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This study evaluated the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens raised under an alternative system as a function of age at slaughter. The design was completely randomized with a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with slaughtering at five ages (70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and two sexes. A total of 240 birds (Pescoço Pelado strain) were used, including 120 females and 120 males. Performance, carcass, physicochemical, proximate composition, and muscle fiber traits were evaluated. Rearing time and sex had significant effects on performance-related traits, with better results for males. The interaction between slaughter age and sex had a significant effect on the carcass and physicochemical parameters, which cause different responses in males and females with increasing slaughter age. For the proximate composition and muscle fiber analysis, the interaction between the parameters studied only had a significant effect on ether extract in the breast. The increase in age resulted in chickens with higher live and carcass weight at slaughter but lower performance indices. Females had lower carcass yield and greater deposition of abdominal fat. Females had lower tenderness in the drumstick and males in the breast with increasing slaughter age, and both cuts had more intense color and redness and reduced lightness starting at the slaughter age of 90 days.

This research study aimed to evaluate the influence of sexual maturity on meat quality parameters in chickens raised in a free-range system. The fully randomized design (FRD) used a (2x2) factorial scheme, with two sexes (male and female) and two categories of sexual maturity (immature and mature). Ninety birds (45 females and 45 males) belonging to the Label Rouge (Pescoço Pelado) strain were slaughtered at five different ages (70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days). The physicochemical parameters, centesimal composition and shelf life of the meat were assessed. In both breast and leg cuts, sexual maturity promoted an increase in shear force and affected the meat color by increasing its redness (a*). Moisture was higher in leg meat after sexual maturity. In both breast and leg cuts, ether extract was higher in sexually mature females. Sexual maturity also caused a decrease in tenderness and shorter shelf life of the meat.

The oral administration of Tribulus terrestris and Lepidium meyenii extracts on reproductive, biochemical and body parameters was evaluated in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats weighting 210 ± 18 g were divided into six experimental groups (n = 6). Each group received, daily for 28 days, different solutions: T. terrestris (100 mg/kg), L. meyenii (1 g/kg) and T. terrestris at doses of 75, 50 and 25 mg/kg combined with L. meyenii at doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 g/kg, respectively, and distilled water (control). T. terrestris increased (p 0.05) the serum testosterone, regardless of dose. Combined use of the extracts increased (p 0.05) the diameter of the epididymal duct and epididymis lumen. The combinations of T. terrestris (75 and 50 mg/kg) with L. meyenii increased (p 0.05) the sperm concentration. There were no differences (p 0.05) in the other semen characteristics; relative weight of organs; and serum levels of urea, creatinine, alanine and aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. No histopathological changes were observed (p 0.05). It is concluded that the association of T. terrestris and L. meyenii has positive effects on serum testosterone, sperm concentration and epididymal morphology, with no evidence of effects in the testis, liver, spleen and kidneys.

The objective was to evaluate the histomorphometric characteristics of the testis and ovaries of pig fetuses at different gestational ages, as well as their correlation with some fetus measurements. Forty-four fetuses were separated for gender (male and female) and gestational age (50, 80 and 106 days of gestation). After slaughter, fetuses had their body length, head and thoracic perimeters measured and their gonads submitted to histomorphometric analyses. The gonadal characteristics at different gestational ages were statistically compared, correlations with the fetal measurements were performed and equations to predict the gonadal characteristics from the fetal measurements were obtained. The testis weight logarithmically increased along pregnancy, whereas ovary weight increased in a linear manner. The cordonal length and number of Sertoli cells were positively correlated with the fetal measurements, being higher at 106 days gestation, while the nuclear volume of these cells were negatively correlated. The total number of follicles was higher at day 80 and 106 of pregnancy. The number of oogonia decreased along the pregnancy, however, their nucleus size was increased. The number of follicles and volume of oogonia were positively correlated with the fetal measurements, while the number of oogonia was negatively correlated. Equations were obtained for the prediction of gonadal characteristics of fetuses. We concluded that in pigs testis cell proliferation, ovary development and histological organization was more pronounced during the final third of pregnancy. Fetal weight and size were strongly related to gonadal development, and can be used to estimate the histological characteristics of gonads.

Background Nutritional intervention with the use of phytochemicals is an important method for the treatment and prevention of a metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to chemically characterize Moro orange juice. The influence of juice intake on metabolic parameters of rats that were obese, diabetic or both by means of body mass management after the activation of anthocyanins during refrigerated storage was also assessed. Results Juice intake reversed most of the metabolic abnormalities exhibited by obese rats, including reduction of body mass and improvement of the biochemical profile. The loss of body mass by diabetic animals and obese and diabetic animals was not attributed to juice intake, but to type I diabetes mellitus. In these animals, no improvement was observed in the biochemical profile, liver enzymes and glycemia, so this treatment model was deemed unfeasible. Conclusion The beneficial effects cannot be explained only by the anthocyanin C3G present in the juice, but rather, by the synergism between all the components. Studies in humans are needed to determine whether the ingestion of this orange can be recommended as an effective strategy to prevent or ameliorate complications of obesity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The number of Sertoli cells (SCs) ultimately determines the upper limit of sperm production in the testis. Previous studies have shown that thyroid hormones (TH) receptors are abundantly expressed in developing SCs; therefore, it was highly significant to discover that transient neonatal hypothyroidism induced by the goitrogen 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) can extend SCs proliferation beyond the first 2 weeks postnatal and increase testis weight and sperm production. Further studies concluded that treatment must begin before day 8 post birth in rats. Recent studies, however, showed that SCs present in the transition region at the rete testis exhibit a more immature phenotype and have prolonged mitotic activity, which led to the hypothesis that SCs in this region will retain the capacity to respond to PTU treatment over a longer period of time. In the present study, male Wistar rats were treated with PTU from days 21 to 40 and were evaluated at 40 and 160 days of age. Similar to neonatal rat SCs, it was demonstrated that prepubertal SCs in the transition region have a high mitotic activity and are highly sensitive to TH levels. This delayed, transient hypothyroidism resulted in significantly increased testis weight, SCs number and daily sperm production. The results demonstrate for the first time that Sertoli cells showing plasticity in the transition region can be stimulated to increase proliferation and contribute to a late stage surge in testis weight and sperm output.

The aim of this study was to assess the sperm quality and testicular histomorphometry of Wistar rats supplemented with extract and fractions of fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. The ethanolic extract was obtained by dynamic maceration of spray-dried fruit. This extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid partition, using increasing polarity solvents. Twenty male rats were separated in four groups, with five rats in each group. The control was supplemented with distilled water, while the others were daily given the ethanolic extract, hexanic or aqueous fraction soluble in methanol in a dose of 42 mg.kg-1.day-1 for 70 days. Sperm was obtained from the right epididymal tail for the analysis of motility, count, morphology and viability. The testicular weight of groups supplemented with ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction soluble in methanol was higher when compared to the control. The gonadosomatic index increased in the group supplemented with ethanolic extract. The nuclear, cytoplasmic and individual volume of Leydig cells increased in supplementation with hexanic and aqueous fractions soluble in methanol. It was concluded that the extract influenced the spermatogenesis, while hexanic and aqueous fractions soluble in methanol promoted the changes in the intertubular compartment. Therefore, Tribulus terrestris did not improve the sperm quality of the rats.

Studies are performed in developing techniques/procedures that provide greater reproductive performance in farm animals, including pigs. In this sense, the study of gilts reproductive organs at different oestrus cycle stages for assessing the presence of abnormalities and/or other parameters that may affect the future animal fertility is important. In order to evaluate the morphological, morphometric and histomorphometric features of ovaries, uterus and uterine tubes (UTs) characteristics of prepubertal gilts at different oestrus cycle stages, reproductive tracts from 48 animals immediately after slaughter were obtained. After, the structures were dissected and removed, and the ovaries were used for classification of oestrus cycle stage of each gilt in follicular phase (FP) and luteal phase (FL). Then, morphometric evaluations of ovaries, UTs, uterine horns and uterine body were performed. Besides that, medial segments of UTs and uterus were fixed in Bouin solution, processed and included in paraffin, when histological sections of 5.0 micrometers (µm) were obtained and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Histomorphometric analyzes using image capture system and specific software were performed. Afterwards, data were submitted to Student's t test for assessment the statistical differences (P0.05) between morphometric parameters of ovaries, UTs and uterus of gilts in FP and LP. Likewise, in respect to the placement of reproductive structures, both in the oestrus cycle stages, as in the general average, there was no difference (P>0.05). Regarding the histomorphometric variables, gilts classified in FP presented a higher (P0,05) entre os parâmetros morfométricos dos ovários, TUs e útero das fêmeas nas FF e FL. Da mesma forma, em relação à localização das estruturas reprodutivas, tanto nas duas fases do ciclo estral, como na média geral, não houve diferença (P>0,05). Em relação às variáveis histomorfométricas, as fêmeas classificadas na FF apresentaram maior (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of integral and decaffeinated coffee brews (Coffea arabica L and C. canephora Pierre) on the metabolic parameters of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet. Thirty male Wistar rats (initial weight of 270 g ± 20 g) were used in the study, which were divided into six groups five each. The treatments were normal diet, hyperlipidemic diet, hyperlipidemic diet associated with integral coffee arabica or canephora brews (7.2 mL/kg/day) and hyperlipidemic diet associated to decaffeinated arabica, or canephora brews, using the same dosage. After 41 days, performance analyses were conducted.The rats were then euthanized and the carcasses were used for the analysis of dried ether extract and crude protein. Fractions of adipose tissue were processed for histological analysis. There was a reduction in weight gain and accumulation of lipids in the carcasses, lower diameter of adipocytes and a lower relative weight of the liver and kidneys of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet associated with integral coffee brew. Integral coffee brew reduced the obesity in the rats receiving hyperlipidemic diet, but the same effect did not occur with the decaffeinated types.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar suplementadas com fontes de nitrogênio não-protéico [NNP] (uréia e cama de frango, em substituição parcial da uréia) e, ou, adição de probióticos (sem probiótico, com levedura ou com microbiota ruminal). Vinte e quatro novilhas, com idade e peso médio inicial de 15 meses e 247 kg, respectivamente, foram mantidas em baias individuais e alimentadas à vontade, durante o período experimental de 84 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (fontes de NNP vs fontes de probiótico), com quatro repetições. O comportamento ingestivo de cada novilha foi determinado visualmente, a cada 28 dias, a intervalos de 10 minutos, durante 24 horas. Não houve diferença no tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação e mastigação total, em min/dia, das novilhas alimentadas com diferentes fontes de NNP e probióticos. O tempo médio de ruminação, em min/kg de MS e FDN, foi maior para os animais alimentados com uréia. O comportamento ingestivo das novilhas não foi influenciado pelas fontes de nitrogênio ou pela adição de probiótico. The objective of this work was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of crossbred dairy heifers fed sugar-cane based diets, supplemented with non protein nitrogen [NPN] sources (urea or broiler litter, in replacement of urea) and, or, probiotics addition (without probiotic, with yeast or with ruminal microbiota). Twenty-four heifers, with age and average initial weight of 15 months and 247 kg, respectively, were maintained in individual stalls and ad libitum fed during the experimental period of 84 days. The animals were allotted to a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (NPN source vs probiotic source), with four replicates. The ingestive behavior of each heifer was visually determined, at 28 days, in intervals of 10 minutes, during 24 hours. There was no difference on the time spent in feeding, rumination and total chewing, in min/day, of the heifers fed different sources of NPN and probiotics. The average rumination time in min/kg of DM and NDF were higher for the animals fed urea. The ingestive behavior of the heifers was not affected by the nitrogen sources or by the probiotic addition.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e o desenvolvimento ponderal de novilhas alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar suplementadas com fontes de nitrogênio não-protéico (NNP) (uréia ou cama de frango, em substituição parcial da uréia) e, ou, adição de probióticos (sem probiótico, levedura ou microbiota ruminal). O custo e a margem bruta do uso destas dietas também foram analisados. Vinte e quatro novilhas, com idade e peso médio inicial de 15 meses e 247 kg PV, respectivamente, foram mantidas em baias individuais e alimentadas durante o período experimental de 84 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (fonte de NNP vs fonte de probiótico), com quatro repetições. As novilhas foram pesadas e o perímetro torácico e a altura de cernelha e garupa foram determinados no início e no final do período experimental e a cada 28 dias. Os níveis de N-uréia plasmáticos das novilhas foram determinados em amostras de sangue coletadas imediatamente antes do fornecimento diário de alimento, zero hora, e às duas, quatro, seis e oito horas após a alimentação. Não houve interação entre fontes de nitrogênio e fontes de probióticos, para qualquer característica estudada. A suplementação da cana-de-açúcar com fontes NNP não apresentou diferença no ganho de peso diário dos animais. Entretanto, a adição de levedura ou microbiota ruminal promoveu ganhos semelhantes, porém superiores à sem adição de probióticos. A substituição parcial da uréia pela cama de frango não influenciou o desempenho das novilhas, mas as dietas suplementadas com levedura ou microbiota ruminal apresentaram maiores ganho de peso e desenvolvimento ponderal. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance, ponderal development of heifers fed sugar cane based diets, supplemented with non protein nitrogen (NPN) sources (urea or broiler litter, in replacement of urea) and, or, probiotics addition (without probiotic, with yeast or with ruminal microbiota). Cost and gross margin of the use of these diets were also evaluated. Twenty-four heifers, with age and average initial weight of 14 months and 247 kg LW, respectively, were maintained in individual stalls and ad libitum fed during the experimental of 84 days. The animals were distributed in a complete randomized design, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (NPN source vs probiotic source), with four replicates. The heifers were weighed and their thoracic perimeter, hip and croup height were determined at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period and at every 28 days. The blood plasma N-urea levels of the heifers were also determined in blood samples collected immediately before the daily feed supply, zero hour, and at two, four, six and eight hours post feeding. There was no interaction between NPN sources and the probiotic sources, for any studied characteristic. The sugar cane supplementation with the NPN sources had no eefect on the average daily weight gain. However, the yeast or ruminal microbiota addition promoted similar weight gains, although, higher than without probiotic addition. The partial replacement of the urea for the broiler litter did not affect the heifers performance, but the diets supplemented with yeast or ruminal microbiota presented higher weight gain and ponderal development.

O presente trabalho teve o intuito de estudar as alterações morfológicas que ocorrem na traquéia de cães portadores de colapso traqueal, suas consequências macroscópicas para o órgão e implicações na interpretação de exames de imagem. Para tanto, foram selecionadas por meio de avaliação post-mortem 31 traquéias que apresentavam anormalidades anatômicas compatíveis com a doença e cinco traquéias com configuração anatômica normal para o grupo controle. Foram coletados um anel cartilaginoso na porção cervical e um na porção torácica de cada animal. As amostras dos dois grupos foram processadas rotineiramente e submetidas à coloração de HE, safranina e tricrômico de Masson. Todos os animais do grupo com colapso traqueal apresentaram alterações degenerativas do anel de cartilagem hialina da traquéia, tais como substituição por tecido conjuntivo fibroso (65%), hipocelularidade (65%), diminuição da concentração de glicosaminoglicanos (61%), necrose de condrócitos com calcificação da matriz (55%) e formação de ilhas de cartilagem separadas do anel (31%). Não houve diferença na intensidade das lesões entre os segmentos cervicais e torácicos. Realizou-se também estudo morfométrico das alterações macroscópicas que decorrem da moléstia. A avaliação demonstrou que ocorre achatamento do anel com consequente alargamento da membrana traqueal dorsal nos animais doentes, e estas alterações são mais intensas na porção cervicotorácica. Apesar da deformidade, não há diminuição importante da área de fluxo de ar de maneira estática, sendo o colapso essencialmente dinâmico, o que implica em importantes considerações na interpretação dos exames de imagem. Por fim, foram radiografados 102 animais de raças predispostas ao desenvolvimento da doença nas projeções latero-lateral inspiratória e expiratória. Observou-se uma ocorrência acima de 70% nas raças Poodle, Yorkshire Terrier e Maltês. A realização de duas projeções aumentou a acurácia diagnóstica em relação a realização de uma projeção isolada. Contudo, a observação radiográfica de colapso nos segmentos cervical e cervicotorácico não ocorrem de maneira mais frequente na inspiração, como se acreditava até então. Em concordância com a avaliação morfométrica, a alteração foi predominante nos segmentos cervical e cervicotorácico da traquéia The purpose of the study reported here were to analyzed the morphological changes in trachea of dogs with tracheal collapse and the macroscopic result in this organ as well as the implications on the radiographic exams. It was selected thirty one tracheas by post-mortem assessment who presented anatomic abnormality compatible with the disease and five control tracheas group. One cervical tracheal ring and one thoracic tracheal ring were collected. The sample of two groups were processed and stained with H&E, safranina and Masson trichrome. All the animals belonging to the tracheal collapse group, presented degenerative alterations in the hyaline cartilage of tracheal rings such as replacement for fibrous connective tissue (65%) , hypocellularity (65%), decrease of the concentration of GAGs (61%), necrosis of chondrocytes with cartilage matrix calcification (55%), and the formation of cartilage isles aparted from the ring (31%). The differences were not significant in injuries between cervical and thoracic rings. It was also made a morphometric study of the macroscopic changes in the tracheal collapse. The assessment shows that occurs a dorsoventral flattening of the tracheal rings in the sick dogs and these changes were more intense in the cervicothoracic portion. In the spite of the abnormality, there is no important decrease in the static airway. The tracheal collapse is dynamic and because of this, the radiographic interpretations were important. At last, was made in the 102 dogs who have tendency to present the tracheal collapse, a radiographic evaluation in lateral views during the inspiratory and expiratory phases. It was observed a occurrence above 70% in the breeds of Poodle, Yorkshire Terrier and Maltês. The carry out of this two radiographic views, contributed for increase the diagnostic. Until now, everybody believes that the tracheal collapse occur with most frequency in the inspiratory phase on the cervical and cervicothoracic segment. This study showed that this statement isnt true