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Byline: Riya. Jose, Latha. Greenlin, Divya. Isac, Bijesh. Yadav, Anita. Joselyn Background and Aims: Epidural catheter migration is a well-described complication in the obstetric population, though its significance in the [...]

In this paper, we illustrate the rule for finding number of idempotents in the doubly stochastic matrix semigroup Dn and also locate the idempotents in the case of D3 and D4. Further, we describe idempotent generated ideals of these semigroups and it is shown that the idempotent generated ideals form a lattice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe categories whose objects are chains of stochastic vectors/stochastic matrices with morphisms that are appropriate maps between such objects with functors in this category are chain maps. The chain categories are interesting and significant in several situations such as Markov chains, stochastic processes, and queuing theory. Here we provide examples of chain categories and discuss many interesting properties of such categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a common issue among individuals with thyroid disorders, which can affect their cognitive abilities without completely interfering with their daily tasks. Early screening is important to provide social and psychological support and the best care and intervention. The Mini-Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) assessment tool has been found to be more accurate and reliable in identifying Alzheimer's disease from mild cognitive impairment and control groups. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to investigate the impact of thyroid disorders on various cognitive domains using the M-ACE tool and evaluate its practicality in assessing patients. METHODS: In a 6-month cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital, 202 thyroid patients were evaluated using the M-ACE tool to assess their cognitive status. The patient's responses were scored to determine their overall cognitive status and the most affected cognitive domain. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and International Business Machines Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) version 25, with a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: This study found that 29.21% of the patients had cognitive impairment, with memory being the most affected domain (MCI = 10.17 ± 1.33 and dementia = 6.83 ± 1.66). A significant difference was observed between groups with no cognitive impairment, MCI, and dementia (P < 0.00001). CONCLUSION: In this study, thyroid disorders significantly affected attention, memory, language, and visuospatial domains of cognition, and memory was the most affected domain. This provides insight into the importance of early identification of cognitive decline, especially in thyroid patients. In addition, our findings suggest that the M-ACE questionnaire is a reliable and convenient tool for assessing cognitive status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional fabrication of metal Nanoparticles results with a huge price tag and is hazardous to the environment. Hence "Green Technologies" is preferred. This work exhibits modest and bio-friendly fabrication methods of Manganese Oxide (MnO) nanoparticles (NPs) with Trigonella Foenum-Graecum (TFG) commonly known as Fenugreek. The extract prepared from fenugreek seeds acts as both reducing as well as capping agent. The work also exhibits an in-depth comparative study on the Hydrothermal method and Bio-reduction method of synthesis on MnO nanoparticles using fenugreek seeds. The structural and morphological characterizations have been done using SEM, X-Ray Diffraction, TEM and compound formation by FTIR, EDX. UV-Vis spectroscopy exhibits two different band gaps for two different methods of synthesis. The Drug release percentage of both the samples with different concentrations and pH were examined and calculated. The study demonstrates that Manganese Oxide nanoparticle formed from Fenugreek seeds by hydrothermal method and Bio-reduction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrites have been serving as clinical elements over the past few years as contrasting agents in MRI, gene transfection, gene consignment and to attach cytotoxic drugs for targeted drug delivery. In this study, we report the synthesis of zinc ferrite and silver substituted zinc ferrite and its novel applications on drug delivery. The magnetic nanoparticle was characterised using XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR and VSM. This magnetic particle was loaded with Curcumin, an anticancer drug coating with casein which plays a vital role as a natural polymer. The drug release studies were done under external and internal stimuli such as initial concentration of drug, magnetic fields and various pH, respectively. We have developed a pH-sensitive, higher drug concentration drug delivery system under 5 mT magnetic fields which is efficient for targeting drug delivery to the malignant cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple procedure of solvothermal synthesis of Silver doped Nickel ferrite nanoparticle is described in this paper for the application of drug delivery. The microwave absorption and SERS phenomena of silver nanoparticles and water-absorbent property of the polymer material such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) to bypass fast identification by the antibodies are made use in the synthesis of Ag-doped nickel ferrite with PEG as a solvent. The ferrite sample was distinguished using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and VSM. The absorption wavelength and corresponding band gap energy were calculated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The drug delivery efficiency of silver doped nickel ferrite sample was conducted with curcumin by changing pH, initial drug concentration and specified magnetic field. Results prove that the addition of silver and polyethylene glycol in nickel ferrites changes the properties of the nanoparticle and recognised as a good material for drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Anaesthesia for children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ranges from moderate to deep sedation in order to facilitate uninterrupted completion of the scan. While various intravenous and inhalational techniques of anaesthesia have their own merits and demerits, there is a paucity of comparative literature between the two in children undergoing diagnostic MRI. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational cohort study was conducted at the Radiology suite of a 2800‑bedded tertiary care hospital, wherein 107 unpremedicated children between the ages of 6 months to 15 years received either sedation with propofol infusion (Group GSP, n = 57) or inhalational anaesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway (Group GAL, n = 50). Primary outcome measures included time to induction and time to recovery. Secondary outcomes comprised the incidence of respiratory and non‑respiratory adverse events in the two groups. Results: The median time to induction was significantly shorter in GSP than GAL [7.00 (IQR 5.0, 10.0) versus 10.00 minutes (IQR 8.8, 13.0), P < 0.001]; the incidence of desaturation [8 (16.0%) in GAL, 1 (1.8%) in GSP, P = 0.012], laryngospasm [11 (22.4%) in GAL, 1 (1.8%) in GSP, P = 0.001] and emergence delirium (5 (10%) in GAL, 0 in GSP, P = 0.047) were significantly greater in the GAL group. There was no difference in the time to emergence, nausea and vomiting or bradycardia between the two groups. Conclusion: Sedation with propofol infusion during paediatric MRI scan offers a short turnover time and favourable adverse event profile when compared to inhalational anaesthesia with an LMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Adjuvants added to the caudal block prolong the duration of analgesia. In a developing country with economic constraints, the choice of an adjuvant will be the medication with a longer duration of analgesia, a favorable side-effect profile, and the least expensive option. We wished to study the duration of postoperative analgesia afforded by three adjuvants: morphine, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine, at doses wherein minimal or nil adverse effects would be attributed to the adjuvant. The primary objective of the current study is to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia with morphine, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to 0.2% ropivacaine in a for caudal block, in children undergoing elective abdominal, urogenital, and lower limb surgeries. The secondary objectives are (a) to study the total analgesic requirement during the first 24 hours after surgery and (b) to compare the incidence of complications among the three groups., Material and Methods: Sixty-three children aged 1-6 years, belonging to American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) physical status I, II, and scheduled to undergo elective infraumbilical surgeries, were enrolled in the study. The children were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group D received a caudal block with dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg, Group M received morphine 30 μg/kg, and Group C received clonidine 1.5 μg/kg. All groups also received 0.2% ropivacaine (1-1.25 ml/kg) as part of the caudal block. The duration of analgesia, total analgesic requirements during the first 24 hours after the surgery, and the incidence of complications in the three groups were monitored by a pain nurse who was blinded to the study allocation., Results: The three groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, weight, and duration of surgery. The median time taken for the first rescue analgesic in the dexmedetomidine group was 380 minutes, in the clonidine group was 360 minutes, and in the morphine group was 405 minutes. Though the morphine group had a longer duration of analgesia, it was not statistically significant ( P = 0.843). The total perioperative opioids used and side effects were similar among the three groups. There were no episodes of intraoperative bradycardia noted in Groups D, M, and C. However, one patient in Group D required treatment for bradycardia in the postanesthesia care unit. In terms of intraoperative hypotension, 10 patients (43.5%) in Group D, 5 patients (27.8%) in Group C, and 5 patients (22.7%) in Group M required treatment, but this difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.299). There was no significant difference observed in the time to awakening after the anesthesia among the three groups. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were noted in five patients (21.7%) in Group D, one patient (5.6%) in Group C, and four patients (18.2%) in Group M ( P = 0.382). One patient in Group M had a sedation score of 5 and required 4 hours of supplemental oxygen via face mask in the ward. Additionally, one patient in Group D reported numbness in both feet lasting 12 hours with spontaneous resolution. While a significant number of patients in all three study groups experienced urinary retention, no patient reported pruritus in the ward., Conclusion: Caudal administration of morphine, dexmedetomidine, and clonidine in children undergoing infraumbilical surgery resulted in an equivalent duration of analgesia., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology.)

Sirtuins function with other biogenic molecules to promote adaptation to caloric restriction in a broad spectrum of eukaryotic species. Sirtuin pathways also converge in the mammalian brain where they appear to protect neurons from nutrient stress. However, few anatomical studies on sirtuins (e.g., SIRT1) are available, particularly those detailing the spatial distribution and subcellular localization pattern of SIRT1 in the brain parenchyma. Here, we report the characterization of a panel of SIRT1-specific antibodies within rodent (i.e., rat and mouse) and human central nervous systems. Immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses indicate that the subcellular localization of SIRT1 is predominantly nuclear throughout the rodent brain and spinal cord. A similar subcellular distribution pattern of SIRT1 was detected in human central nervous system material. SIRT1 is ubiquitously present in areas of the brain especially susceptible to age-related neurodegenerative states (e.g., the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia). Further, we show no apparent species-specific differences in the subcellular localization pattern of rodent versus human SIRT1. Finally, we identify the chemical phenotype of SIRT1-containing neurons in a number of brain sites that are strongly compromised by aging. These data provide additional and important anatomical findings for the role of SIRT1 in the mammalian brain and suggest that SIRT1 pathways are broadly distributed in neurons most susceptible to senescence injury. Activating endogenous sirtuin pathways may, therefore, offer a therapeutic approach to delay and/or treat human age-related diseases.