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Resumo Crajubar é a região formada pelos municípios Crato, Juazeiro do Norte e Barbalha situados ao sul do estado do Ceará. A expansão urbana desordenada com a retirada de parte significativa da vegetação, mudança da topografia local e aterro de corpos hídricos tem contribuído para a formação de ilhas de calor e consequentemente afetando negativamente a qualidade de vida da população local. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho, foi realizar uma análise temporal da temperatura de superfície em função do uso e ocupação do solo, relacionando com a cobertura do solo por meio do índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI). Foi considerada uma série histórica dos anos de 2000, 2010 e 2020, utilizando imagens do Landsat 5, sensor TM nas bandas 3, 4 e 6 e Landsat 8, sensor OLI, nas bandas 4, 5 e 10 adquiridas da United States Geological Survey (USGS). Os resultados evidenciaram a formação de ilhas de calor nos bairros intensamente edificados e com classes de solos expostos, enquanto as ilhas de frescor compõem os corpos hídricos e a vegetação que os margeiam. A arborização da cidade com plantas perenifólias pode favorecer a redução da temperatura local principalmente nos meses de estiagem.

To develop metal-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, organic radical based contrast agents have been proposed as a promising alternative to obtain less toxic and safer MRI contrast agents. However, the low relaxivity and rapid in vivo reduction have limited the application of organic radicals as MRI contrast agents. As a special class of polymer, dendrimers with three-dimensional molecular structure and multiple tunable functional groups on surface, enable the facile chemical modification with organic radicals. With dendrimer as scaffold, a considerable amount of effort has been made to develop completely organic contrast agents. Herein, this mini review reports the recent advances of contrast agents with dendrimers as scaffold functionalized with radicals on the surface.

The main objective of this work is to give conditions for the existence of Nash equilibria for a nonzero-sum constrained stochastic differential game with additive structure and Markovian switchings. In this type of game, each player is interested only in maximizing their finite-horizon total payoff when an additional cost function of the same type is required to be dominated above by another function (in particular, by a constant). The dynamic system for this game is controlled by two players and evolves according to a Markov-modulated diffusion (also known as switching diffusions or piecewise diffusion or diffusion with Markovian switchings). Given that, each player has to solve an optimization problem with constraints. The existence of a Nash equilibrium is thus proved using the Lagrange multipliers approach combined with standard dynamic programming arguments. The Lagrange approach allows the transformation of a constrained game into an unconstrained game. Therefore, this work gives conditions under which a Nash equilibrium for the unconstrained stochastic differential game is also a Nash equilibrium for the corresponding nonzero-sum constrained stochastic differential game. The theory developed here is illustrated by a pollution accumulation problem with two players. Therein, the evolution is governed by a linear stochastic differential equation with Markovian switching, and the decay pollution rate depends on a Markov chain.

With the ultimate goal of developing models that involve the use of environmental variables, a GIS-based application is being developed that is circumscribed to the region of Galicia (Spain). Ten-minute data of six meteorological variables were collected from 150 stations of the MeteoGalicia network over a period of 18 years, but the time series data are not complete. In order to estimate missing rainfall data, four imputation methods were evaluated in this study: missForest, MICE, Amelia II, and inverse distance weighting (IDW). Crossvalidation results show that the precipitation is out of phase in the different stations due to their geographical locations, and the imputation can be improved with a displacement of the time series; on the other hand, the missForest method provided better results in the imputation of this meteorological variable than the MICE, Amelia, or IDW.

Background:. Adequate pain control after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been associated with improved patient mobility and satisfaction, and is a task that has historically relied on opioids. Multimodal analgesic regimens can be considered a therapeutic alternative for postoperative pain control to avoid opioid consumption and its adverse side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the use of a multimodal analgesia protocol based on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen as an alternative to reduce opioid consumption in Hispanic patients undergoing primary TKA. Methods:. An institutional review board-approved, randomized controlled trial evaluated postoperative pain control after TKA in a Hispanic population. The experimental opioid-sparing group received 30-mg ketorolac intravenously every 6 hours and 1-g acetaminophen orally every 6 hours as the patient requested. The experimental group had the option to use morphine and oxycodone combined with acetaminophen as a rescue therapy. The control group received opioids in the form of 0.1-mg/kg morphine intravenously every 6 hours and/or oxycodone combined with acetaminophen (2.5 and 325 mg), 2 tablets orally every 6 hours, as the patient requested. Sociodemographic, operative, and immediate postoperative data and pain intensity measurements according to the numerical rating scale (NRS) were compared between groups. Analgesic efficacy was assessed according to the NRS scores at 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Results:. Eighty-one Hispanic patients met inclusion criteria: 42 patients in the experimental group and 39 patients in the control group. None of the patients in the experimental group requested oxycodone combined with acetaminophen as a rescue therapy. Only 2 patients in the experimental group used a mean of 3.0 ± 1.4 mg of rescue morphine; in comparison, the control group consumed a mean of 28.0 ± 7.9 mg of morphine and 64.8 ± 26.0 mg of oxycodone per patient. A pain intensity decrease was observed in the experimental and control groups, with no postoperative evaluation differences at 12 hours (6.7 ± 2.9 compared with 5.9 ± 2.8; p = 0.209), 24 hours (6.2 ± 2.0 compared with 6.1 ± 2.2; p = 0.813), and 48 hours (4.7 ± 2.1 compared with 4.6 ± 1.7; p = 0.835). Conclusions:. The use of a multimodal analgesic regimen based on intravenous ketorolac and oral acetaminophen was adequate in reducing postoperative pain and opioid consumption in Hispanic patients undergoing TKA. Level of Evidence:. Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Dual or multimodal imaging probes have emerged as powerful tools that improve detection sensitivity and accuracy in disease diagnosis by imaging techniques. Two imaging techniques that are complementary and do not use ionizing radiation are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical fluorescence imaging (OFI). Herein, we prepared metal-free organic species based on dendrimers with magnetic and fluorescent properties as proof-of-concept of bimodal probes for potential MRI and OFI applications. We used oligo(styryl)benzene (OSB) dendrimers core that are fluorescent on their own, and TEMPO organic radicals anchored on their surfaces, as the magnetic component. In this way, we synthesized six radical dendrimers and characterized them by FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis, MALDI-TOF, SEC, EPR, fluorimetry, and in vitro MRI. Importantly, it was demonstrated that the new dendrimers present two properties: on one hand, they are paramagnetic and show the ability to generate contrast by MRI in vitro, and, on the other hand, they also show fluoresce emission. This is a remarkable result since it is one of the very few cases of macromolecules with bimodal magnetic and fluorescent properties using organic radicals as the magnetic probe.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la eficiencia de dos concentraciones de cremas de floripondio (Brugmansia arbórea) al 10 y 20 % frente a un grupo testigo, en la disminución del tiempo de cicatrización en heridas dérmicas de 300 milímetros cuadrados provocadas en conejos. Se tomaron varias biopsias de piel a los días (d) 7; 14 y 21 para medir los cambios estructurales en la piel, 27 placas histológicas fueron analizadas, donde se evaluaron varios cambios estructurales como la inflamación, presencia de fibroblastos y el depósito de colágeno intracelular como variables que indican regeneración de la misma. El Análisis de varianza (ADEVA) de las dosis y d de cicatrización expresan relación altamente significativa (P

El aumento de requerimientos de bienes y servicios, la degradación de los ecosistemas y el cambio climático conminan a la comunidad científica a buscar alternativas eficientes en el uso y manejo de los recursos forestales maderables y no maderables, así como de otras plantas perennes como los frutales. Por ello, invertir en el progreso de los sistemas agroforestales y el desarrollo de la agroecología es una actividad indispensable. A diferencia de las plantas anuales, en las que las principales técnicas de fitomejoramiento implican hibridación y retrocruzas, en las especies de ciclo de vida largo se deben emplear otros métodos cuya finalidad sea aumentar y mejorar las cualidades útiles para la sociedad. De esta forma se podrán maximizar los beneficios que se obtienen de estas especies y minimizar el impacto ecológico y ambiental. México es un país que por tradición ha dado mayor importancia a la agricultura sobre la forestación y la silvicultura, actividades que hoy día son muy importantes para mitigar los efectos de cambio climático y la conservación de los ecosistemas; sin embargo, instituciones como el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) han realizado esfuerzos que buscan contribuir al desarrollo del campo mexicano a través del mejoramiento genético de plantas perennes. El presente texto busca resaltar algunos puntos importantes en cuanto a la historia, las técnicas y algunas experiencias del INIFAP relacionadas a este tema, tan relevante para el bienestar de las sociedades rurales y la conservación de la biodiversidad.

ABSTRACT Hydrological processes in forests are greatly influenced by existing plant species and their specific physiological characteristics. Water consumption by these plant communities is considered important in studies of water availability and water balance, especially in semi-arid regions. The aim of this study was to analyse water storage potential in the stems of representative plants of the Caatinga biome. The study was carried out in a preserved area of Caatinga in the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Ceará, Brazil, where a phytosociological survey of the spatial distribution of wood density and stem water storage capacity was conducted. Allometric models were developed to estimate the active xylem area. Thirteen species and eight botanical families were registered during the floristic survey. The species with the highest density per hectare are the marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus Mull.) and the catingueira (Poicianella pyramidalis Tul.), reaching 85% of the total number of inventoried species. The water content in the stem of the catingueira is around five times that of the marmeleiro; however, due to their greater occurrence in the area, the amount of water retained in the stem of marmeleiro plants (per hectare) is around twice that of the catingueira plants. After 40 years of conservation, the area is at a stage of secondary succession. The water potential of the species included in the survey is equal to about one fifth of the maximum storage capacity of the reservoir that receives all the water drained from the basin.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar las diferencias en competencias interculturales entre el alumnado de la Universitat de València que desea solicitar el programa Erasmus y alumnado que no desea solicitarlo. Mediante un cuestionario se realizó la recogida de información de estudiantes procedentes del área de ciencias sociales de la Universitat de València. En general, los resultados muestran que existen diferencias entre estos dos grupos de estudiantes. El alumnado que va a solicitar el programa de movilidad Erasmus tiene mayor competencia comunicativa en diferentes idiomas, y mayor apertura mental en comparación con el alumnado que no tiene interés en solicitar este tipo de becas. Aunque los resultados indican diferencias en estas dos competencias, es necesario resaltar el papel de las competencias interculturales y comunicativas para el desarrollo integral de las personas y la socialización e integración en los nuevos contextos de diversidad cultural.

Quillaja saponaria es una especie arbórea endémica de cuatro países de América del Sur. De su corteza, se extraen saponinas, moléculas de importancia económica utilizadas con fines farmacéuticos, industriales y agronómicos. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de componentes hormonales sobre la capacidad morfogénica de Q. saponaria, a partir de segmentos caulinares provenientes de árboles adultos. Se empleó el medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (MS) suplementado con nueve concentraciones de ácido indol 3-butírico (AIB) y 6-bencilaminopurina (BAP). Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar balanceado con cinco repeticiones; la unidad experimental fue un frasco de vidrio con cuatro explantes. El material se mantuvo en una cámara de crecimiento a 25±1 °C en el día y 22±1 °C en la noche, a una intensidad lumínica de 3000 lux y una humedad relativa de 60 %. Se determinaron efectos significativos (P = 0.01) de los tratamientos sobre las variables número de brotes y elongación caulinar. La prueba estadística de rangos múltiples de Duncan ratificó que los tratamientos con diferencias significativas fueron 1.0 mgL-1 de AIB y 2.0 mgL-1 de BAP, para número de brotes por explante y 1.5 mg L-1 de AIB y 0.5 mg L-1 de BAP para la elongación caulinar. El análisis histológico evidenció la proliferación de estructuras meristemáticas a partir de tejido subepidérmico. Estos resultados respaldan los cimientos científicos de la competencia morfogénica de árboles adultos como fuentes de germoplasma para la propagación clonal, clave en un programa de masificación de individuos elite.

Winston Churchill fue sin duda uno de los líderes más carismáticos del siglo XX. Lo fue en vida, y su mito se consagró tras su muerte. El presente trabajo estudia el tratamiento audiovisual de este personaje en el cine y la televisión hasta nuestros días. Se pretende identificar los rasgos del mito de Churchill, tal y como los medios los han venido transmitiendo a la sociedad en las últimas décadas, para contrastar la imagen resultante con el Churchill histórico. El objetivo final es intentar calibrar hasta que punto los medios audiovisuales, en su condición de transmisores del conocimiento histórico, están reinterpretando o no al personaje, al margen de las biografías convencionales publicadas.

The search for new biomedical applications of dendrimers has promoted the synthesis of new radical-based molecules. Specifically, obtaining radical dendrimers has opened the door to their use in various fields such as magnetic resonance imaging, as anti-tumor or antioxidant agents, or the possibility of developing new types of devices based on the paramagnetic properties of organic radicals. Herein, we present a mini review of radical dendrimers based on polyphosphorhydrazone, a new type of macromolecule with which, thanks to their versatility, new metal-free contrast agents are being obtained, among other possible applications.

The main goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of the buying behavior of wine consumers in Portugal. More specifically, the study identifies extrinsic attributes that influence wine purchase choices in a retail store, crossing-tabulating the results with six classification variables. The authors use the best-worst scaling method with eighteen reference attributes for designing, implementing, and analyzing responses to a survey of 250 wine buyers. Results reveal that the most significant reference attribute is whether consumers had tasted the wine previously. These findings for Portugal are in accordance with what has been observed in other Western countries. The second most important attribute, region of origin, is also commonly identified in the literature as a significant attribute. The classification variables of age and gender help to explain the behavior of the majority attributes. Using a latent class analysis, the authors obtained a set of three segments that are representative of Portuguese wine consumers. The findings presented here have important implications for wineries and wine distributors in their efforts to know their consumers better in an off-premise context and thereby to maximize profit.

Finding alternatives to gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (CA) with the same or even better paramagnetic properties is crucial to overcome their established toxicity. Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of entirely organic metal-free paramagnetic macromolecules based on biocompatible oligoethylene glycol dendrimers fully functionalized with 5 and 20 organic radicals (OEG Gn-PROXYL (n = 0, 1) radical dendrimers) with the aim to be used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Conferring high water solubility on such systems is often a concern, especially in large generation dendrimers. Our approach to overcome such an issue in this study is by synthesizing dendrimers with highly water-soluble branches themselves. In this work, we show that the highly water-soluble OEG Gn-PROXYL (n = 0, 1) radical dendrimers obtained showed properties that convert them in good candidates to be studied as contrast agents for MRI applications like diagnosis and follow-up of infectious diseases, among others. Importantly, with the first generation radical dendrimer, a similar r1 relaxivity value (3.4 mM−1s−1) in comparison to gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) used in clinics (3.2 mM−1s−1, r.t. 7T) has been obtained, and it has been shown to not be cytotoxic, avoiding the toxicity risks associated with the unwanted accumulation of Gd in the body.

Modelar el nicho ecológico óptimo para determinar la distribución potencial de las especies es una opción viable en la ubicación de las mejores áreas para establecer Unidades Productoras de Germoplasma Forestal (UPGF). El objetivo del presente estudio fue modelar la distribución potencial de Pinus pseudostrobus y P. oocarpa en Chiapas, México, mediante el procesamiento cartográfico de variables topográficas, climáticas, edáficas, ecológicas y modelos de nicho ecológico (MaxEnt). Se utilizaron 220 datos de presencia de P. oocarpa y 52 para P. pseudostrobus obtenidos de la Red Mundial de Información sobre Biodiversidad, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, del Missouri Botanical Garden y del Herbario Nacional de México (MEXU). La distribución potencial de la especie fue modelada con 500 y 1 000 iteraciones a través de las regresiones de tipo Logistic, Cumulative y Cloglog. La validación estadística se realizó con 28 % de los datos para cada taxón con las técnicas Crossvalidate y Bootstrap. El modelo que mejor se ajustó fue el logístico con método de remuestreo crossvalidate. Los valores del Área Bajo la Curva (AUC) para los datos estimados y validados fueron de 0.882 para P. oocarpa y 0.947 en P. pseudostrobus. La variable que más influyó en la presencia o ausencia de las especies fue la altitud con 84.5 y 97.3 % para P. oocarpa y P. pseudostrobus, respectivamente. Los resultados del modelo permitieron ubicar áreas óptimas para el establecimiento de UPGF.

Fitzroya cupressoides (alerce) es una conífera endémica de Sudamérica austral cuya madera ostenta atributos de belleza y durabilidad. El presente estudio evaluó el efecto de componentes hormonales suplementado con medios de cultivo sobre la capacidad organogénica de Fitzroya cupressoides, y se analizó el proceso de regeneración in vitro mediante estudios histológicos. Se ensayó el medio de cultivo básico Quorin y Lepoivre (QL) suplementado con diferentes concentraciones de ácido indol 3-butírico (AIB), 6-bencilaminopurina (BAP) y ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) utilizando segmentos nodales y hojas aciculares. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones balanceado; la unidad experimental fue un frasco de vidrio conteniendo un explante, y la inducción de callogénesis correspondió a una placa petri con cuatro explantes foliares. Hubo efectos significativos (P = 0.001) del tratamiento sobre las variables respuesta número de brotes y elongación caulinar. La prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan confirmó que los tratamientos que observaron diferencias significativas fueron 0.1 mg·L-1 de AIB y 1.5 mg·L-1 de BAP para número de brotes por explante y 0.1 mg·L-1 AIB y 1.0 mg·L-1 de BAP para la elongación caulinar. El análisis histológico demostró la proliferación de estructuras meristemáticas a partir de tejido subepidérmico.

A macrofauna edáfica exerce funções importantes nos atributos físicos dos solos, responsáveis pelaestabilidade, fertilidade e percolação de água. Neste trabalho a densidade da macrofauna edáfica foiutilizada como indicador da degradação de solos submetidos a manejo florestal na Chapada doAraripe. Observou-se que a densidade de indivíduos foi maior nas áreas preservadas, menor nasáreas exploradas no manejo e apresentou uma boa correlação linear com os atributos físicos dossolos (umidade, matéria orgânica e capacidade de infiltração). As ordens taxonômicas Coleoptera(coleópteros) e Isoptera (cupins) só foram encontradas nas áreas antropizadas e a ordem Oligochaeta (minhocas), na área preservada. A ordem Hymenoptera (formigas) foi encontrada em todas as áreas, sendo mais abundante nas áreas antropizadas.

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