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This paper is a conceptual and interpretative update of a previously published version. The main objective of this study was to understand how target position influences eye movements in navigational and informative tasks. The sample comprised 20 university students (13 females 7 males, aged 18-44). Participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire and performed two tasks: navigational and informative. Eye movements were recorded during task performance. A 2x2 MANOVA was conducted to analyze linear combinations of dependent variables (blink duration, blink frequency, and fixation duration) across task types and target positions. Results revealed significant differences in eye movement patterns between tasks. The navigational task showed shorter average blink durations (204.236-1656.397 ms) and fewer blinks (1.987-9.786) compared to the informative task (553.598-1864.440 ms; 9.648-20.040 blinks, respectively). Strong interaction effects were observed between average fixation duration and individual position in both navigational (ηp2 = .216) and informative (ηp2 = .176) tasks. We conclude that target position in the navigational task significantly influences university students’ eye movements, while individual position affects eye movements in both navigational and informative tasks. These findings contribute to understanding how task demands modulate visual attention and potentially affect user interface design and educational technology.

This study evaluated the impact of a cognitive stimulation program on older adults diagnosed with dementia. The sample comprised 22 participants aged 73-95, randomly assigned to an experimental group (N = 12) and a control group (N = 10). While no statistically significant decreases were observed in the studied dimensions, clinically relevant gains were noted: 41.70% in cognition, 41.60% in quality of life, and 8.3% in functional skills. Although no therapeutic interventions have successfully reversed dementia, healthcare providers reported improvements in participants’ social interactions, behaviors, and engagement in daily institutional routines. These observations suggest tangible benefits from program participation. It’s important to note that staff working closely with these patients daily observed these improvements despite the lack of statistically significant results. This discrepancy highlights the potential limitations of relying solely on quantitative measures to assess such interventions’ effectiveness. In conclusion, the cognitive stimulation program shows promise as a potential tool for slowing dementia-associated degenerative processes, particularly in areas that standard quantitative assessments may not fully capture. Further research with larger sample sizes and more sensitive measures may be warranted to fully understand the program’s impact.

The main objective of this study is to understand how the target’s position influences eye movement in navigational and informative tasks. The study included 20 university students, 13 females and 7 males, aged between 18 and 44. Participants answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and performed two tasks: navigational and informative. Linear combinations of dependent variables were performed through the MANOVA (2x2) test, which maximized the differences between several conditions of the independent variables. The results indicate that the target’s position in the navigational task significantly influences the eye movement of university students. Additionally, the individual’s position influences eye movement in both navigational and informative tasks. It is concluded that both the target’s position and the individual’s position determine eye movement factors during navigational and informative tasks, highlighting the importance of considering these variables in studies of visual perception and human-computer interaction.

An athlete’s sporting experience is a factor associated with better-coping strategies and emotional regulation, especially concerning competitive anxiety and its symptoms. To verify whether more experienced athletes have lower rates of negativism and higher levels of self-confidence, we compared the means of these two variables between athletes with more and less experience. A meta-analysis was performed, following the PRISMA model. Seven articles were selected that measured, through the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (CSAI-2 or its shortened version, CSAI-2R), the levels of self-confidence and negativism of high-performance athletes with different sports experiences. Significant statistical differences were found regarding the levels of negativism between athletes with more and less experience (p < .001). The same occurred with the levels of self-confidence between athletes with more and less sports experience (< .001). The results align with our initial hypothesis, formulated by Martens et al. (1990), that athletes with more experience would have higher self-confidence and lower negativism averages. One of the reasons may be using more effective coping strategies that are improved during the career years.

O mindfulness, enquanto processo psicológico, tem sido alvo de um interesse crescente por parte da investigação científica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de examinar a confiabilidade, validade fatorial e medição da invariância (fumadores e não fumadores) de uma versão da Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS), adaptada para o português de Portugal. Na pesquisa participaram 315 adultos portugueses entre os 18 e os 62 anos (M = 23.14; DP = 7.286), sendo 110 fumadores e 205 não fumadores. A confiabilidade para a dimensão consciência foi de 0.861 e de 0.868 para a subescala aceitação. A análise fatorial confirmatória apresentou um modelo ajustado a dois fatores sem necessidade de eliminação de itens. A análise multigrupos suportou a invariância do instrumento entre fumadores e não fumadores. Os resultados evidenciam boas propriedades psicométricas para a utilização da PHLMS no contexto de investigação em amostras de adultos portugueses.

Phubbing, the act of ignoring someone to use the smartphone, has been a concern because of its consequences on social interaction. The present study aims to verify the phubbing practice's impact on satisfaction with a loving relationship and intimacy. This study was a quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. The sample consisted of 384 individuals, 255 women, and 129 men. A sociodemographic questionnaire and instruments were applied Phubbing Scale (PS), Mobile Phone Usage Addiction Scale (MPUAS), Internet Addiction Scale (IAS), Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS), Game Addiction Scale (GAS), SMS Addiction Scale (SAS), Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) and Psychological Intimacy Scale (PIS). The statistical program used for data analysis was the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The only dimensions of phubbing that influenced satisfaction with the love relationship were the communication disturbance, and in women, the difficulties of controlling the smartphone's use, and the need to share on social media. Results showed that: 1- satisfaction with the relationship is associated with the levels of intimacy. Another finding was that intimacy is related to a communication disturbance and phone obsession in women and difficulties in controlling smartphone use in men.

The purpose of the present study is to determine the reliability and factorial validity of a Portuguese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - PSQI (Buysse, Reynolds III, Monk, Berman, & Kupfer, 1989). Methods: A random sample of 252 children (113 girls; 139 boys) attending the secondary school, with an average age of 15.27 years (SD = 1.925) that completed the Portuguese PSQI (P-PSQI). The factor structure of the data was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Once the “use of sleep medication” component was removed from the model a good overall fit to the data was found (χ2/df = 1.194, GFI = .983, AGFI = .959, CFI = .980, RMSEA = .029 [.001- .076] AICsat = 42.0). These results confirm the theoretical strength of PSQI; however, we were unable to confirm the seven-factor structure proposed in the original version. Conclusions: The PSQI-P has good psychometric properties and is suitable for use in nomothetic research on sleep quality in Portuguese adolescents.

This study aimed to compare the dimensions of sexual satisfaction in subjects with and without cancer. Independent variables were: different types of cancer, time elapsed since diagnosis, types of treatment and changes in body image. The dependent variable was level of satisfaction with sexual relations. The sample consisted of 184 participants, of whom 95 belonged to the cancer group (ages between 26 and 84 years) and 89 to the non-cancer group (ages between 19 and 67 years). The instrument used was the Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (QSRS, for its Portuguese acronym). The results showed significant differences between the cancer group and the non-cancer group. Individuals with a history of cancer disease had lower values (17.93 ± 9.67) at the level of sexual function compared to individuals with no history of the disease (30.19 ± 4.2). Individuals with cancer who had higher values of self-esteem were those with urological cancer (16.76 ± 2.85), followed by breast cancer (14.83 ± 3.34) and "other cancers" (14.41 ± 5.5), whereas those with digestive cancer presented the lowest values (5.68 ± 13.63). In sexual functioning, the group of "other cancers" showed the highest levels of satisfaction (23.53 ± 10.12), while people with breast cancer (19.54 ± 9.36), digestive cancer (18.50 ± 12.57), and urological cancer (29.12 ± 7.22) presented the lowest levels of satisfaction. Within the group of people with cancer, those who had less than one year and between three to five years of having been diagnosed reflected less satisfactory sexual performance values. On the other hand, radiation treatments, surgery and "other treatments" showed negative effects on sexual functioning, as well as changes in body image. All independent variables had a negative impact on sexual satisfaction and performance, with the exception of weight loss, vomiting, and hair loss.

Cannabis is the most used illicit substance in Portugal and is the one, which presents, on average, an earlier onset of consumption. Craving is considered one of the fundamental factors linked to the cannabis use, associating anxiety, stress and depression. The sample consisted of 143 individuals from the northern area of the country and the data was gathered through two online questionnaires (DASS-21 and the MCQ-SF). The obtained results allow us to conclude that emotionality, purposefulness and compulsivity are positively associated with the level of craving and, combined, as well to stress and depression. The number of years of consumption presents a significant effect in anxiety, with a medium effect size.

Depression is a psychiatric disorder and major contributor to the burden of disease worldwide. The strength of evidence of the benefits of exercise as a therapeutic intervention for patients with depression has expanded in the last 30 years. In fact, the available evidence indicates exercise can not only help manage depressive symptoms, but also effect significant improvements in other health outcomes. Clinical guidelines including such recommendations have been issued by different agencies, namely the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), the American Psychiatric Association (APA), and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP). With increasing recognition of the benefits of exercise and shortcomings of healthcare systems, other countries, such as Sweden and Canada, have included exercise in their national guidelines for treating depression. Unfortunately, progress in incorporating exercise guidelines into clinical practice has been slow, and Portugal and Brazil reflect this reality. In this update, we reemphasize the importance of bridging this gap and integrating exercise into clinical practice guidelines as an essential component of depression treatment.

The scientific journal that we now launch is intended to be a platform for the promotion of interdisciplinary dialogue and, eventually in the long term, the dissemination of the transdisciplinarity that today's real world requires.

O objetivo principal do deste estudo consiste em perceber de que forma a posição do alvo influencia o movimento ocular nas tarefas navegacional e informativa. O estudo integrou uma amostra de 20 estudantes universitários, 13 do sexo feminino e 7 do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 44 anos, de uma Universidade. Os participantes responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e realizaram duas tarefas, uma navegacional e outra informativa. Foram realizadas combinações lineares, através do teste da MANOVA (2x2), de variáveis dependentes que maximizam as diferenças entre várias condições das variáveis independentes. Concluímos que a posição do alvo na tarefa navegacional influencia de forma significativa o movimento ocular dos estudantes universitários e a posição do individuo influencia o movimento ocular em ambas as tarefas, navegacional e informativa.

Este artigo analisa a Educação Física no processo de tratamento de doenças mentais, identificando as contribuições dessa prática profissional às terapias em saúde mental. Discute-se nesse estudo o papel da Educação Física enquanto atividade terapeutica auxiliar na diminuição da sintomatologia dessas doenças em função da aplicação de atividades físicas identificada em diversos estudos. Concluiu-se que a integração da Educação Física como ciência auxiliar à Psiquiatria tem se constituído um esforço interdisciplinar nos tratamentos de pacientes em sofrimento mental.

A orientação motivacional de um atleta visa a melhoria das suas capacidades (tarefa) e a obtenção de um bom resultado numa dada competição (ego). Desta forma, objetivou-se comparar andebolistas de um clube português de diferentes escalões competitivos, anos de prática da modalidade, tempo de presença no clube e posição competitiva ao nível das suas orientações motivacionais. A amostra contou com 57 atletas do sexo masculino nascidos entre 1977 e 1997. Foi utilizado o Questionário sobre a Orientação para a Tarefa e para o Ego no Desporto (TEOSQp) de Fernandes e Vasconcelos-Raposo (2010). Os resultados revelam que os andebolistas deste estudo têm uma forte orientação para a tarefa, apresentando uma média de 4.03 (± .37), superior à média da orientação para o ego (3.78 ± .49), o que vai de encontro aos valores obtidos noutros estudos que consolidaram a proposta teórica. Averiguou-se ainda que existem diferenças significativas entre os escalões na orientação para a tarefa e que os atletas sénior apresentam as médias mais altas na orientação para a tarefa e as mais baixas na orientação para o ego. Os anos de prática da modalidade, o tempo de presença no clube e a posição competitiva não parecem influenciar, significativamente, a orientação motivacional dos andebolistas.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between achievement goals, anxiety, self-confidence and subjective well-being (positive and negative affect, and satisfaction with life) through path analysis. The sample consisted of 169 Brazilian athletes (140 males and 29 females), aged between 17 and 59 years, of different sports and competitive levels. The questionnaires TEOSQ, CSAI-2, EBES and SWLS were applied the day before the competition, on-site training of athletes. Main results partially demonstrated that anxiety and self-confidence mediated the relationship between motivational orientations and subjective well-being. Based on modification indices of the structural model, regression coefficients were specified between ego orientation and negative affect, and between task orientation and the positive dimensions of well-being (positive affect and satisfaction). Results were discussed taking into account the theoretical and practical implications of these relationships.

A presente investigação objectivou conhecer o nível de conhecimentos da população da Ilha de Moçambique acerca da malária, uma das doenças que mais assola o país. Assim, e tendo em conta o cenário moçambicano, traçou-se um estudo explotarório, constituído por uma amostra de 500 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, residentes nos vários bairros da Ilha. Em termos gerais, as pessoas inquiridas estão maioritariamente bem informadas acerca das características da doença, suas implicações e formas de prevenção. Mesmo assim, verificou-se que ainda existem pessoas mal informadas. Estes indivíduos, que apresentam um nível baixo de conhecimentos acerca da doença, embora em menor número, continuam a ter procedimentos pouco preventivos e a contribuir para o aumento de casos desta doença. Considera-se que os resultados deste estudo são um contributo para a definição dos elementos a priorizar nas acções de educação e promoção da saúde, especificamente no que se refere à malária.This research aims to investigate the level of knowledge of the population of Mozambique Island about malaria, one of the diseases that most affect the country. Against this background we have developed an exploratory study, constituted by a sample of 500 individuals of both sexes, residing in different districts of the island. Overall, the respondents are mostly well informed about the characteristics of the disease, its implications, and ways of prevention. Still, the Island has residents without information about malaria. These people, who have a low level of knowledge about the disease, although in smaller numbers, still perform little preventive procedures and contribute to the increase in cases of this disease. It is considered that the results of this study are a contribution to the definition of priority actions in the promotion of education and health, specifically with regard to malaria.

O propósito do estudo foi examinar a confiabilidade, evidências de validade fatorial, invariância (por género, tipo de esporte e nível competitivo) e evidências de validade convergente do CSAI-2. A amostra total foi composta de 375 atletas (284 do sexo masculino e 91 do sexo feminino). Para as evidências de validade convergente, a amostra foi constituída de 163 atletas (115 do sexo masculino e 48 do sexo feminino). Os atletas responderam aos instrumentos (CSAI-2 e versão reduzida do IDATE) uma hora antes do início das competições. Os resultados revelaram confiabilidade (α > 0,70) e bons índices de ajustamento (CFI = 0,959, GFI = 0,942 e RMSEA = 0,044) para o modelo reduzido de 17 itens (CSAI-2R). A invariância e as evidencias de validade convergente foram suportadas. A versão brasileira reduzida do CSAI-2 revelou boas propriedades psicométricas, sustentando a sua utilização em atletas brasileiros.The purpose of the study was to examine the reliability, factorial validity evidence, invariance (by gender, type of sport and competitive level) and evidence of convergent validity of the CSAI-2. The total sample consisted of 375 athletes (284 males and 91 females). For evidence of convergent validity, the sample consisted of 163 athletes (115 males and 48 females). The athletes responded to the instruments (CSAI-2 and reduced version of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI) an hour before starting competitions. The results showed reliability (α > .70) and good indices of fit (CFI = .959, GFI = .942 and RMSEA = .044) for the reduced model of 17 items (CSAI-2R). The invariance and the evidence of convergent validity were supported. The Brazilian reduced version of CSAI-2 showed good psychometric properties, supporting its use in Brazilian athletes.

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The United Nations Development Program (PNUD) refers to Mozambique as occupying the 165th place in terms of human development, within a range of 169 countries (2010). A study was conducted between 2004/2005, based on a sample of 500 persons. The goal was to analyse selected health indicators within the Island of Mozambique’s population, in order to compare them with the national rates. The results show that, in some aspects, the Island’s rates are lower than the national ones. However, it was also observed that certain variables revealed a more favourable situation within the Island of Mozambique. Generally speaking, then, we may conclude that human development is a serious problem in the Island. Healthwise, the population lacks the opportunities, as well as the means to improve this situation.

The present study aims to characterize the levels of negativism, activation, self-confidence and cognitive orientation of different mountain sports’ participants, taking into account various variables (i.e. gender; age; years of experience; nationality; training and, specific sport). The sample was composed of 45 participants (40 male and 5 female) with an age range between 20 and 61 years of age (M=33,91; SD=8,97), who completed the Portuguese or English version of the CSAI-2 and TEOSQ questionnaires, according to their linguistic proficiency. The main results revealed that the variable ‘years of experience’ (and not age) correlated positively with the levels of self-confidence and task orientation. On the other hand, but in accordance with postulated theories, it was verified a positive association between the levels of negativism and ego orientation. Due to the relatively few studies done until today on this thematic and this type of samples, the results were discussed in relation to the respective theoretical models and specificities of this sport.

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between physical exercise, depression, and body mass index (BMI). The sample of the study consisted of 175 participants (43 male and 132 female) with ages between the 18 and 27 years. The used instruments were: an adapted and validated Portuguese version of the Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI) and an adaptation of the physical exercise scale developed by Prochaska, Sallis and Long (2001). The results suggested a negative correlation between the physical exercise and depression, with statistical significance. The group that does not reach the recommended level of physical exercise presents higher scores of depression in comparison with the group that reaches. This study corroborates previous studies that suggested positive effects of physical exercise on depression.

This study aim to investigate the physical activity levels of older adults and its effect on life satisfaction, self-esteem and personal growth. A sample of 168 elderly persons of both sexes with ages between 60 and 95 years (M= 72.06, SD= 6.83) was used. Results reveal that about 41.1% of the sample is physically inactive, while only 31.5% of the older adults reported physical activity levels equal or above international recommended amounts. Correlation and comparative analysis demonstrate that physical activity participation is associated with higher levels of life satisfaction, self-esteem and personal growth, and that this effect is superior in the elderly people who practice at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity on five or more days a week.

This study examines the relation between multiple self-concept dimensions and alcohol consumption within the adolescent schooling. A sample of 642 students (263 boys and 379 girls) aged between 15 and 23 years completed the Self-Description Questionnaire II (SDQ II) and an alcohol drinking measure. Results reveal an absence of significant relationships between global self-esteem and alcohol consumption and a small relation, found only in the female, between alcoholic drinking and global self-concept, supporting the assumption that supports the low sensitivity and the consequent use of scarce global dimensions of the self. In contrast, there are significant relations between some specific dimensions of the self and alcohol consumption, whilst the correlation coefficients vary according to subject’s gender, suggesting a cultural involvement based analysis.

O objectivo deste estudo foi comparar os jogadores de futebol Brasileiros de vários níveis competitivos e consoante a posição em que jogam, relativamente à intensidade do negativismo e da autoconfiança. Também, pretendemos verificar o grau de associação entre ambas as variáveis, a idade e o tempo de experiência. A amostra foi constituída por 529 jogadores de futebol profissional Brasileiros de vários níveis competitivos. Foi utilizada uma adaptação do Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 (CSAI-2)24, recorrendo apenas às escalas de negativismo e autoconfiança. Na comparação dos grupos usou-se o teste t para amostras independentes e a ANOVA (teste post-hoc Scheffé) e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para verificar o grau de associação entre as variáveis. Os resultados demonstraram que os jogadores de nível nacional apresentaram valores inferiores de negativismo e superiores de autoconfiança comparativamente aos de nível regional. Quando se analisou os diferentes níveis de rendimento, considerando também a divisão em que o atleta compete, verificou-se que os atletas da 2.ª divisão regional apresentaram valores superiores de negativismo do que os da 2.ª divisão nacional e valores inferiores de autoconfiança comparativamente aos jogadores de ambas as divisões de nível nacional. Os valores de negativismo e autoconfiança vivenciados pelos jogadores antes da competição são semelhantes, independentemente da posição que o atleta ocupa em jogo. A idade e a experiência desportiva dos atletas parecem também determinar os níveis de negativismo vivenciados antes da competição, verificando-se uma associação negativa entre estas variáveis. É sugerida a interpretação direccional dos sintomas do negativismo, para uma melhor compreensão deste estado no contexto desportivo.

The aim of this study was to assess the factorial structure of the Portuguese version of CSAI-2, using several structures suggested in previous studies, through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in two different samples (calibration and validation). The calibration sample consisted of 287 Physical Education and Sports students and the validation sample of 323 athletes of individual sports. The results of CFA according to the original structure showed some inadequacy of the model. Other structures, suggested by different authors were analysed, revealing acceptable values levels of goodness of fit indices, though still not adequate ones. The new model that we suggest, without the arousal scale, has shown adequate adjustment for the calibration sample and its capability has been validated by the second sample (X2/df= 2,645; CFI= 0,916; GFI= 0,871 e RMSEA= 0,074). The use of the new model requires further validation, however, due to the obtained good of fitness scores its use in research is suggested. The new model consists of two negatively correlated scales (negativity and self-confidence). The subsequent confirmation of its psychometric properties is recommended for future studies.

Os principais estudos realizados no contexto da Vela ligeira têm-se centrado em parâmetros fisiológicos e no processo de tomada de decisão. O presente estudo tem como objectivos, identificar os principais factores psicológicos evidenciados pelos velejadores e determinar quais aqueles que permitem predizer o rendimento em Vela. Para tal, 43 jovens velejadores (32 rapazes e 11 raparigas) com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 15 anos de idade (M= 12.86, SD= 1.39) preencheram o Perfil Psicológico de Prestação. Os procedimentos estatísticos utilizados foram o teste t de Student, e a regressão linear múltipla. Os factores mais evidenciados pelos velejadores foram a motivação e a autoconfiança. Contudo, revela-se como essencial o controlo do negativismo, na medida em que foi a única variável que distinguiu os melhores velejadores (top-10) dos restantes e foi o factor com menor valor médio. As únicas variáveis psicológicas que permitiram definir o rendimento em Vela ligeira, foram a visualização e a motivação, evidenciando-se a importância destas variáveis na diminuição de erros, definição espacial do campo de regatas, controlo atencional e melhoria auto-referenciada.

Fundamentação: o estudo tem como objectivo verificar diferenças entre géneros na prestação qualitativa e quantitativa nas habilidades locomotoras: correr, saltar e habilidades manipulativas: lançar, pontapear. Metodologia: O estudo integrou uma amostra de 141 crianças, 79 do sexo msculino e 62 do sexo feminino, de 7 e 8 anos de idade, do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico do distrito de Vila Real. O produto foi avaliado através da média das distâncias obtidas nos diferentes ensaios nas habilidades saltar, lançar e pontapear e o tempo médio obtido nos cinco ensaios da corrida. O processo foi avaliado com base na checklist de Gallahue10. Resultados: Quando comparamos a prestação entre rapazes e raparigas registamos diferenças estatisticamente significativas, quer relativas ao processo, quer ao produto de desempenho em todas as habilidades. Nas habilidades manipulativas as diferenças foram de maior magnitude, tendo o sexo masculino apresentado padrões de execução e resultados superiores aos do sexo feminino. Conclusões: Os desempenhos significativamente superiores apresentados pelos rapazes em todas as habilidades, nomeadamente no lançar e pontapear evidenciam a influência dos factores de ordem sociocultural no desenvolvimento e aprendizagem destas habilidades.

O presente estudo pretendeu examinar os valores desportivos e orientações motivacionais expressos por alunos de Educação Física, perante diferentes situações desportivas e comparar os comportamentos desses mesmos, de acordo com as variáveis sexo, faixa etária e envolvimento desportivo. A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por 422 alunos (221 do sexo masculino e 201 do sexo feminino), com uma média de idades de 13.73±2.46 anos, tendo idades compreendidas entre os 9 e os 21 anos de idade. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário de Valores no Desporto7 e o Questionário de Orientação Motivacional no Desporto5. Numa análise generalista, os indivíduos demonstraram concordar em assumir atitudes perante situações desportivas, consoante os princípios básicos do desportivismo e fair-play. A variável que mais contribuiu para uma diferenciação significativa foi a faixa etária, evidenciando os alunos com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e 15 anos, como menos concordantes com atitudes desportivas e revelando uma orientação para o ego. Como tal, propomos que os agentes de socialização presentes no contexto desportivo, devem a seu nível respectivo e em função das suas possibilidades de intervenção, zelar pelo respeito deste princípio4.

Este estudo tem como objectivos: (i) explorar as relações entre o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a percepção de competência física (PCF e/ou a Competência Efectiva em Basquetebol CEB; (ii) perceber a relação entre a PCF e a CEB, e (ii) determinar quais são as fontes de informação que os jovens utilizam para determinar a percepção de competência física. Para tal, foi aplicado a 156 jovens estudantes com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e 18 anos (M= 14.36; SD= 1.76), a subescala de percepção de competência física (SPCF), a escala de informação de competência física (PCIS) e um protocolo para a competência efectiva em Basquetebol. Os principais resultados revelaram: (i) diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre sexos para o IMC, apresentando os rapazes valores médios mais elevados; (ii) média superior dos rapazes superior às raparigas, para a PCF e CEB; (iii) diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre sexos para os seguintes factores do PCIS: negativismo pré-competitivo e atracção pelo Desporto; e, (iv) diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as diferentes faixas etárias para o factor avaliação dos pais.

Com este estudo pretendemos caracterizar os níveis de ansiedade dos lançadores e saltadores iniciados e juvenis portugueses. A amostra foi constituída por 147 atletas (89 masculinos e 58 femininos). Foram subdivididos em grupos de acordo com as variáveis independentes a serem testadas, nomeadamente: escalão (61 iniciados e 86 juvenis), especialidade (78 saltos e 69 lançamentos), top ten (17 masculinos e 26 femininos). Para os propósitos do estudo utilizámos o Questionário de Auto-avaliação (CSAI-2) e o ICPC. Os procedimentos estatísticos foram: cálculos de frequências e o coeficiente de correlação Produto – momento de Pearson. No geral, os resultados tendem confiar os encontrados nos estudos de referência e sugerem que o ICPC, se utilizado de forma sistemática, é bom instrumento para os treinadores aprofundarem os seus conhecimentos sobre os atletas.

The human possibility of becoming old - the so called Nestor Effect -, as an evolutionary adaptation, is beneficial only if there is some preservation of a certain cognitive character. Differing neuropathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, due to an abnormal aggregation of certain proteins, may induce chronic inflammatory processes. As so, physical activity increases aerobic fitness and the brain's blood flow capacity, contributing to the decrease of the central nervous system's chronic inflammation, promoting neuroplasticity, and neural circuitry's reorganisation.