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Reconhecida como a “a indústria mais sexy da Europa”, a indústria calçadista portuguesa se consolida como símbolo nacional, superando os problemas que outrora vivenciou. Nesse processo de consolidação, a atuação da associação empresarial foi fundamental no estabelecimento dos vínculos de cooperação e do movimento de coordenação dos atores, aspectos relevantes para a obtenção dos resultados positivos. Consideramos a coordenação exercida pela associação um dos elementos centrais das estruturas de governança territorial, tema que tem sido foco de importantes debates no campo do planejamento urbano-regional e da gestão do território. Dito isso, o presente artigo objetivou analisar a importância da governança territorial em aglomerados produtivos, como o cluster do calçado português. Para tanto, a metodologia foi constituída de revisão bibliográfica e da análise de documentos oficiais, além de estudos recentes sobre a dinâmica do cluster. Os resultados alcançados demonstraram a importância da governança no desempenho dos clusters, além de oferecer, com base no estudo de caso, um exemplo para a discussão sobre a dinâmica em aglomerados produtivos e a relevância dos novos fatores de produção (conhecimento, inovação, articulação entre atores, apoio institucional).

A presente nota busca registrar as impressões obtidas com a realização do II Congresso Brasileiro de Organização do Espaço e XIV Seminário de Pós-Graduação em Geografia realizado pela Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho”, na cidade de Rio Claro, entre os dias 24 e 28 de março de 2019. Consideramos o evento uma importante reunião científica realizada no campo geográfico, inaugurando com maestria a série de eventos que ocorreriam no decorrer do ano, oferecendo a comunidade científica um espaço profícuo de discussão e reflexão, num contexto brasilleiro e latino-americano caracterizado por um processo de retrocessoso civilizatório.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a term used to include all chronic childhood arthritis of unknown etiology. It is characterized by chronic inflammation persisting for at least 6 weeks, beginning before 16 years of age. The characteristics present are chronic synovitis, arthralgia, impaired joint mobility in at least one joint, and erosion with destruction of cartilage and subchondral bone, that could be associated or not with systemic involvement, according to each subtype of the disease. During the pathologic process, the temporomandibular joint can be involved by the juvenile idiopathic arthritis, resulting in severe mandibular dysfunction, with higher frequency in female patients. Initially, these lesions can show minor alterations like flattening of the condyle, erosions, and evolve to severe lesions, like destruction of the head of the condyle. We report a case of male patient who had destruction of both condyles, as a result from juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Proposed mechanisms to explain the juvenile idiopathic arthritis was reviewed. In this report the patient did not have pain or inflammatory process, and the temporomandibular diseases was the only manifestation.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a term used to include all chronic childhood arthritis of unknown etiology. It is characterized by chronic inflammation persisting for at least 6 weeks, beginning before 16 years of age. The characteristics present are chronic synovitis, arthralgia, impaired joint mobility in at least one joint, and erosion with destruction of cartilage and subchondral bone, that could be associated or not with systemic involvement, according to each subtype of the disease. During the pathologic process, the temporomandibular joint can be involved by the juvenile idiopathic arthritis, resulting in severe mandibular dysfunction, with higher frequency in female patients. Initially, these lesions can show minor alterations like flattening of the condyle, erosions, and evolve to severe lesions, like destruction of the head of the condyle. We report a case of male patient who had destruction of both condyles, as a result from juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Proposed mechanisms to explain the juvenile idiopathic arthritis was reviewed. In this report the patient did not have pain or inflammatory process, and the temporomandibular diseases was the only manifestation.

Snakebites envenomations are a problem public healt h in worldwide due to the high rates of morbidity a nd mortality. The Bothrops venom causes local tissue damage and inflammation is one of the most important events that occur. At present, effective treatment for snakebites is serum therapy with antivenom, whi ch neutralizes systemic alterations but does not preve nt local damage that can cause disabilities. Many p lants are used in popular medicine to treat these acciden ts but few attempts have been made to investigate t he scientific validity of these assertions. In Amazon region, indigenous and local people use the macerat ed bark of Brosimum guinanensis applied in the form of cataplasm, on the site of s nakebite. This study aimed to analyze the ability of the Brosimum guianensis aqueous extract in the neutralization several effe cts induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom to investigate the scientific validity of folk medicine informations by means of controlled experiments. Our results sho wed that Brosimum guianensis aqueous extract was not effective to inhibit oedema, peritonitis, coagulant , myotoxic, phospholipase A2 activity (indirect hem olytic method) induced by B. atrox venom , but was able to inhibited significantly hemorrhag ic and nociceptive activities. These results support a potential effec t of this extract as a compounds source for biotechonological application and synthesis of new drugs with therapeutic purpose.

Medicinal plants encompass a rich source of active compounds that can neutralize snake venoms or toxins. Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. (Costaceae) is used by the Amazonian population to treat inflammation, pain and other pathological manifestations.To evaluate the influence of C. spicatus aqueous extract on edema, peritonitis, nociception, coagulation, haemorrhage and indirect haemolytic activity induced by Bothrops atrox venom (BAV).Dried and pulverized leaves were extracted with distilled water. Envenoming was induced by administration of B. atrox snake venom in Swiss Webster mice. The experimental groups consisted of BAV (at the minimum dose to induce measurable biological responses) and C. spicatus extract (CSE, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg/25 μl phosphate-buffered saline) administered individually and in combination (BAVCSE). PBS was used as a control. In vitro assays were also conducted in order to evaluate phospholipase A2 coagulant activities (indirect haemolytic method).CSE significantly reduced the venom-induced edema and nociception at all concentrations tested and inhibited migration of inflammatory cells at the three least concentrations (5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg/25 μl PBS). CSE was not effective in inhibiting coagulant, haemorrhagic and indirect haemolytic activities of the venom.The data suggest that CSE could exhibit a central mechanism for pain inhibition, and may also inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. These findings corroborate the traditional administration of C. spicatus decoction to treat inflammatory disorders, including those caused by B. atrox envenomation.

Bothrops atrox is responsible for the majority of snakebite accidents in Brazilian Amazon and its venom can cause prominent local tissue damage. Experimental groups consisted of five male mice, each administered either B. atrox Venom (VB), B. atrox Venom + Antivenom (VAV), B. atrox Venom + Laser (VL), B. atrox Venom + Antivenom + Laser (VAVL), or Sterile Saline Solution (SSS) alone. Paw oedema was induced by intradermal administration of 0.05 mg kg-1 of B. atrox venom and was expressed in mm of directly induced oedema. Mice were subcutaneously injected with 0.10 mg kg-1 of venom for evaluation nociceptive activity and the time (in seconds) spent in licking and biting responses of the injected paw were taken as an indicator of pain response. Inflammatory infiltration was determined by counting the number of leukocytes present in the gastrocnemius muscle after venom injection (0.10 mg kg-1). Myotoxicity was studied by determining the plasmatic rise of creatine kinase activity after venom injection (0.20 mg kg-1). For histological examination of myonecrosis, venom (0.10 mg kg-1) was administered intramuscularly. The site of venom injection was irradiated by GaAs laser and some animals received antivenom intraperitoneally. GaAs laser irradiation administered in conjunction with antivenom, reduced pain, oedema, inflammation and myonecrosis induced by B. atrox venom in mice. The combined antivenom and GaAs laser treatment was more effective than separately treatments. The results suggest that laser therapy may reduce the local effects induced by B. atrox venom when associated with antivenom.

Antivenom therapy has been ineffective in neutralizing the tissue damage caused by snakebites. Among therapeutic strategies to minimize effects after envenoming, it was hypothesized that a low level laser would reduce complications and reduce the severity of local snake venom effects. In the current study, the effect of a low-level semiconductor gallium arsenide (GaAs) laser on the local pathological alterations induced by B. moojeni snake venom was investigated. The experimental groups consisted of five male mice, each administered either B. moojeni venom (VB), B. moojeni venom + antivenom (VAV), B. moojeni venom + laser (VL), B. moojeni venom + antivenom + laser (VAVL), or sterile saline solution (SSS) alone. Paw oedema was induced by intradermal administration of 0.05 mg kg(-1) of B. moojeni venom and was expressed in mm of directly induced oedema. Mice received by subcutaneous route 0.20 mg kg(-1) of venom for evaluating nociceptive activity and the time (in seconds) spent in licking and biting the injected paw was taken as an indicator of pain response. Inflammatory infiltration was determined by counting the number of leukocytes present in the gastrocnemius muscle after venom injection (0.10 mg kg(-1)). For histological examination of myonecrosis, venom (0.10 mg kg(-1)) was administered intramuscularly. The site of venom injection was irradiated by the GaAs laser and some animals received antivenom intraperitoneally. The results indicated that GaAs laser irradiation can help in reducing some local effects produced by the B. moojeni venom in mice, stimulating phagocytosis, proliferation of myoblasts and the regeneration of muscle fibers.

O presente trabalho apresenta o perfil epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos notificados junto à Secretaria do Estado de Saúde do Estado do Amapá. Para isso, foram analisadas 909 fichas durante o período de 2003 a 2006. A maior freqüência de picadas foi no ano de 2004 com registro de 255 casos, seguido pelo ano de 2006 com 246 casos. Os números mais expressivos de pacientes encontram-se nas faixas etárias compreendidas entre 20 e 34 anos (30%). Os gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus foram responsáveis por 67,5% e 0,7% dos acidentes, respectivamente. Serpentes consideradas não peçonhentas causaram 0,2% dos acidentes e em 31,2% dos casos não foi possível a identificação da espécie. Indivíduos do sexo masculino (80,6%) foram os mais atingidos. A maior incidência de picadas foi nos membros inferiores (68%). Os acidentes ocorreram, em sua maioria, na área rural (62,7%), em circunstâncias equilibradas de trabalho (60%) e lazer (15,6%). O tempo decorrido entre a picada e o atendimento ao paciente foi de 12 horas (29%). Dos acidentes ofídicos, 263 foram classificados como leves, 193 graves e 187 moderados. This study presents the epidemiological profile of snake poisoning accidents notified to the Health Department of the State of Amapá. For this, 909 records over the period from 2003 to 2006 were analyzed. The greatest frequency of bites was in the year 2004, with 255 cases recorded, followed by the year 2006 with 246 cases. The largest numbers of patients were in the age range between 20 and 34 years (30%). The genera Bothrops and Crotalus accounted for 67.5% and 0.7% of the accidents, respectively. Snakes that are considered non-venomous caused 0.2% of the accidents, and it was not possible to identify the species in 31.2% of the cases. Male individuals were more affected (80.6%). The highest incidence of bites was on the lower limbs (68%). The accidents mostly occurred in rural areas (62.7%), during balanced work circumstances (60%) or leisure activities (15.6%). The time elapsed from the bite to attending the patient was 12 hours (29%). Among the snake poisoning accidents, 263 were classified as mild, 187 as moderate and 193 as serious.

Muito além de um tema estudado pela Geografia, nas últimas quatro décadas, o processo de globalização vem configurando-se como um elemento crucial na readequação de teorias e conceitos básicos das ciências sociais, sobretudo aquelas que consideram o espaço como um método de análise. Esse fenômeno apresenta aos espaços novos imperativos, novas regulações, possibilidades e limites, o que torna necessário o desenvolvimento e a discussão de novos elementos capazes de compreender a realidade e também responder positivamente a tal processo. Assim, dentre os ineditismos espaciais construídos por esse período, a relação entre o global e o local tornou-se muito mais articulada, provocada, sobretudo, pela dinâmica concorrencial global, o que resultou na necessidade de se considerar novos aspectos territoriais que fazem a diferença nesse jogo. Por tudo isso, o objetivo deste artigo consiste em problematizar a relação entre o território e o desenvolvimento, chamando a atenção para a importância da governança como um recurso importante e presente em determinados contextos espaciais ou territoriais. O objetivo desse artigo é discutir as principais contribuições da Geografia para os estudos acerca do desenvolvimento, trazendo autores que discutem a temática a partir de diferentes correntes do pensamento geográfico e econômico. Para tanto, destacamos que os resultados teóricos aqui expostos são resultantes de discussões e de uma pesquisa realizada pelo grupo de pesquisa do CNPq “Estruturas de Governança e Desenvolvimento Territorial”, intitulada “Modalidades da Governança Territorial no Estado de São Paulo”, pesquisa que foi financiada pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. Com isso, consideramos que as diferentes estratégias de governança para com o desenvolvimento sejam recursos intransferíveis, dada as suas características próprias adquiridas do território em que se constitui. É possível concluir que o território deva ser entendido como um conceito essencial nos estudos sobre o desenvolvimento

Two problems found in prostheses with resilient liners are bond failure to the acrylic resin base and increased permanent deformation due to material aging.This in vitro study evaluated the effect of varying amounts of thermal cycling on bond strength and permanent deformation of 2 resilient denture liners bonded to an acrylic resin base.Plasticized acrylic resin (PermaSoft) or silicone (Softliner) resilient lining materials were processed to a heat-polymerized acrylic resin (QC-20). One hundred rectangular specimens (10 x 10-mm 2 cross-sectional area) and 100 cylindrically-shaped specimens (12.7-mm diameter x 19.0-mm height) for each liner/resin combination were used for the tensile and deformation tests, respectively. Specimen shape and liner thickness were standardized. Specimens were divided into 9 test groups (n=10) and were thermal cycled for 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, and 4000 cycles. Control specimens (n=10) were stored for 24 hours in water at 37 degrees C. Mean bond strength, expressed as stress at failure (MPa), was determined with a tensile test using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Analysis of failure mode, expressed as a percent (%), was recorded as either cohesive, adhesive, or both, after observation. Permanent deformation, expressed as a percent (%), was determined using ADA specification no. 18. Data from both tests were examined with a 2-way analysis of variance and a Tukey test (alpha=.05).For the tensile test, Softliner specimens submitted to different thermal cycling regimens demonstrated no significantly different bond strength values from the control; however, there was a significant difference between the PermaSoft control group (0.47 +/- 0.09 MPa [mean +/- SD]) and the 500 cycle group (0.46 +/- 0.07 MPa) compared to the 4000 cycle group (0.70 +/- 0.20 MPa) ( P.05). With regard to failure type, the Softliner groups presented adhesive failure (100%) regardless of specimen treatment. PermaSoft groups presented adhesive (53%), cohesive (12%), or a combined mode of failure (35%). For the deformation test, there was no significant difference among the Softliner specimens. However, a significant difference was observed between control and PermaSoft specimens after 1500 or more cycles (1.88% +/- 0.24%) ( P.05).This in vitro study indicated that bond strength and permanent deformation of the 2 resilient denture liners tested varied according to their chemical composition.

Two problems found in prostheses with soft liners are bond failure to the acrylic resin base and loss of elasticity due to material aging.This in vitro study evaluated the effect of thermocycling on the bond strength and elasticity of 4 long-term soft denture liners to acrylic resin bases.Four soft lining materials (Molloplast-B, Flexor, Permasoft, and Pro Tech) and 2 acrylic resins (Classico and Lucitone 199) were processed for testing according to manufacturers' instructions. Twenty rectangular specimens (10 x 10-mm(2) cross-sectional area) and twenty cylinder specimens (12.7-mm diameter x 19.0-mm height) for each liner/resin combination were used for the tensile and deformation tests, respectively. Specimen shape and liner thickness were standardized. Samples were divided into a test group that was thermocycled 3000 times and a control group that was stored for 24 hours in water at 37 degrees C. Mean bond strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa), was determined in the tensile test with the use of a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Elasticity, expressed as percent of permanent deformation, was calculated with an instrument for measuring permanent deformation described in ADA/ANSI specification 18. Data from both tests were examined with 1-way analysis of variance and a Tukey test, with calculation of a Scheffé interval at a 95% confidence level.In the tensile test under control conditions, Molloplast-B (1.51 +/- 0.28 MPa [mean +/- SD]) and Pro Tech (1.44 +/- 0.27 MPa) liners had higher bond strength values than the others (P.05). With regard to the permanent deformation test, the lowest values were observed for Molloplast-B (0.48% +/- 0.19%) and Flexor (0.44% +/- 0.14%) (P.05). Under thermocycling conditions, the highest bond strength occurred with Molloplast-B (1.37 +/- 0.24 MPa) (P.05). With regard to the deformation test, Flexor (0.46% +/- 0.13%) and Molloplast-B (0.44% +/- 0.17%) liners had lower deformation values than the others (P.05).The results of this in vitro study indicated that bond strength and permanent deformity values of the 4 soft denture liners tested varied according to their chemical composition. These tests are not completely valid for application to dental restorations because the forces they encounter are more closely related to shear and tear. However, the above protocol serves as a good method of investigation to evaluate differences between thermocycled and control groups.