. The aim of this study was to analyse pneumococcal lineages and their association with recent changes in IPD among adults in Spain. Methods: Data from adult IPD cases (≥18 years) were collected from six Spanish hospitals in 2019–2021. Strains were serotyped, tested for antibiotic susceptibility and subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS). Findings were compared with data from previous periods (2008–2016). Results: A total of 655 IPD episodes were examined. Pneumonia was the main focus (515/655), and 366 episodes occurred in adults over 64 years. Although IPD incidence decreased during COVID-19 pandemic, the burden of disease caused by PCV13 serotypes was significant. Notably, serotype 3 persisted (GPSC12-ST180 and GPSC83-ST260), and a new serotype 4 lineage emerged (GPSC162-ST13022). Among non-PCV13 serotypes, serotype 8 expanded (GPSC3-ST53) and a new serotype 12F lineage emerged (GPSC55-ST8060). Most serotypes presented a dominant Global Pneumococcal Sequencing Cluster (GPSC) like GPSC16-ST67 of 9N or GPSC19-ST433 of 22F. Nevertheless, some GPSCs were associated with several serotypes, the most numerous were GPSC3 (serotypes 8, 11A, and 33F) and GPSC6 (serotypes 11A and 14). The overall penicillin non-susceptibility rate was 17.0 %, 14.6 % resistance for meningitis and 1.6 % for pneumonia (15.1 % susceptible at increased exposure [SIE]). Serotypes 11A and 14 (GPSC6-ST156/6521) and 19A (GPSC1-ST320) had penicillin MICs above 1 mg/L. Acquired resistance genes associated with macrolide and/or tetracycline resistance were present in 19.4 % of isolates, particularly among serotypes 6C (GPSC47-ST386/4310) and 19A (GPSC1-ST320). Conclusions: The burden of PCV13 serotypes in adult IPD remains significant, and serotype 3 is the primary contributor. However, the rise of stable lineages associated with non-PCV13 serotypes, particularly 8, 9N, and 22F highlights a shifting epidemiology. The persistence of multidrug-resistant lineages, such as GPSC6-ST156 and GPSC1-ST320, emphasizes the need for continued surveillance. Vaccination of high-risk adults with current and broader coverage PCVs would help to control the burden of pneumonia and IPD among adults.

In respiratory pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, biofilm formation is associated with the colonization of the nasopharynx and chronic respiratory infection. Previous data have shown that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) had an impact on S. pneumoniae colonization and a potential replacement by other respiratory pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. The objective of this work was to evaluate the evasion of the immune system by monospecific biofilms and by S. aureus-S. pneumoniae mixed biofilms. We performed opsonophagocytosis assays (OPA) using human HL-60 against previously disaggregated monospecific biofilms of MSSA, MRSA and S. aureus-S. pneumoniae mixed biofilms. We used pre-immune and post-immune serum from immunocompetent adult patients vaccinated with PCV13. Immune sera had a clear effect in reducing pneumococcal biofilms of serotypes 3, 14, 18C, 19F and 19A, whereas had no effect in non-PCV13 serotypes such as 8, 11A and 24F. Our study confirmed that serum from vaccinated patients with PCV13 did not have any effect in reducing S. aureus population in monospecific biofilms, regardless the methicillin resistance phenotype. Moreover, immunized sera from vaccinated patients with PCV13 did not have any effect in S. aureus population in the mixed biofilm, whereas significantly reduced the population of pneumococcal serotype 19A strain in the mixed biofilm which is of great interest because this serotype is included in PCV13, and it is associated with vaccine failures.

Fiel a su tendencia ancestral al logocentrismo, la traductología tradicional ha focalizado casi exclusivamente en el texto tanto la pedagogía de la traducción como la teoría de la traducción, creyendo erróneamente que el traductor sólo debe ocuparse del material esencialmente lingüístico del texto. Esto ha supuesto que, durante décadas, se haya dejado de lado la paratextualidad en traductología a pesar de que está omnipresente no sólo en la edición de los textos, desde la invención de la imprenta, sino en todas las producciones editadas en pantalla hoy en día. En la era digital de la comunicación multimodal la paratextualidad ofrece un rico abanico de recursos semióticos que contribuyen a la construcción del sentido que hay que traducir. Por consiguiente, es evidente que la paratextualidad resulta ser esencial en la comunicación multimodal. Dado que la multimodalidad es el estado normal de comunicación humana, seguir considerando que la traducción sólo puede ocuparse del texto verbal escrito, supone una aproximación monomodal a los actuales encargos de traducción abocada al mayor de los fracasos en el mercado profesional de la era digital. La presente publicación es una reflexión sobre cómo el término traductológico de paratraducción, creado en la Escuela de Vigo, resulta ser la noción clave totalmente indispensable para traducir la multimodalidad en todas sus manifestaciones, tanto en papel como en pantalla. Porque paratraducir es traducir más allá de lo verbal, siguiendo el cambio de paradigma propugnado por el Grupo de investigación Traducción & Paratraducción (T&P) de la Universidade de Vigo, el traductor, primer agente paratraductor por antonomasia, puede plantearse, muy seriamente, que las nuevas producciones paratextuales presentes en los actuales encargos de traducción multimodal en papel y en pantalla exigen una nueva forma de traducir: la paratraducción. Esta publicación insiste también en cómo la suma importancia paratextual de la especificidad de la imagen y todo lo que implica en la comunicación visual contemporánea, es decir, la preponderancia de lo no verbal frente a lo verbal, impone inexorablemente la necesidad de una sólida formación universitaria en la «lectura», interpretación y paratraducción de la imagen en traducción multimodal. Hacia el final de la publicación se ofrece una sucinta presentación de los tres niveles de aplicación metodológica de la noción de paratraducción para traducir la multimodalidad en el siglo XXI.

Gracias a la noción de paratraducción, quienes trabajan como profesionales de la traducción son hoy más conscientes que nunca de que la paratextualidad generada por la omnipresencia de lo visual en los procesos de traducción implica una cultura de las pantallas que sea capaz de ofrecer una mirada más atenta a los paratextos, una mirada nueva y diferente a la que, tradicionalmente, se les ha dado a los textos desde la cultura del libro. Enseñar a traducir en el siglo XXI implica ser mucho más consciente de que la (r)evolución digital ha transformado tanto el saber hacer como los procesos de aprendizaje de quienes en el futuro se dedicarán a leer e interpretar para traducir no sólo elementos verbales (textos), sino también, y, sobre todo, imágenes (paratextos icónicos). Esta publicación empieza por llamar la atención sobre el papel esencial que tiene la imagen en traducción desde la perspectiva teórica de la noción de paratraducción creada en 2005 en la Universidade de Vigo. Con vistas a mejorar el uso de la imagen como elemento esencial en los procesos de traducción para la comunicación internacional de la era digital, la publicación termina apuntando cómo, en realidad, la cultura del libro, por un lado, y la cultura de las pantallas, por otro, resultan ser dos culturas totalmente complementarias a la hora de formar profesionales tanto de la traducción del texto como de la paratraducción de la imagen.

ABSTRACT The new generation of organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells holds a promising strategy for modeling host-bacteria interaction studies. Organoids recapitulate the composition, diversity of cell types, and, to some extent, the functional features of the native organ. We generated lung bud organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells to study the interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) with the alveolar epithelium. Invasive pneumococcal disease is an important health problem that may occur as a result of the spread of pneumococcus from the lower respiratory tract to sterile sites. We show here an efficient experimental approach to model the main events of the pneumococcal infection that occur in the human lung, exploring bacterial adherence to the epithelium and internalization and triggering an innate response that includes the interaction with surfactant and the expression of representative cytokines and chemokines. Thus, this model, based on human minilungs, can be used to study pneumococcal virulence factors and the pathogenesis of different serotypes, and it will allow therapeutic interventions in a reliable human context. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for high morbidity and mortalities rates worldwide, affecting mainly children and adults older than 65 years. Pneumococcus is also the most common etiologic agent of bacterial pneumonia and nonepidemic meningitis, and it is a frequent cause of bacterial sepsis. Although the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has decreased the burden of pneumococcal disease, the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains and nonvaccine types by serotype replacement is worrisome. To study the biology of pneumococcus and to establish a reliable human model for pneumococcal pathogenesis, we generated human minilungs from embryonic stem cells. The results show that these organoids can be used to model some events occurring during the interaction of pneumococcus with the lung, such as adherence, internalization, and the initial alveolar innate response. This model also represents a great alternative for studying virulence factors involved in pneumonia, drug screening, and other therapeutic interventions.

In the adult population, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious disease that is responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates, being frequently associated with multidrug resistant pathogens. The aim of this review is to update a practical immunization prevention guideline for CAP in Spain caused by prevalent respiratory pathogens, based on the available scientific evidence through extensive bibliographic review and expert opinion. The emergence of COVID-19 as an additional etiological cause of CAP, together with the rapid changes in the availability of vaccines and recommendations against SARS-CoV-2, justifies the need for an update. In addition, new conjugate vaccines of broader spectrum against pneumococcus, existing vaccines targeting influenza and pertussis or upcoming vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) will be very useful prophylactic tools to diminish the burden of CAP and all of its derived complications. In this manuscript, we provide practical recommendations for adult vaccination against the pathogens mentioned above, including their contribution against antibiotic resistance. This guide is intended for the individual perspective of protection and not for vaccination policies, as we do not pretend to interfere with the official recommendations of any country. The use of vaccines is a realistic approach to fight these infections and ameliorate the impact of antimicrobial resistance. All of the recently available scientific evidence included in this review gives support to the indications established in this practical guide to reinforce the dissemination and implementation of these recommendations in routine clinical practice.

La palabra francesa arabe («árabe») está en el origen del término francés beur que se creó en verlan para designar a las personas nacidas en Francia cuyos padres o abuelos fueron inmigrantes provenientes del Magreb. Tras una breve descripción sobre cómo se formó dicho término en francés durante la década de los ochenta del siglo pasado, este artículo, primero, se plantea por qué el femenino del mismo es beurette y no beure para luego exponer cómo se han realizado unos muy determinados tipos de traducción de la identidad del Otro en otro tiempo colonizado. Que beur sea el perfecto homófono de beurre (mantequilla) en francés conlleva una serie de consecuencias simbólicas que se resumen en la nula voluntad política del Estado francés de traducir, adecuada y correctamente, todas las pertenencias de la identidad mestiza de las personas nacidas en Francia con orígenes magrebíes, en aras de una supuesta «integración» republicana francesa. Se han creado, en el uso popular de la lengua francesa, dos neologismos (beur y beurette) que, dada su dificultad de traducción, han sido exportados a otras lenguas como préstamos léxicos pero su correcta interpretación en las mismas deja mucho que desear. Hacia el final del artículo se presenta una reflexión crítica, a modo de conclusión, sobre los términos beur y beurette como «intraducibles» en el sentido apuntado por Barbara Cassin y se propone cómo poder resolver la aparente contradicción de traducir «lo intraducible» cuando quien traduce e interpreta sabe situarse «entre» lenguas y culturas, gracias a la noción de paratraducción.

Presentación del dosier

Among infectious diseases, tuberculosis is the leading cause of death worldwide, and represents a serious threat, especially in developing countries. The protective effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the current vaccine against tuberculosis, have been related not only to specific induction of T-cell immunity, but also with the long-term epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of the cells from the innate immune system through a process termed trained immunity. Here we show that MTBVAC, a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, safe and immunogenic against tuberculosis antigens in adults and newborns, is also able to generate trained immunity through the induction of glycolysis and glutaminolysis and the accumulation of histone methylation marks at the promoters of proinflammatory genes, facilitating an enhanced response after secondary challenge with non-related bacterial stimuli. Importantly, these findings in human primary myeloid cells are complemented by a strong MTBVAC-induced heterologous protection against a lethal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae in an experimental murine model of pneumonia.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main bacterial cause of respiratory infections in children and the elderly worldwide. Serotype replacement is a frequent phenomenon after the introduction of conjugated vaccines, with emerging serotypes 22F and 33F as frequent non-PCV13 serotypes in children and adults in North America and other countries. Characterization of mechanisms involved in evasion of the host immune response by these serotypes is of great importance in public health because they are included in the future conjugated vaccines PCV15 and PCV20. One of the main strategies of S. pneumoniae to persistently colonize and causes infection is biofilm formation. In this study, we have evaluated the influence of capsule polysaccharide in biofilm formation and immune evasion by using clinical isolates from different sources and isogenic strains with capsules from prevalent serotypes. Since the introduction of PCV13 in Spain in the year 2010, isolates of serotypes 22F and 33F are rising among risk populations. The predominant circulating genotypes are ST43322F and ST71733F, being CC433 in 22F and CC717 in 33F the main clonal complexes in Spain. The use of clinical isolates of different origin, demonstrated that pediatric isolates of serotypes 22F and 33F formed better biofilms than adult isolates and this was statistically significant. This phenotype was greater in clinical isolates from blood origin compared to those from cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid and otitis. Opsonophagocytosis assays showed that serotype 22F and 33F were recognized by the PSGL-1 receptor on leukocytes, although serotype 22F, was more resistant than serotype 33F to phagocytosis killing and more lethal in a mouse sepsis model. Overall, the emergence of additional PCV15 serotypes, especially 22F, could be associated to an enhanced ability to divert the host immune response that markedly increased in a biofilm state. Our findings demonstrate that pediatric isolates of 22F and 33F, that form better biofilm than isolates from adults, could have an advantage to colonize the nasopharynx of children and therefore, be important in carriage and subsequent dissemination to the elderly. The increased ability of serotype 22F to avoid the host immune response, might explain the emergence of this serotype in the last years.

The aim of this study was to investigate the serotype-associated fatality rate in cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the Spanish region of Madrid between 2007 and 2020. Serotyping was performed by Pneumotest Latex and the Quellung reaction using commercial antisera. Case-fatality rate was estimated as the ratio between the number of deaths at hospital discharge and the number of cases attributable to each serotype. To evaluate the association measures, the odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval were calculated. Twenty five pneumococcal serotypes were associated to mortality and comprised 87.8% of the total number of isolates characterized. Serotypes 8, 3, 19A, 1, 7F, 22F, 12F, and 11A were the most prevalent (≥3% each). Serotypes 31, 11A, and 19F were significantly associated to high case-fatality rates (>20% each). The lower significantly associated case-fatality rate (

Introduction Information about community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) risk in primary care is limited. We assess different lifestyle and comorbid conditions as risk factors (RF) for CAP in adults in primary care.Methods A retrospective-observational-controlled study was designed. Adult CAP cases diagnosed at primary care in Spain between 2009 and 2013 were retrieved using the National Surveillance System of Primary Care Data (BiFAP). Age-matched and sex-matched controls were selected by incidence density sampling (ratio 2:1). Associations are presented as percentages and OR. Binomial regression models were constructed to avoid bias effects.Results 51 139 patients and 102 372 controls were compared. Mean age (SD) was 61.4 (19.9) years. RF more significantly linked to CAP were: HIV (OR [95% CI]: 5.21 [4.35 to 6.27]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2.97 [2.84 to 3.12]), asthma (2.16 [2.07,2.26]), smoking (1.96 [1.91 to 2.02]) and poor dental hygiene (1.45 [1.41 to 1.49]). Average prevalence of any RF was 82.2% in cases and 69.2% in controls (2.05 [2.00 to 2.10]). CAP rate increased with the accumulation of RF and age: risk associated with 1RF was 1.42 (1.37 to 1.47) in 18–60-year-old individuals vs 1.57 (1.49 to 1.66) in >60 years of age, with 2RF 1.88 (1.80 to 1.97) vs 2.35 (2.23, 2.48) and with ≥ 3 RF 3.11 (2.95, 3.30) vs 4.34 (4.13 to 4.57).Discussion Prevalence of RF in adult CAP in primary care is high. Main RFs associated are HIV, COPD, asthma, smoking and poor dental hygiene. Our risk stacking results could help clinicians identify patients at higher risk of pneumonia.

Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has increased worldwide, making fluoroquinolones an alternative therapeutic option. Fluoroquinolones inhibit the type II DNA topoisomerases (topoisomerase IV and gyrase). In this study we have evaluated the in vivo activity of seconeolitsine, an inhibitor of topoisomerase I. Levofloxacin (12.5 to 50 mg/kg) or seconeolitsine (5 to 40 mg/kg) were administered every 12 h during two days in mice infected with a serotype 8-resistant strain. At 48 h, a 70% protection was obtained with seconeolitsine (40 mg/kg; p < 0.001). However, survival with levofloxacin was 20%, regardless of the dose. In addition, seconeolitsine decreased bacteremia efficiently. Levofloxacin had higher levels in serum than seconeolitsine (Cmax of 14.7 vs. 1.6; p < 0.01) and higher values of area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC0-12h of 17.3 vs. 5; p < 0.01). However, seconeolitsine showed higher levels of time to peak concentration and elimination half-life. This is consistent with the higher binding of seconeolitsine to plasma proteins (40% and 80% when used at 1 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively) in comparison to levofloxacin (12% at 5 µg/mL and 33% at 50 µg/mL). Our results suggest that seconeolitsine would be a promising therapeutic alternative against pneumococcal isolates with high fluoroquinolone resistance levels.

Knowledge-based vaccinology can reveal uncharacterized antigen candidates for a new generation of protein-based anti-pneumococcal vaccines. DiiA, encoded by the sp_1992 locus, is a surface protein containing either one or two repeats of a 37mer N-terminal motif that exhibits low interstrain variability. DiiA belongs to the core proteome, contains several conserved B-cell epitopes, and is associated with colonization and pathogenesis. Immunization with DiiA protein via the intraperitoneal route induced a strong IgG response, including different IgG subtypes. Vaccination with DiiA increased bacterial clearance and induced protection against sepsis, conferring 70% increased survival at 48 h post-infection when compared to the adjuvant control. The immunogenic response and survival rates in mice immunized with a truncated DiiA version lacking 119 N-terminal residues were remarkably lower, confirming the relevance of the repeat zone in the immunoprotection by DiiA. Intranasal immunization of mice with the entire recombinant protein elicited mucosal IgG and IgA responses that reduced bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx, confirming that this protein might be a vaccine candidate for reducing the carrier rate. DiiA constitutes an example of how functionally unannotated proteins may still represent promising candidates that can be used in prophylactic strategies against the pneumococcal carrier state and invasive disease.

El autor presenta en este artículo los avances teóricos y prácticos que el nuevo término traductológico de "paratraducción" ha supuesto en los estudios sobre traducción desde su creación en el seno del Grupo T&P de la Universidade de Vigo. La noción de paratraducción no pretende ser ni un "paradigma" ni un "producto" más que se oferta como "nuevo" dentro del catálogo de conceptos traductológicos que se ha ido forjando en las últimas décadas dentro del "mercado" universitario de la traductología, sino que con ella la Escuela de Vigo pretende más bien dibujar una área paradigmática idónea con vistas a una auténtica renovación del eterno dilema entre teoría universitaria, por un lado, y práctica profesional de la traducción, por otro. Tal pretensión implica, inexorablemente, una apertura epistemológica que permita contemplar las nuevas perspectivas teóricas, didácticas y profesionales que la noción de paratraducción ofrece cuando no se la circunscribe a un marco prefijado de antemano: los paratextos. Por supuesto que hay afinidad entre traducción y paratextualidad, pero definir la noción de paratraducción como, simplemente, el término que hace referencia al estudio de la traducción de los paratextos no es suficiente porque tan sólo supondría una ampliación del corpus textual objeto de la mirada traductológica sin llegar a suscitar una nueva teorización aplicable al ejercicio cotidiano de la traducción profesional. Desde la perspectiva de instauración de un nuevo pensamiento liminar en traducción, la noción de paratraducción recuerda, en la era digital de la traducción automática y las memorias de traducción, que la traducción no es sólo translatio sino también, y sobre todo, traductio.

O objetivo deste artigo é provar a aplicação empírica, sociológia e discursiva da noção de paratradução como uma ferramenta metodológica adequada ao estudo de elementos paratextuais na tradução em geral, e, particularmente, na Tradução da Literatura Infantil e Juvenil (TRALIJ). O artigo inicia com uma visão panorâmica da investigação em TRALIJ, continua com uma extensa e atualizada introdução teórica sobre a noção de paratradução, um neologismo nos estudos da tradução introduzido pelo autor na criação do grupo de pesquisa Tradução & Paratradução da Universidade de Vigo. Prossegue com a descrição detalhada, a análise pormenorizada e o estudo crítico completo do corpus constituído por um trabalho efetivo de TRALIJ solicitado pela editora espanhola Imaginarium, que consistiu na tradução para o espanhol de dois livros infantis escritos em francês. Apresenta-se uma leitura e a interpretação da simbologia das listras utilizada no desenho tipográfico da letra dos títulos dos dois livros da edição francesa, com a finalidade de comprovar como se realizou, na edição espanhola, a paratradução de tal tipografia. O artigo finaliza apontando a premente necessidade de aceitar na prática da tradução uma ética do limiar, implícita na própria noção de paratradução, com o intuito de estabelecer, de uma vez por todas, um diálogo permanente entre tradutores e editores, a fim de garantir que nenhuma tradução seja publicada sem sua devida paratradução.

The «chameleonic» notions of interculturality, multiculturality and transculturality have been widely used in the last years within Translation Studies as a description of translations and interpreting practices that were apparently aimed at resolving social and political problems seen as intrinsic to the contact between people and/or groups of «different cultures». The main purpose of this paper is to analyze both critically and rigorously the uses, traps and different perspectives that these three polysemous and controversial terms offer to the field of community translation and interpreting, where the métis identity of the migrant subject is at stake.

The aim of this contribution is to prove the empiric, sociologic and discursive usefulness of the notion of paratranslation as a proper methodological tool for the study of paratextual elements in translation in general, and specifically, of Children’s Literature Translation. The contribution opens with an overview of the investigation in Children’s Literature Translation, continues with an extensive and updated theoretical introduction about the notion of paratranslation, a new term in translation studies coined by the Translation and Paratranslation research group at the University of Vigo. Proceeds with a detailed description, an elaborated analysis and a complete critical study of the corpus constituted by a real work of Children’s Literature Translation requested by the Spanish publisher Imaginarium, which consisted of the translation into Spanish of two children's books written in French. It presents the reading and interpreting of the symbolism of stripes used in typographic design of the title letter of the two books in French edition, in order to demonstrate how the paratranslation of such typography was conducted in the Spanish edition. The article is concluded by pointing out the urgent need to accept an ethical threshold in the practice of translation, implicit in the notion of paratranslation, with the purpose of establishing, once and for all, a permanent dialogue between translators and editors, to ensure that no translation is published without its corresponding paratranslation.

Desde la noción de paratraducción como fundamento traductológico, la imagen puede ser considerada en traducción como un paratexto icónico cuya lectura e interpretación simbólicasrequieren de una cierta disciplina metodológica paratraductiva a la hora de cultivar el sentido de la mirada del traductor.A través de dos corpus diferentes, por una lado, las imágenes dibujadas de unos supuestos «pictogramas» de la Xunta de Galicia y, por otro, las «nuevas caras» de los estuches de Kinder Chocolate, José Yuste Frías demuestra en este artículo que la imagen en traducción no es universal. La manipulación de la imagen, conlleva no sólo implicaciones simbólicas, sino también, ideológicas, políticas, sociales y culturales que influyen enormemente en la presentación final de los productos de la traducción Abstract: From the translatological standpoint of paratranslation, images can ben considered in translation as iconic paratexts whose symbolic reading and interpretation call for a certain methodological and paratranslational discipline regarding the creation and development of the translator’s perspective. Based on two different corpora, _on the one hand the sketchs of would-be “pictograms” by Xunta de Galicia, on the other, the “new faces” of Kinder Chocolate boxes_ José Yuste Frías shows in this paper that images in translation are not universal. Manipulation of images entails not only symbolic implications, but also ideological, political, social and cultural questions that have a key import in the final presentation of the products of translation. Keywords: image, symbol, colours, paratextuality, paratranslation, advertising, PSTI

Desde la noción de paratraducción como fundamento traductológico, la imagen puede ser considerada en traducción como un paratexto icónico cuya lectura e interpretación simbólicasrequieren de una cierta disciplina metodológica paratraductiva a la hora de cultivar el sentido de la mirada del traductor.A través de dos corpus diferentes, por una lado, las imágenes dibujadas de unos supuestos «pictogramas» de la Xunta de Galicia y, por otro, las «nuevas caras» de los estuches de Kinder Chocolate, José Yuste Frías demuestra en este artículo que la imagen en traducción no es universal. La manipulación de la imagen, conlleva no sólo implicaciones simbólicas, sino también, ideológicas, políticas, sociales y culturales que influyen enormemente en la presentación final de los productos de la traducción.From the translatological standpoint of paratranslation, images can ben considered in translation as iconic paratexts whose symbolic reading and interpretation call for a certain methodological and paratranslational discipline regarding the creation and development of the translator's perspective. Based on two different corpora, -on the one hand the sketchs of would-be "pictograms" by Xunta de Galicia, on the other, the "new faces" of Kinder Chocolate boxes- José Yuste Frías shows in this paper that images in translation are not universal. Manipulation of images entails not only symbolic implications, but also ideological, political, social and cultural questions that have a key import in the final presentation of the products of translation.

Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive bacterium increasingly identified as a critical nosocomial pathogen that poses significant treatment challenges due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics, particularly vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VRE) strains. The urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies has renewed interest in bacteriophage (phage) therapy, given phages specificity and bactericidal potential. This review explores the advancements in phage therapy against antibiotic-resistant E. faecium, including phage morphological diversity, genomic characteristics, and infection mechanisms. The efficacy of phage therapy in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models and the compassionate use in clinical settings are evaluated, highlighting the promising outcomes of phage–antibiotic synergies and biofilm disruption. Key challenges and future research directions are discussed, with a focus on improving therapeutic efficacy and overcoming bacterial resistance. This review emphasizes the potential of phage therapy as a viable solution for managing multidrug-resistant E. faecium infections and underscores the importance of future investigations to enhance clinical applications.

Summary: Background: The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic. Methods: For this prospective analysis, laboratories in 30 countries and territories representing five continents submitted surveillance data from Jan 1, 2018, to Jan 2, 2022, to private projects within databases in PubMLST. The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the overall number of cases was analysed, and changes in disease distributions by patient age and serotype or group were examined. Interrupted time-series analyses were done to quantify the impact of pandemic response measures and their relaxation on disease rates, and autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to estimate effect sizes and forecast counterfactual trends by hemisphere. Findings: Overall, 116 841 cases were analysed: 76 481 in 2018–19, before the pandemic, and 40 360 in 2020–21, during the pandemic. During the pandemic there was a significant reduction in the risk of disease caused by S pneumoniae (risk ratio 0·47; 95% CI 0·40–0·55), H influenzae (0·51; 0·40–0·66) and N meningitidis (0·26; 0·21–0·31), while no significant changes were observed for S agalactiae (1·02; 0·75–1·40), which is not transmitted via the respiratory route. No major changes in the distribution of cases were observed when stratified by patient age or serotype or group. An estimated 36 289 (95% prediction interval 17 145–55 434) cases of invasive bacterial disease were averted during the first 2 years of the pandemic among IRIS-participating countries and territories. Interpretation: COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a sustained decrease in the incidence of invasive disease caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis during the first 2 years of the pandemic, but cases began to increase in some countries towards the end of 2021 as pandemic restrictions were lifted. These IRIS data provide a better understanding of microbial transmission, will inform vaccine development and implementation, and can contribute to health-care service planning and provision of policies. Funding: Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Health, Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, Merck, and the Greek National Public Health Organization.

Abstract Biofilm-associated infections are of great concern because they are associated with antibiotic resistance and immune evasion. Co-colonization by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae is possible and a threat in clinical practice. We investigated the interaction between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae in mixed biofilms and tested new antibiofilm therapies with antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and cysteamine (Cys). We developed two in vitro S. aureus–S. pneumoniae mixed biofilms in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates and we treated in vitro biofilms with Cys and NAC analyzing their effect by CV staining and viable plate counting. S. pneumoniae needed a higher proportion of cells in the inoculum and planktonic culture to reach a similar population rate in the mixed biofilm. We demonstrated the effect of Cys in preventing S. aureus biofilms and S. aureus–S. pneumoniae mixed biofilms. Moreover, administration of 5 mg/ml of NAC nearly eradicated the S. pneumoniae population and killed nearly 94% of MSSA cells and 99% of MRSA cells in the mixed biofilms. The methicillin resistance background did not change the antioxidants effect in S. aureus. These results identify NAC and Cys as promising repurposed drug candidates for the prevention and treatment of mixed biofilms by S. pneumoniae and S. aureus.

ABSTRACT Biofilm formation by Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with colonization of the upper respiratory tract, including the carrier state, and with chronic respiratory infections in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The use of antibiotics alone to treat recalcitrant infections caused by biofilms is insufficient in many cases, requiring novel strategies based on a combination of antibiotics with other agents, including antibodies, enzybiotics, and antioxidants. In this work, we demonstrate that the third-generation oral cephalosporin cefditoren (CDN) and the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) are synergistic against pneumococcal biofilms. Additionally, the combination of CDN and NAC resulted in the inhibition of bacterial growth (planktonic and biofilm cells) and destruction of the biofilm biomass. This marked antimicrobial effect was also observed in terms of viability in both inhibition (prevention) and disaggregation (treatment) assays. Moreover, the use of CDN and NAC reduced bacterial adhesion to human lung epithelial cells, confirming that this strategy of combining these two compounds is effective against resistant pneumococcal strains colonizing the lung epithelium. Finally, administration of CDN and NAC in mice suffering acute pneumococcal pneumonia caused by a multidrug-resistant strain was effective in clearing the bacteria from the respiratory tract in comparison to treatment with either compound alone. Overall, these results demonstrate that the combination of oral cephalosporins and antioxidants, such as CDN and NAC, respectively, is a promising strategy against respiratory biofilms caused by S. pneumoniae. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the deadliest bacterial pathogens, accounting for up to 2 million deaths annually prior to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Vaccines have decreased the burden of diseases produced by S. pneumoniae, but the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains and nonvaccine serotypes is worrisome. Pneumococcal biofilms are associated with chronic respiratory infections, and treatment is challenging, making the search for new antibiofilm therapies a priority as biofilms become resistant to traditional antibiotics. In this work, we used the combination of an antibiotic (CDN) and an antioxidant (NAC) to treat the pneumococcal biofilms of relevant clinical isolates. We demonstrated a synergy between CDN and NAC that inhibited and treated pneumococcal biofilms, impaired pneumococcal adherence to the lung epithelium, and treated pneumonia in a mouse pneumonia model. We propose the widely used cephalosporin CDN and the repurposed drug NAC as a new antibiofilm therapy against S. pneumoniae biofilms, including those formed by antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates.

The use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has affected the epidemiology and distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD). The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of the phenotypical profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin (PEN) in all IPD strains isolated in Madrid, Spain, during 2007–2021. In total, 7133 invasive clinical isolates were characterized between 2007 and 2021. Levels of PENR and PNSSDR were 2.0% and 24.2%, respectively. In addition, 94.4% of all the PENR belonged to four serotypes, including 11A (33.6%), 19A (30.8%), 14 (20.3%) and 9V (9.8%). All the strains of serotype 11A, which is a non-PCV13 serotype, were detected after the year 2011. Serotypes 6C, 15A, 23B, 24F, 35B, 19F, 16F, 6B, 23F, 24B, 24A, 15F and a limited number of strains of serogroups 16 and 24 (non-typed at serotype level) were associated with PNSSDR (p < 0.05). PNSSDR strains of non-PCV13 serotypes 11A, 24F, 23B, 24B, 23A and 16F were more frequent from 2014 to 2021. The changes in S. pneumoniae serotype distribution associated with the use of conjugate vaccines had caused in our region the emergence of non-PCV13 pneumococcal strains with different PENR or PNSSDR patterns. The emergence of serotype 11A resistant to penicillin as the most important non-PCV13 serotype is a worrisome event with marked relevance from the clinical and epidemiological perspective.