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Background Preventing infantile anaemia and ensuring optimal growth and development during early childhood, particularly in resource-constrained settings, represent an ongoing public health challenge. Current responses are aligned to treatment-based solutions, instead of determining the roles of its inter-related causes. This project aims to assess and understand the complex interplay of eco-bio-social-political factors that determine infantile anaemia to inform policy, research design and prevention practices. Methods This is a longitudinal birth cohort study including four components: (1) biological, will assess known blood markers of iron homeostasis and anaemia and stool microbiota to identify and genetically analyse the participants' flora; (2) ecological, will assess and map pollutants in air, water and soil and evaluate features of nutrition and perceived food security; (3) social, which will use different qualitative research methodologies to explore key stakeholders and informants' perceptions related to nutritional, environmental and anaemia topics, participant observations and a participatory approach and (4) a political analysis, to identify and assess the impact of policies, guidelines and programmes at all levels for infantile anaemia in the three regions. Finally, we will also explore the role of social determinants and demographic variables longitudinally for all study participants. This project aims to contribute to the evidence of the inter-related causal factors of infantile anaemia, addressing the complexity of influencing factors from diverse methodological angles. We will assess infantile anaemia in three regions of Peru, including newborns and their mothers as participants, from childbirth until their first year of age. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (Lima, Peru), CIEI-043-2019. An additional opinion has been granted by the Ethical Committee of Queen Mary University of London (London, UK). Dissemination across stakeholders is taking part as a continues part of the research process. © Funding This project is supported by the Medical Research Council—MRC grant number MR/S024654/1 and by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica—FONDECYT, grant number 033-2019. AJP is funded by the Wellcome Trust (108065/Z/15/Z).

Systematic and persistent discrimination against Indigenous Peoples translates into differential health outcomes when analysed through ethnicity and/or mother tongue.1 In Peru, morbidity and mortality rates among Indigenous Peoples for COVID-19 appear to confirm this.2 The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the historical structural violence against Indigenous Peoples that currently takes a disproportionate toll in the Peruvian Amazon. This equally applies to Indigenous Andean Peoples and Afro Peruvians. Indigenous Peoples in voluntary isolation and those in initial contact are at highest health risk in this pandemic as they have no previous immunity against common infectious diseases, and lack access to public healthcare services. The Peruvian government introduced a state of emergency early on, but it did not work as theoretically expected because of the deeply rooted inequalities in Peru. Public policies focused on reducing health inequities affecting Indigenous Peoples in peri-urban Amazonian contexts are urgently needed.3 Essentially, Indigenous Peoples (through their legitimate representatives) ought to be incorporated in the planning, monitoring, implementation and evaluation of those public policies to ensure sustainability, equity and inclusion in the short, medium and long run. It is also urgently necessary to rethink Peru’s health system to ensure it has an intercultural approach, designed for and with Indigenous Peoples in terms of prevention, treatment and access during and beyond the pandemic. An intercultural approach to healthcare implies that health services not only respects indigenous medical practices but promotes and enables joint and complementary interactions between biomedical and indigenous medical approaches to prevent and treat healthcare problems.4 In the last 15 years, Peru has produced more than 10 official documents on intercultural health, but very little of this has turned into practice. The problem is not the lack of an approach, as such, but the incapacity to turn it into practice. Transforming the current …

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) is a native fruit tree, which is in domestication process, therefore, knowledge of nutritional needs is essential to improve the fertilization efficiency throughout plant development. The aim of this research was to determine the nutrient content of camu-camu plants as a function of nitrogen fertilization via fertirrigation in the first year of cultivation. An experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with 5 treatments as follows: 0; 40; 80; 120 and 160 kg.ha-1 of N, eight replicates and seven plants per experimental unit. The evaluated variables were as follows: total dry mass and nutrient contents in camu-camu leaves. The results show the total dry mass of camu-camu plants, showed a significant quadratic behavior in response to increasing N doses and N doses greater than 128 kg.ha-1 aroused a depressive effects. In addition, leaf contents of N, K, Ca had achieved a significant quadratic response and highest concentrations were recorded between 113 and 115 kg of N.ha-1. On the other hand, micronutrients had a polynomial depressive behavior according to an increasing N doses. It can be concluded that nutrient foliar contents are adequate for the camu-camu plants development. In fact, N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and B, were the most required nutrients. Micronutrients determined in leaves, corresponded to the following decreasing order: N Ca K Mg S P Mn Fe B Zn Cu, respectively. O camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) é uma fruteira nativa que está em processo de domesticação, portanto, o conhecimento das necessidades nutricionais é essencial para melhorar a eficiência da adubação durante seu desenvolvimento. O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os teores de nutrientes em plantas de camu-camu em função da adubação nitrogenada via fertirrigação no primeiro ano de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido mediante delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 5 tratamentos: 0; 40; 80; 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N, oito repetições e sete plantas por unidade experimental. As variáveis avaliadas foram a massa seca total e os teores de nutrientes nas folhas. Os resultados mostram que a massa seca total das plantas de camu-camu apresentou comportamento quadrático significativo em resposta às doses crescentes de N, sendo que doses maiores a 128 kg ha-1 propiciaram efeitos depressivos. Além disso, os teores foliares de N, K, Ca tiveram uma resposta quadrática significativa, sendo que as maiores concentrações foram registradas entre as doses de 113 e 115 kg de N ha-1. Por outro lado, os micronutrientes tiveram um comportamento polinomial depressivo de acordo com os incrementos das doses de N. Pode-se concluir que os teores foliares dos nutrientes estão dentro dos adequados para o desenvolvimento das plantas de camu-camu, e os nutrientes mais exigidos foram o N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn e B, e finalmente os teores de macro e micronutrientes determinados nas folhas responderam a seguinte ordem decrescente: N Ca K Mg S P Mn Fe B Zn Cu, respectivamente. Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) es un árbol frutal nativo, que está en proceso de domesticación, por lo tanto, el conocimiento de las necesidades nutricionales es esencial para mejorar la eficacia de la fertilización durante el desarrollo de la planta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el contenido de nutrientes de las plantas de camu-camu en función de la fertilización nitrogenada mediante fertirrigación en el primer año de cultivo. Se llevó a cabo un experimento en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con 5 tratamientos de la siguiente manera: 0; 40; 80; 120 y 160 kg.ha-1 de N, ocho réplicas y siete plantas por unidad experimental. Las variables evaluadas fueron las siguientes: materia seca total y contenido de nutrientes en hojas de camu-camu. Los resultados muestran la materia seca total de las plantas camu-camu, que se realizaron un comportamiento cuadrático significativo en respuesta al aumento de las dosis de N. De hecho, las dosis de N superiores a 128 kg.ha-1 despertaron un efecto depresivo. Además, los contenidos foliares de N, K y Ca habían alcanzado una respuesta cuadrática significativa y las concentraciones más altas se registraron entre 113 y 115 kg de N.ha-1. Por otro lado, los micronutrientes tenían un comportamiento depresivo polinomial de acuerdo con un aumento de las dosis de N. Se puede concluir que los contenidos foliares de nutrientes son adecuados para el desarrollo de las plantas camu-camu. De hecho, N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn y B fueron los nutrientes más requeridos. Los micronutrientes determinados en hojas correspondieron al siguiente orden decreciente: N Ca K Mg S P Mn Fe B Zn Cu, respectivamente.

Camu camu es una fruta nativa de la Amazonía, que llama la atención por el alto contenido de vitamina C (6,116 mg/ 100 g de pulpa), está en proceso de domesticación, por lo cual se está investigando un método de propagación vegetativa que permita avanzar en el proceso de mejoramiento genético. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad rizogénica de plantas matrices promisorias de camu camu "Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh" según el aumento del número de hojas, mediante la técnica de estacas herbáceas en cámaras de subirrigación. El ensayo fue conducido mediante un Diseño de Bloques Completamente al Azar (DBCA) con arreglo factorial 9Ax3B, con 3 repeticiones y 15 estacas por unidad experimental. El factor A, estuvo constituido por nueve plantas matrices y el factor B: pares de hojas con 3 niveles: 1; 2 y 3 pares. El enraizamiento fue evaluado después de 90 días. Se observó que existió interacción estadística significativa para las variables: porcentaje de enraizamiento, longitud y número de raíces. Para las variables porcentaje de callo y porcentaje de mortalidad se encontró efecto de la planta matriz y pares de hojas. Los resultados muestran que el porcentaje de enraizamiento estuvo influenciado por efectos intrínsecos adherentes a la variabilidad genotípica de las plantas matrices, presentando un alto grado de dispersión, que osciló entre 91,11 % y 0,00 %, mostrando una alta variabilidad y marcada influencia de la planta matriz sobre el proceso de rizogénesis, influyendo de manera altamente significativa en el enraizamiento. Con respecto al área foliar, estacas con 2 y 3 pares de hojas, independiente de la planta matriz, presentaron mayor capacidad de enraizamiento. Con base en estos resultados se concluye que el efecto de la variabilidad genotípica y el área foliar influyen de manera altamente significativa en el proceso de rizogénesis de estacas herbáceas de camu camu. O camu-camuzeiro é uma frutífera da Amazônia, que chama à atenção por seu alto teor de vitamina C (6,116 mg/100 g de polpa). Está em processo de domesticação, para o qual está sendo pesquisado um método de propagação vegetativa que permita avançar no melhoramento genético da espécie. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a capacidade rizogênica de plantas matrizes promissoras de camu-camuzeiro "Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh", segundo o aumento do número de folhas, mediante a técnica de estaquias herbáceas em câmera de subirrigação. O ensaio foi conduzido em desenho de blocos casualizados (DBC), com arranjo fatorial 9Ax3B, com três repetições e 15 estacas por unidade experimental. O fator A foi constituído por nove plantas matrizes e, o fator B, por pares de folhas, com 3 níveis (1, 2 e 3). O enraizamento foi avaliado após 90 dias. Observou-se a existência de interação significativa para as variáveis percentagem de enraizamento, comprimento e número raízes. Para as variáveis percentagem de estacas calejadas e percentagem de mortalidade, encontraram-se efeitos de planta matriz e de pares de folhas. Os resultados mostram que a percentagem de enraizamento esteve influenciada por efeitos intrínsecos aderentes à variabilidade genotípica das plantas matrizes, apresentando, assim, alto grau de dispersão, que oscilou entre 91,11 e 0,00 %, mostrando alta variabilidade e marcada influência da planta matriz sobre o processo de rizogêneses, influenciando, de maneira altamente significativa, o enraizamento. Com respeito à área foliar, estacas com dois e três pares de folhas, independentemente da planta matriz, apresentaram maior capacidade de enraizamento. Com base nestes resultados, conclui-se que os efeitos da variabilidade genotípica e da área foliar influenciaram de maneira significativa o processo de rizogênese de estacas herbáceas de camu-camuzeiro.

In order to evaluate the response camu camu’s plants in plantations initial undergoing training pruning, an experiment was installed in EE - IIAP-Ucayali, under a design randomized complete block, with 3 replications, making use of 20 plants per experimental unit. The pruning treatments were performing at different heights from the base of the stem, it was considered T0 [witness without pruning], T1 [pruning to 10 cm from the base], T2 [pruning to 20 cm from the base] and T3 [pruning to 40 cm from the base] in plants of known provenance. The investigation was directed to evaluate the number of shoots, shoot growth, plant height, basal diameter, crown diameter and number of branches. After of 9 months of evaluation was found significant differences between the variables except in top diameter. In the variable Height, treatment T0 [witness without pruning] outstanding because they were not pruned, among the remaining treatments has similarly behaved, surpassing the control treatment by 267 %. In addition to this, the basal diameter was found that T1 [pruning to 10 cm from the base] has a better performed with an average value of 1.96 cm compared with the control (1.7cm). The pruning had a positive influence in the number of branches, with an average of 13.4 branches compared with T0 that get 3.1 branches on average, its shows that the pruning can increased up the production of branches to 432.3%. Con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta de las plantas de camu camu en plantaciones iniciales sometidas a podas de formación, se instaló un experimento en la EE - IIAP-Ucayali, bajo un Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar con 3 repeticiones, considerando 20 plantas por unidad experimental. Los tratamientos consistieron en realizar podas a diferentes alturas desde la base del tallo, se consideró T0 [testigo sin poda]; T1 [poda a 10 cm de la base]; T2 [poda a 20cm de la base] y T3 [poda a 40cm de la base] en plantas de 1.5 m de altura en promedio, procedentes de semillas de la cuenca del rio Putumayo. Se evaluó el número de brotes, longitud de brotes, altura de planta, diámetro basal, diámetro de copa y número de ramas. Luego de 15 meses de evaluación se encontró diferencias significativas entre las variables estudiadas excepto en diámetro de copa. En altura sobresale el T0 [testigo sin poda]; los tratamientos restantes se comportaron de forma similar, superando al testigo en 267%. Así mismo, para el diámetro basal se halló que el T1 [poda a 10 cm de la base] se comportó mejor con un valor promedio de 1.96 cm frente al testigo con 1.7cm; Para el número de ramas la poda tuvo una influencia positiva, con un promedio de 13.4 ramas frente al T0 [testigo sin poda]; con 3.1 ramas, con lo cual se demostró que la poda de formación incrementa hasta un 432.3%.

This paper examines the relationship between children's theoretical knowledge of wild food plants in relation to sociocultural group, sex, and age in the context of social and environmental change. Theoretical knowledge was assessed by evaluating the composition of the cultural domain of “wild food plants,” naming ability, and cognitive salience. Freelistings were conducted with 57 Indigenous Shipibo-Konibo children and 57 mestizo children in Ucayali, one of the regions with the highest deforestation rates in the Peruvian Amazon. A total of 120 plants were listed by all children, with 72 listed by Indigenous and 95 by mestizo children. Most species listed as wild food plants have been classified as domesticated species by scientists. The main factor affecting variation in children's theoretical knowledge was sociocultural group. Mestizo children included more introduced crops in their lists, whereas, for Indigenous children, the most salient species were those that required specific abilities or knowledge to be consumed. Older children presented statistically significant longer lists than younger children, but there were no statistical differences in list length in relation to sex. We conclude by discussing the definition of “wild” versus domesticated plants and the effect of socioecological change on children's ethnobotanical knowledge as the landscape transforms in the forest-agriculture interface.

This study aims to improve the health of rural Amazonian communities through the development and application of a participatory ecosystem approach to human health assessment. In the study area marked seasonal fluctuations dictate food availability, water quality and disease outbreak. Determining the causal linkages between ecosystem variables, resource use and health required a variety of forms of inquiry at multiple scales with local participation. Landscape spatial mapping of resource use demonstrated the diversity of the ecological resources upon which communities depend. Household surveys detailed family and individual consumption and production patterns. Anthropometric measurements, parasite loading, water quality and anemia levels were used as indicators of health status. This was complemented with an ethnographic and participatory health assessment that provided the foundation for developing community action plans addressing health issues. Discussion is focused on three attributes of an ecosystem approach; (a) methodological pluralism, (b) cross-scale interactions and (c) participatory action research.

The aim was to verify the initial development of camu camu plants with different organic substrates in conventional nursery bedding microsprinkler irrigation and shade management Chromatine® mesh with 50% red light. We used genetic material from mother plants Germplasm Bank of INIA-camu camu Iquitos, seeds were germinated in decomposed sawdust and kept for a period of 40 days after subculturing was performed with 10 cm in height in different substrates according treatments in nursery beds with dimensions of 1.20 m wide x 10 m long with a depth of 30 cm. After conducting assessments of height (cm) and basal diameter (mm) for a period of 120 days, it was found that the substrate manure has become the substrate for greater efficiency in plant development camu camu substrate followed by humus worm. El objetivo fue verificar el desarrollo inicial de plantones de camu camu con diferentes sustratos orgánicos en camas de vivero convencional con riego por microaspersión y manejo de sombra con malla Chromatine® color rojo con 50% de luz. Se utilizó material genético proveniente de plantas madre del Banco de Germoplasma de camu camu del INIA-Iquitos, las semillas fueron germinadas en aserrín descompuesto y mantenidas por un periodo de 40 días, luego se realizó el repicado con 10 cm de altura en los diferentes sustratos según los tratamientos en camas de vivero con dimensiones de 1,20 m de ancho x 10 m de largo y con una profundidad de 30 cm. Después de realizar las evaluaciones de altura (cm) y diámetro basal (mm) durante un periodo de 120 días, se encontró que el sustrato gallinaza se consolida como el sustrato de mayor eficiencia en el desarrollo de plantas de camu camu seguido por el sustrato humus de lombriz.

El incremento de las áreas de monocultivo de camu camu está generando la proliferación de plagas yfitófagos que afectan a la producción del fruto en más de un 80%. El presente trabajo evalúa la aplicación delmanejo integrado de plagas (MIP) que consiste en el control cultural de podas, defoliación, y deshierbesmensuales, y control etológico con trampas amarillas y pegante entomológico así como de control biológicocon aplicación de extractos acuosos de la planta biocida Paullinia clavigera. Se realiza una comparaciónentre este tipo de manejo y el manejo tradicional (MT) en el control de plagas de camu camu en plantacionesrealizadas en suelos de altura. El experimento fue conducido mediante un diseño completo al azar (DCA), concuatro repeticiones y cuatro plantas por unidad experimental. Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje dedaño en el fruto por Edessa sp y Conotrachelus dubiae, número de botones florales y frutos cuajados, y peso ydiámetro del fruto. Se observó que el tratamiento con Manejo Integrado de Plagas presentó menor daño defrutos por Edessa sp (6%) y C. dubiae (0.25%), mayor número de frutos cuajados (497) y mayor peso del frutoa la cosecha (10.2 g) que el tratamiento con manejo tradicional. Se puede concluir que la aplicación delManejo Integrado de Plagas reduce el ataque de plagas y mejora los componentes productivos.