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Insectivorous bats of the family Vespertilionidae have been grouped into eight tribes, with Lasiurini showing an extensive distribution in South America. In Bolivia, three species of lasiurine bats have been reported: Lasiurus blossevillii (Lesson & Garnot, 1826), L. ega (Gervais, 1856), and L. villosissimus (É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1806). The morphological analyses of specimens of this genus deposited in Bolivian scientific collections and comparisons with specimens from other countries (including holotypes) prompt us to report the first records of three species: Lasiurus atratus Handley 1996, L. castaneus Handley 1960, and L. egregius (Peters, 1870) in Bolivia, expanding their known geographic ranges to the southwestern part of the Amazon.

The Caatinga, an exclusive biome in Brazil, is the largest tropical dry forest area in the Americas. It is characterized by a semi-arid climate and various soils that harbor a great diversity of flora and fauna. Novel records of aerial insectivorous bat species in the family Molossidae in the Chapada Diamantina, northeastern Brazil are presented. The study is based on field sampling of 115 molossid bat specimens from six genera and 12 taxonomically confirmed species, along with four taxa requiring further evaluation for definitive species identification. All specimens were obtained using mist nets around a small freshwater lagoon surrounded by semideciduous dry forest. The verified genera were Cynomops, Eumops, Molossops, Molossus, Neoplatymops, and Nyctinomops. Our findings enhance the understanding of bat diversity in the Brazilian Caatinga, with the first records of Eumops delticus, E. bonariensis, and Molossus currentium. The most abundant species were Molossus rufus, Eumops glaucinus, Cynomops planirostris, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, and Molossus molossus. Previously unreported morphological and morphometric variations for these Caatinga taxa were examined. Additionally, information on sexual dimorphism in craniodental characteristics of Molossops temminckii and variations in the presence of the sagittal crest in Neoplatymops mattogrossensis are provided. Based on the voucher specimens from this study, the recognized number of species of Molossidae known from the Caatinga has increased to 21. Our results offer new insights into the taxonomy and biogeography of Neotropical molossids, highlighting their importance as members of bat communities in dry forest ecosystems from northeastern South America.

Se presentan cuatro casos clínicos de distinta etiología y en cuya presentación la Hipereosinofihia fue un signo relevante. Los diagnósticos finales fueron los de Toxocanasis, Ascaridiasis, Leucemia Linfocftica Aguda, e Histiocitosis de Células de Langerhans.

We review the taxonomic identities of museum specimens of three bat species previously reported from Bolivia. We comment on some erroneously reported taxa, or taxa either not represented by voucher materials or based on insufficient data (including acoustic detections) to verify their taxonomic affinities. As result of this review, the list of bat species known to occur in Bolivia is updated to eight families and 133 species, unlike the nine families and 146 species of previous lists. Some recommendations for future research and a brief historical revision of bat inventories in the country are included.

Abstract Background In order to detect threats to public health and to be well-prepared for endemic and pandemic illness outbreaks, countries usually rely on event-based surveillance (EBS) and indicator-based surveillance systems. Event-based surveillance systems are key components of early warning systems and focus on fast capturing of data to detect threat signals through channels other than traditional surveillance. In this study, we develop Natural Language Processing tools that can be used within EBS systems. In particular, we focus on information extraction techniques that enable digital surveillance to monitor Internet data and social media. Results We created an annotated Spanish corpus from ProMED-mail health reports regarding disease outbreaks in Latin America. The corpus has been used to train algorithms for two information extraction tasks: named entity recognition and relation extraction. The algorithms, based on deep learning and rules, have been applied to recognize diseases, hosts, and geographical locations where a disease is occurring, among other entities and relations. In addition, an in-depth analysis of micro-average F1 metrics shows the suitability of our approaches for both tasks. Conclusions The annotated corpus and algorithms presented could leverage the development of automated tools for extracting information from news and health reports written in Spanish. Moreover, this framework could be useful within EBS systems to support the early detection of Latin American disease outbreaks.

Background: Clitoromegaly is often a sign of androgen excess; however, non-hormonal causes must be ruled out. We report the case of an adolescent with isolated clitoromegaly without clinical or biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism. Case: A 16-year-old female was referred due to a clitoromegaly of 12 months of evolution. Examination of the pubic region revealed normal female genitalia with an enlarged clitoris, 4 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The clitoris was painless, soft on palpation, and mobile over deeper layers. There were no signs of virilization, and the patient did not report dysuria or difficulties with sexual intercourse. Her medical record was also unremarkable, with no female circumcision, family history of birth defects, or genital abnormalities. Hormone profile blood tests were normal. Pelvic ultrasound examination was normal, but a high-resolution scan with a linear transducer confirmed the presence of a cyst, lying anterior to the clitoral body and glans. The cyst was surgically removed with special care to preserve the clitoral neurovasculature. The pathological report disclosed an epidermoid clitoral cyst. The patient described emotional well-being, satisfactory sexual function, and no discomfort after a year of follow-up. Conclusion: Epidermal clitoral cysts represent an unusual cause of clitoromegaly. These cysts should be ruled out as a differential diagnosis after an exhaustive semiological and endocrinological examination.

La mayoría de los métodos para estimar velocidades geostróficas "absolutas", en ausencia de mediciones directas de velocidad, utilizan restricciones que definen la dirección del flujo a diferentes niveles verticales. Estas restricciones permiten determinar, a menudo mediante la solución de problemas de cuadrados mínimos, las constantes de integración de la ecuación de viento térmico. Ejemplos de tales direcciones son las definidas por la intersección de superficies de temperatura potencial constante y de superficies isohalinas, que, bajo aproximaciones adecuadas, son superficies materiales. En este trabajo nos enfocamos en la circulación oceánica de gran escala que puede considerarse como un flujo adiabático, no difusivo, en balance hidrostático y geostrófico, pero que puede ser compresible. Bajo estas suposiciones definimos dos restricciones ortogonales mas estrechamente relacionadas con la dinámica que las de conservación de temperatura potencial y salinidad para determinar la dirección del flujo. Dichas restricciones son la conservación de densidad potencial "local" y la de vorticidad potencial en su reducción consistente con las características del flujo antes mencionadas. En la literatura se han definido superficies denominadas "Neutrales", "Ortobáricas" y "Topobáricas" las cuales son aproximadamente superficies materiales que resultan de la conservación de densidad potencial "local", pero su construcción como superficies globales requiere de suposiciones adicionales. Esto se debe a que la restricción de conservación de densidad potencial “local” es una ecuación diferencial inexacta que no permite definir, unívocamente, dichas superficies. En este trabajo mostramos explícitamente que para definir la dirección del flujo no hay necesidad de construir superficies globales partir de diferenciales inexactos y hacer suposiciones adicionales, como sería el caso si buscáramos superficies de vorticidad potencial constante. En su lugar, utilizamos "Trayectorias preferenciales" que son trayectorias bien definidas que se obtienen al integrar a lo largo de la dirección del flujo sin necesidad de ser la intersección de superficies globales. Se incluyen ejemplos con fines ilustrativos. Análisis adicionales incluyendo el de propagación de errores está más allá del alcance de este trabajo y se deja para futuros estudios doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2020.59.3.2094

The Secoya nation (Siekopai) of the Ecuadorian Upper Amazon, in its request for recognition of indigenous territories in a protected area, has appeared before the Republic of Ecuador's conservation regime with arguments based on an administrative and physical concept of territory. The Secoya worldview and culture, however, supposes an ontology of territory in which the geographic space, updated rituals, and their relationship with nature converge. In this article we analyze this important ontological difference in detail. We compare the territorial subjectivation processes produced by both ontologies: a Cartesian conceptual framework in the case of the State's political geography, and the Secoya's phenomenological ecology. Since the Secoya include a management plan for the protected area in their petition, it would seem they have internalized the State's rule regarding the principle of sustainability within conservation. We argue that sustainability is incompatible with the presence of a phenomenological ecology that makes them political subjects, and therefore it is a strategic inclusion that does not respond to their socio-ecological reality. Keywords: Ecuadorian Amazon, legal request, territory, Amerindian graphism, subjectivation, ontology

The oxygen deficient mesopelagic layer (ODL) off Peru has concentrations below 5 μmol O2 kg–1 and is delimited by a shallow upper oxycline with strong vertical gradient and a more gradual lower oxycline (lOx). Some regions show a narrow band of slightly increased oxygen concentrations within the ODL, an intermediate oxygen layer (iO2). CTD, oxygen and lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP, 300 kHz) profiles were taken on the shelf edge and outside down to mostly 2000 m. We evaluate here the acoustic volume backscatter strength of the LADCP signal representing organisms of about 5 mm size. Dominant features of the backscatter profiles were a minimum backscatter strength within the ODL, and just below the lOx a marked backscatter increase reaching a maximum at less than 3.0 μmol O2 kg–1. Below this maximum, the acoustic backscatter strength gradually decreased down to 1000 m below the lOx. The backscatter strength also increased at the iO2 in parallel to the oxygen concentration perturbations marking the iO2. These stable backscatter features were independent of the time of day and the organisms represented by the backscatter had to be adapted to live in this microaerobic environment. During daylight, these stable structures were overlapped by migrating backscatter peaks. Outstanding features of the stable backscatter were that at very low oxygen concentrations, the volume backscatter was linearly related to the oxygen concentration, reaching half peak maximum at less than 2.0 μmol O2 kg–1 below the lOx, and the depth-integrated backscatter of the peak below the lOx was higher than the integral above the Ox. Both features suggest that sufficient organic material produced at the surface reaches to below the ODL to sustain the major fraction of the volume backscatter-producing organisms in the water column. These organisms are adapted to the microaerobic environment so they can position themselves close to the lower oxycline to take advantage of the organic particles sinking out of the ODL.

Quinoa is a highly diverse crop domesticated in the Andean region of South America with broad adaptation to a wide range of marginal environments. Quinoa has garnered interest worldwide due to its nutritional and health benefits. Over the last decade, quinoa production has expanded outside of the Andean region, prompting multiple studies investigating the potential for quinoa cultivation in novel environments. Currently, quinoa is grown in countries spanning five continents, including North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Here, we update the advances of quinoa research in Ecuador across different topics, including (a) current quinoa production situation with a focus on breeding progress, (b) traditional seed production, and (c) the impact of the work of the nongovernment organization “European Committee for Training and Agriculture” with quinoa farmers in Chimborazo province. Additionally, we discuss genetic diversity, primary pests and diseases, actions for adapting quinoa to tropical areas, and recent innovations in quinoa processing in Ecuador. Finally, we report a case study describing a participatory breeding project between Washington State University and the Association of Andean Seed and Nutritional Food Producers Mushuk Yuyay in the province of Cañar.

Los murciélagos constituyen el grupo de mamíferos más diversificado en la región neotropical y representan un componente clave en la dinámica de muchos ecosistemas terrestres. En este trabajo se describen los resultados de un estudio sobre la quiropterofauna del Parque Nacional Yurubí (ubicado en la zona montañosa del norte de Venezuela), se incluye un listado taxonómico y la caracterización de algunos atributos comunitarios en ambientes predominantemente boscosos. Los datos evaluados fueron obtenidos mediante la revisión de colecciones zoológicas y muestreos diversificados realizados entre febrero y julio del 2009, en un gradiente altitudinal (100-1 500m), que integra a tres unidades ecológicas: bosque semideciduo, bosque siempreverde y selva nublada. Se registraron 64 especies agrupadas en cinco familias, lo que constituye el 63% de los murciélagos conocidos en la Cordillera de la Costa. La familia Phyllostomidae fue dominante (42 especies; 66% del total), seguida por Vespertilionidae, Molossidae, Emballonuridae y Mormoopidae. La comunidad presente a baja elevación fue la más diversificada en términos taxonómicos, mientras que la del piso superior evidenció el menor grado de diversificación. Se identificaron 11 categorías tróficas, con dominancia de los insectívoros en cuanto a la riqueza taxonómica y de los frugívoros en lo que respecta a la abundancia. Nuestros resultados permiten inferir, en un contexto general, que los ecosistemas boscosos del área de estudio muestran un buen estado de conservación, en virtud de la presencia de una proporción relativamente alta de especies pertenecientes a la subfamilia Phyllostominae, cuyos componentes han sido considerados por otros autores como indicadores del grado de conservación de hábitats boscosos primarios, así como la presencia de otras especies con prioridades de conservación. Todos estos aspectos, le confieren a esta área protegida un alto valor proteccionista, en virtud de su importancia como reservorio de la diversidad biológica que tipifica los ecosistemas boscosos de la Cordillera de la Costa, una bio-región altamente amenazada como consecuencia de un elevado crecimiento socio-económico.

Se presentan, a detalle sin precedente, las características de las corrientes de marea O1, K1, M2 y S2 en el canal de Yucatán. Mapas de los parámetros que definen las elipses, como son las amplitudes en los ejes principales, la orientación, la fase y la razón–señal–ruido se obtienen, por el clásico análisis armónico en mediciones de 10 meses en duración, en 197 puntos que cubren ampliamente un plano vertical del canal. En acuerdo con reportes anteriores, las señales diurnas O1 y K1 dominan, demostrándose aquí que sus amplitudes alcanzan, en la parte profunda y Este, 17 y 19 cm•s–1. El análisis también revela señales semidiurnas M2 y S2 muy débiles con amplitudes máximas de 2 y 1cm•s–1. Las elipses son muy alargadas (i.e. con excentricidad cercana a uno) y orientadas al nornoroeste. Los valores de la razón señal a ruido indican que los parámetros de las dos constituyentes diurnas se encuentran bien determinados, mientras que las semidiurnas quedan muy contaminadas por el ruido. El rasgo más sobresaliente y novedoso de las observaciones es la intensificación de las componentes diurnas en el lado Este y profundo del Canal. Las amplitudes del transporte a través del Canal debidas a O1, K1, M2 y S2 son 11.7, 12.5, 1.2 y 1.0 Sv, todas bien determinadas por encima del ruido. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2007.46.3.39

Evaluamos indirectamente las presiones selectivas sobre la dispersión y el establecimiento en Campsiandra angustifolia, un árbol de la Amazonía Peruana dispersado por agua, analizando variaciones de la relación entre el volumen ocupado por las estructuras de dispersión y de establecimiento en sus semillas. Medimos un total de 535 semillas de 13 árboles ubicados en tres hábitats diferentes, las cuales presentaron una gran variación en su volumen total. Independientemente del tamaño de la semilla y de la ubicación del árbol de origen, la relación entre el volumen asignado a estructuras de establecimiento y a estructuras de dispersión fue relativamente constante (~1) y presentó una distribución normal con baja asimetría, indicando selección estabilizante. Este resultado sugiere que los procesos de dispersión y establecimiento poseen una importancia relativa similar para C.angustifolia en los hábitats estudiados. En especies con semillas empaquetadas, el volumen relativo ocupado por estructuras relacionadas con la dispersión o el establecimiento podría ser una medida más adecuada de la solución de compromiso entre estos dos procesos que la variación del tamaño de la semillaThe seeds of Campsiandra angustifolia (Fabaceae:Caesalpiniodeae) as a reflex of selective pressures on dispersal and establishment. We indirectly evaluated the selective pressures on dispersal and establishment of Campsiandra angustifolia, a common water-dispersed tree from the Peruvian Amazon, analyzing the variation in the relationship between the volume occupied by dispersal and establishment structures in a total of 535 seeds from 13 trees located at three different habitats. The seeds differed one order of magnitude in their total volume. However, independently of their size and the location of the maternal tree, the relationship between the volume occupied by dispersal and establishment structures was relatively constant (~1) and showed a normal distribution with low skewness, indicating stabilizing selection. These results suggest that, in the habitats studied, dispersal and establishment processes may have similar importance to C.angustifolia. In species with seeds confined in pods, and therefore strongly space-limited, the relative volume of their seeds occupied by dispersal and establishment structures could be a better measure of the trade-off between these two processes than the variation in seed size. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):63-71. Epub 2005 Jun 24

Algae blooms are an increasingly recurrent phenomenon of potentially socio-economic impact in coastal waters globally and in the coastal upwelling region off northern Baja California, Mexico. In coastal upwelling areas the diurnal wind pattern is directed towards the coast during the day. We regularly found positive Near Surface Temperature Stratification (NSTS), the resulting density stratification is expected to reduce the frictional coupling of the surface layer from deeper waters and allow for its more efficient wind transport. We propose that the net transport of the top layer of approximately 2.7 kilometers per day towards the coast helps maintain surface blooms of slow growing dinoflagellate such as Lingulodinium polyedrum. We measured: near surface stratification with a free-rising CTD profiler, trajectories of drifter buoys with attached thermographs, wind speed and direction, velocity profiles via an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, Chlorophyll and cell concentration from water samples and vertical migration using sediment traps. The ADCP and drifter data agree and show noticeable current shear within the first meters of the surface where temperature stratification and high cell densities of L. polyedrum were found during the day. Drifters with 1m depth drogue moved towards the shore, whereas drifters at 3 and 5 m depth showed trajectories parallel or away from shore. A small part of the surface population migrated down to the sea floor during night thus reducing horizontal dispersion. The persistent transport of the surface bloom population towards shore should help maintain the bloom in favorable environmental conditions with high nutrients, but also increasing the potential socioeconomic impact of the blooms. The coast wise transport is not limited to blooms but includes all dissolved and particulate constituents in surface waters.

El derecho procesal del trabajo en Colombia

Mike and Theda primarily resided in Las Vegas, NV, while raising their three children, Shannon, Caoimhín, and Erin. Mike O'Farrell and Bruce Miller beginning a night of recording bats on the Sarstoon River, January 1999 during the Scientific American Expedition, where they confirmed the vocal signature of the Ghost Bat (Diclidurus albus) in Belize. Through trial and error, Mike perfected his technique for slow cooking what was essentially a restaurant-quality hot meal, seamlessly timed for return of the crew from setting traps in the late afternoon. Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 5 O'Farrell M.J., Clark W.A., Emmerson F.H., Juarez S.M., Kay F.R., O'Farrell T.M., Goodlett T.Y. 1994. [Extracted from the article]