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El continuo crecimiento del papel de la creatividad en el crecimiento económico ha generado un creciente interés entre los investigadores por el estudio de la economía creativa, convirtiéndola en una cuestión muy relevante dentro del ámbito político y de la investigación. Esta creciente importancia del concepto de la economía creativa ha generado un gran interés por la definición y la estimación de índices de creatividad. Estos índices son una herramienta analítica de gran utilidad para evaluar el impacto económico de la economía creativa, así como para la medición de la efectividad de medidas políticas. En este trabajo comparamos doce índices de creatividad alternativos identificando sus ventajas e inconvenientes. Posteriormente, basándonos en los índices de creatividad evaluados, proponemos uno nuevo. Los resultados obtenidos en la estimación mediante este nuevo índice de creatividad se comparan con los del índice de creatividad global de Florida desarrollado en Florida et al. (2011).

Jeffamines ® are a family of polymers containing primary amine groups attached to the extremities of polyether backbone which can be used as biomaterials. They have been used in combination with polyethylenimine (PEI) to improve biocompatibility in drug and gene delivery systems. Despite these facts, very few studies have been done on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pure Jeffamines ® or compared with PEI. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Jeffamines ® and PEI in CHO-K1 cells. Specifically, polypropylene oxide 2000 (PPO 2000, Jeffamine ® D series), polyethylene oxide 1900 (PEO 1900, Jeffamine ® ED series), branched 25 kDa PEI, and linear 20 kDa PEI were evaluated at different concentrations. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed by 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assays, respectively. Genotoxicity was evaluated using single cell gel electrophoresis assay and the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay. PPO 2000 was the most cytotoxic Jeffamine ® , whereas PEO 1900 did not caused significant cell death at any tested concentration. Branched PEI was more cytotoxic than linear PEI (LPEI) and both were more cytotoxic than Jeffamines ® . Only PPO 2000 induced DNA damage when evaluated in comet assay probably due to its cytotoxicity. PPO 2000, PEO 1900, and PEI did not increase the frequency of micronuclei when tested at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. This work provides new insights about biocompatibility of Jeffamines ® and PEI and suggests the genotoxicological safety for further investigations of PEO 1900 in drug and gene delivery systems. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 742-750, 2018., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)