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Heavy rainfall events in the Mediterranean can be of high intensity, commonly exceeding 100 mm day-1, and have irregular spatio-temporal distribution. Such events can have significant impacts both on soils and human structures. The aim of this paper is to highlight a systematic comparison of synoptic conditions with heavy rainfall events in Mediterranean Southern Spain, assessing the weather types responsible for meteorological risk in specific locations of this mountainous region. To do this, we analyzed the maximum intensity of rainfall in observational periods ranging from 10 min to 24 h using a database from 132 rain gauge stations across the study area since 1943; then, the heavy rain has been associated with the weather type which triggers it. This analysis identified a pattern of heavy rainfall which differs from that previously reported in the Mediterranean area. Thus, in this research, the maximum number of heavy rainfall events uses to come from a dominant pattern of low pressures associated to front systems and East-Northeast winds; but the maximum volumes use to be associated to Cold Drops and the same winds; in addition, there are differences throughout the territory, showing several patterns and seasonal incidence when analyzing sub-zones, which may be related with different erosive conditions according to its position with respect to Atlantic or Mediterranean sea, and the entity of its relief.

The main aim of this research was to detect a possible urban heat island (UHI) in the tourist city of Málaga (Spain). To achieve this goal, different methods to validate annual and monthly temperature data have been used, and the internal variability of the UHI with respect to the topographical changes was also surveyed. Our results showed two types of atmospheric thermal gradients: one characterized by a positive gradient according to an elevation above sea level, and another with a negative gradient related to rural areas. The maximum impact of the UHI was found to be 9.1 ºC for an instantaneous event, 4.4 ºC for daily minimum temperatures in August, with a maximum weighted average difference of 2.3 ºC between data from urban and rural stations. We conclude that the detection of UHI is useful as a tool to help urban planners, in order to reduce the intensity of possible climate changes in cities. It is also concluded that UHI is not only a meteorological phenomenon in Málaga city but a climatic phenomenon, present during most days and across the transect of increasing intensity from the sea to the city.

A Guillermo García-Méndez-Villamil, por su apoyo en campo y conocimientos relacionados con los cultivos subtropicales; a José María González-Moreno como tutor de las prácticas de máster de AUTOR1 en IFAPA, Churriana y los datos facilitados del análisis de suelos., El manejo del suelo es un tema clave para la correcta conservación del territorio, que permite contribuir al cuidado del medioambiente y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria. Su gestión poco sostenible, debido al uso de herbicidas, el laboreo o la intensificación de las plantaciones, dificulta la compleción de dichas metas. En la costa meridional de la Península Ibérica, en las provincias de Málaga, Granada y Almería, la sustitución de especies tradicionales (olivar, vid y almendro) por cultivos subtropicales está generando una desestabilización del suelo poco estudiada. El objetivo de esta investigación es el estudio exhaustivo de las condiciones del suelo utilizando perfiles y descripciones edáficas junto con análisis de suelo. El área de estudio es una parcela experimental en el Valle del Guadalhorce (Málaga) con cultivos de aguacate, mango y mandarinos. Los resultados muestran la degradación del perfil del suelo en todos sus horizontes y la pérdida de propiedades como consecuencia de un modelo de gestión poco sostenible. Esto repercute en la calidad de la producción y en la productividad. Son necesarias medidas de control de la degradación, no solo a nivel parcelario, si no a nivel regional para que dicho problema no se traslade a una mayor escala en el territorio., Soil management is a key issue for the correct conservation of the land, which allows us to guarantee the care of the environment and guarantee the food security of the population. However, unsustainable management due to the use of herbicides, tillage and intensification of plantations are difficulting this task. On the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, in the provinces of Malaga, Granada and Almería, the introduction of subtropical crops as a replacement for other traditional species (olive groves, grapevines and almonds) is generating a destabilization of the soil, to date little studied. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to carry out an exhaustive study of soil conditions using soil profiles and descriptions together with soil analysis, considering an experimental plot in the Guadalhorce Valley (Malaga) as the study area with avocado, mango and mandarin crops. The results show how the degradation of the soil profile in all its horizons and properties after unsustainable management is intense. This will affect the quality of production and productivity. Therefore, degradation control measures are necessary, not only at the parcel level, but also at the regional level so that this problem does not spread to a larger scale in the territory.

In the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), understanding landscape evolution is essential to design long-term management plans. In agricultural fields, such as the vineyards on steep slopes, the terraces offer one of the most important morphological changes. However, it is not clear if the poorly managed agricultural terraces are optimal to reduce soil erosion and overland flow, although the trafficability is improved. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to compare the differences between initial soil erosion processes on poorly managed terraced vineyards and sloping vineyards at the pedon scale, considering the key role of the SSC (Soil Surface Components). To achieve this goal, twenty-six rainfall simulations were performed, considering the inclination, vegetation and stone covers, and surface roughness. Our research was carried out in the sloping vineyards (>20°) of the Almachar municipality, in the Montes de Malaga (Spain). Those vineyards are characterized by bare soils, low organic matter and high rock fragment contents. Our results showed that higher soil losses (42.2 g m−2 vs 9.4 g m−2) and runoff (4.9 l m−2 vs 1.6 l m−2) were detected in the plots of the poorly managed terraced vineyard than in the sloping one. Moreover, the time to runoff generation was lower in the poorly conserved terraces (232 s) than in the sloping vineyard (679 s), showing a faster saturation capacity. The SSC considered as the key factors were the reduction of the stone cover and an increase of roughness. As a conclusion, we confirm that the imminent transformation from sloping vineyards into terraced fields could lead several land degradation processes if a poor management is carried out, and no control measures are applied during the process, such as the conservation of stone walls or vegetation cover above the embankment, which is not in compliance with the SDG.

Spain has been highly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which is reflected at different scales. From an economic point of view, lockdowns and the reduction of activities have damaged the country (e.g., complete lockdown from March 13 to June 21, 2020). However, it is not clear if the associated environmental impacts could be observed in 2020. Currently, studies on the effects of the lockdown (e.g., decrease in economic activities, transport and social communication) on specific parameters related to climate change, such as air temperature or air pollution, due to a drastic decrease in human activities are rare. They are focused on specific cities and short periods of time. Therefore, the main goal of our research will be to assess the records of air temperature and air quality during the whole of 2020 compared to references from previous years (30 years for air temperature and 10 for air quality). We paid attention to the possible effects of the reduction of activities (e.g., tourism and transport) in March, April and May and the different restrictions of each lockdown in Spain. To achieve this goal, five urban climate stations with long-term time series within the most populated cities of Spain were analyzed (Barcelona, Madrid, Málaga, Sevilla and Valencia). We conclude that it is possible to affirm that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the atmospheric conditions in 2020 are not clear and not strictly focused on the lockdown or reduction of activities in these urban areas. No evidence of a reduction in the annual air temperature was found, and only a minimum reduction of rates of pollutants was registered in the highly populated cities of Spain. Therefore, it is worth confirming that these changes could be affected by other factors, but on a global scale and not directly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering recent studies on the relationships between air pollutants, temperature and the spreadability of COVID-19, green policies must be further imposed in urban cities, since temperatures do not stop increasing year by year.

We thank Rosa Oriola and Manuel Comino for the data they collected year after year, which are now being used as a dataset for scientific research. Both Rosa and Manuel—a farmer and his wife who are fully dependent on the agricultural production of their olive plantation to subsist—provided basic information that was used to research the variability in climate and olive production., Economic, social, and climatic conditions affect agricultural production. Those changes are relevant to the rainfed agricultural areas of the Mediterranean Belt, including Spain—the largest producer of olive oil in the world. However, little is known about the effect of the climate on olive production and farmer income. In this study, the correlation between changes in rainfall and total olive production was examined using a long-term dataset (28 years) on conventional rainfed production and tillage soil management. The dataset focused on different olive groves in the municipality of Bailén (Jaén, Andalusia) that have been owned by the same farmer since 1966. The province of Jaén is the region of Spain with the highest production of olive oil and the largest area of olive groves. The data included annual rainfall, production per plot and the price of olives. After calculating missing data to complete the rainfall series, pairwise correlation analysis with nonparametric Spearman’s rank coefficients and principal component analysis were used to process the data. The results showed that higher production coincided with increased rainfall during August and December. Therefore, we concluded that the impact of rainfall on olive production is variable and depends on drought intensity and the monthly rainfall distribution. An economic study showed that farmer income was highly dependent on the seasonal distribution of the rainfall among other factors such as the price of olives. Farmer income was low during drought periods, indicating that rainfed agriculture is perceived by farmers as unsustainable due to the resulting highly variable income. This study could help to prevent risks to food security in the future. We recognise that other key factors have also been important influences on the fluctuations in olive production over the years, such as soil properties and plant status. However, cultivating olives without irrigation—depending only on the total rainfall amount and rainfall intensity to supply all of the water consumed by the plants—is very risky too. This research demonstrates that the subsistence of Mediterranean rainfed olive farmers can be highly dependent on the rainfall conditions.

European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Rivers condition natural and human ecosystems, providing fertile soils and water for irrigation and consumption in rural and urban uses. However, the intensification of human activities and inherent environmental conditions (e.g., topography, slope or climate) are changing the sustainability of fluvial soil ecosystems. This is problematic, especially in the Mediterranean belt, because of a lack of studies at the regional scale that evaluates soils traditionally associated with rivers such as the “Fluvisols” (IUSSWRB). Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to understand the current status of fluvial soils in the Málaga province (Southern Spain) within the Mediterranean belt considering: (1) different thematic maps; (2) soil profiles; and (3) a soil quality index. Fluvisols of the region were assessed using fieldwork, extensive soil data sources and soil profiles including specific information on soil physicochemical properties and crossing environmental conditions. A total of 195.22 km2 of fluvisols can be found in Málaga. About 42.5% of the fluvisols are used for human activities such as agriculture (rainfed and irrigation fields, or woody crops such as olives or vineyards), mining, industries and services, urban areas or reservoirs. More than 58% of the fluvisols are located in the warmest territories registering the highest evapotranspiration rates and lowest rainfall amount. The soil quality index reaches lower scores for the fluvisols having mean values of 0.58 (1 = maximum possible score). We conclude that the characterization from a regional scale shed light on the current status of the fluvisols and possible responses against human impacts and river evolution dynamics., European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)

38 página.-- 9 figuras.-- 5 tablas.-- 87 referencias, [EN]: Biogeography was born together with the modern Geography. From the beginning, mapping species distribution and the ecological meaning of the niche became one of the frontiers through which the Physical Geography has advanced. However, in some countries the ecological approach was lost in the biogeographic research carried out by geographers. In this paper, we propose a general workflow integrating Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) within the framework of Biogeography, conceived as the geographical science that studies biodiversity patterns. In this sense, we applied the proposed workflow in order to predict the potential distribution of cork oak in Andalusia, [ES]: La Biogeografía está en el origen de la Geografía moderna. Desde el principio, el estudio de la distribución de los seres vivos y la interpretación de los nichos ecológicos ha constituido uno de los frentes más activos de la Geografía Física. Sin embargo, en algunos países, los geógrafos abandonaron el enfoque ecológico en los estudios de biogeográficos. En este artículo, se propone un flujo de trabajo general para integrar la modelización de nichos ecológicos en el contexto de la Biogeografía como ciencia geográfica que estudia patrones de biodiversidad. El estudio de caso aborda la predicción del nicho ecológico fundamental del alcornoque en Andalucía

El ratio LE (logarítmico exponencial) es una herramienta geomorfológica para ajustar perfiles longitudinales fluviales aplicando una ecuación. Los resultados permiten evaluar y cuantificar anomalías o rupturas (knickpoints) con diferentes orígenes. Para este caso, se analizaron 33 pequeñas cuencas de un sector de la costa septentrional del Mar de Alborán (Málaga-Granada, España), que se compararon entre sí utilizando ratio LE y otros modelos (Hack, Shulits y Green). En todos los casos se obtuvo mediante ratio LE una correlación lineal de R2≥0,95 (p

[EN] To understand soil erosion processes, it is vital to know how the weather types and atmospheric situations, and their distribution throughout the year, affect the soil erosion rates. This will allow for the development of efficient land management practices to mitigate water-induced soil losses. Vineyards are one of the cultivated areas susceptible to high soil erosion rates. However, there is a lack of studies that link weather types and atmospheric conditions to soil erosion responses in viticultural areas. Thus, the main aim of this research is to assess the impacts of weather types and atmospheric conditions on soil erosion processes in a conventional vineyard with tillage in eastern Spain. To achieve this goal, rainfall events from 2006 to 2017 were monitored and the associated runoff and soil loss were collected from experimental plots. Our results showed that the highest volume of runoff and soil erosion is linked to rainfall associated with the eastern winds that accounted for 59.7% of runoff and 63.9% of soil loss, while cold drops in the atmospheric situation classifications emerged as the highest contributor of 40.9% in runoff and 44.1% in soil loss. This paper provides new insights into the development of soil erosion control measures that help to mitigate the negative impact of extreme rainfall and runoff considering atmospheric conditions., This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant No. 603498 (RECARE Project).

Este artículo contiene 16 páginas, 6 figuras, 2 tablas., Soil degradation by water is a serious environmental problem worldwide, with specific climatic factors being the major causes. We investigated the relationships between synoptic atmospheric patterns (i.e. weather types, WTs) and runoff, erosion and sediment yield throughout the Mediterranean basin by analyzing a large database of natural rainfall events at 68 research sites in 9 countries. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify spatial relationships of the different WTs including three hydro-sedimentary variables: rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield (SY, used to refer to both soil erosion measured at plot scale and sediment yield registered at catchment scale). The results indicated 4 spatial classes of rainfall and runoff: (a) northern sites dependent on North (N) and North West (NW) flows; (b) eastern sites dependent on E and NE flows; (c) southern sites dependent on S and SE flows; and, finally, (d) western sites dependent on W and SW flows. Conversely, three spatial classes are identified for SY characterized by: (a) N and NE flows in northern sites (b) E flows in eastern sites, and (c) Wand SW flows in western sites. Most of the rainfall, runoff and SY occurred during a small number of daily events, and just a few WTs accounted for large percentages of the total. Our results confirm that characterization by WT improves understanding of the general conditions under which runoff and SY occur, and provides useful information for understanding the spatial variability of runoff, and SY throughout the Mediterranean basin. The approach used here could be useful to aid of the design of regional water management and soil conservation measures., This research was supported by projects funded by the MINECOFEDER: CGL2014-52135-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569- R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. When this manuscript was first submitted Estela Nadal-Romero and Damià Vericat received a “Ramón y Cajal” postdoctoral contract (RYC-2013-14371 and RYC‐2010‐06264, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Damià Vericat is now a Serra Húnter Fellow at the University of Lleida. María Fernández-Raga received a “José Castillejo” postdoctoral grant (Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports). Carla Ferreira was supported by a post-doctoral research grant from the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (SFRH/ BPD/120093/2016). Mariano Moreno-de las Heras received a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral contract (IJCI-2015-26463) from the MEC. José Andrés López-Tarazón received a Vicenç Mut postdoctoral fellowship from the Autonomous Balearic Government (CAIB PD/038/2016). José Andrés López-Tarazón and Ramon Batalla also acknowledge the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUSFluvial Dynamics Research Group), and the CERCA Programme. This paper has benefited from the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306).

In this Special Issue, we have tried to include manuscripts about soil erosion and degradation processes and the accelerated rates due to hydrological processes and climate change. We considered that the main goal was successfully reached. The new research focused on measurements, modelling, and experiments under field or laboratory conditions developed at different scales (pedon, hillslope, and catchment) were submitted and published. This Special Issue received investigations from different parts of the world such as Ethiopia, Morocco, China, Iran, Italy, Portugal, Greece and Spain, among others. We are happy to see that all papers presented findings characterized as unconventional, provocative, innovative and methodologically new. We hope that the readers of the journal Water can enjoy and learn about hydrology and soil erosion using the published material, and share the results with the scientific community, policymakers and stakeholders new research to continue this amazing adventure, featuring plenty of issues and challenges.

Climatologically, the Grazalema Mountain is one of the most interesting areas of the Iberian Peninsula. However, it has not been studied in detail. Thus, a detailed pluviometric analysis is presented by addressing the origin of its high rainfall records. The results obtained show that the high rainfall levels on average, annually recorded in Grazalema, (more numerous than the ones recorded on the stations located at the windward slopes) are caused by a leeward depression effect (with reinforcement of Venturi effect) produced by the Corredor del Boyar. In addition, it is evidenced that with the creation of new georeferenced extrapolated points with rainfall values, it is possible to obtain a more accurate rainfall cartographic than with other methods, due to the fact that these maps are better suited to the relief., La Sierra de Grazalema, uno de los ámbitos de la península más interesantes climatológicamente, no está lo suficientemente estudiada. Por ello, se afronta un análisis pluviométrico de detalle, con el objeto de abordar científicamente el origen de sus elevados registros pluviométricos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los elevados registros pluviométricos medios anuales de Grazalema, más cuantiosos que en las estaciones situadas en la vertiente de barlovento, se deben a un efecto de depresión de sotavento (con refuerzo de efecto Venturi), producido por el Corredor del Boyar. Además, se pone de manifiesto que con la creación de nuevos puntos extrapolados georreferenciados y con valores pluviométricos, se logra obtener una cartografía pluviométrica de mayor precisión que con otros métodos, pues este mapa se ajusta mejor al relieve.

El presente trabajo pretende demostrar que no es recomendable la introducción de un cultivo tropical como el mango (Mangifera indica) dentro del área mediterránea del valle del Guadalhorce (Málaga, España). Es un cultivo en expansión por su rentabilidad económica, pero es necesario atender a los posibles riesgos climáticos para su explotación (tras la gran inversión que requiere). Para justificar esta afirmación se presenta un estudio agroclimático realizado en las parcelas experimentales de la finca de IFAPA (Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera de Andalucía) de Churriana (Málaga). Los resultados se obtienen a través de los datos de una estación meteorológica y una modelización territorial a partir de herramientas de análisis espacial con SIG. Se tienen en cuenta las variables térmicas y los vientos como condicionantes principales de la aparición de la necrosis apical: patología mortal para el mango. This work tries to demonstrate that is not recommendable to bring a tropical crop like the mango (Mangifera indica) in a Mediterranean area as Guadalhorce valley (Málaga, Spain). This crop is getting an expansion because of its high economic profitability, but it is necessary to pay attention in possible climatic risks before its exploitation (because it needs high capital investment). Justifying it, we present an agroclimatic study carried out in experimental plots of IFAPA (Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera de Andalucía) at Churriana (Málaga, Spain), obtaining results by means of a meteorological workstation data and a territorial model using spatial analyst tools with GIS. Thermic variables and winds have been considered as determining factors for appearance of apical necrosis: deadly disease for the mango.

[ES] Algo más de la mitad de la superficie de Andalucía está ocupada por espacios forestales. En el presente artículo, exponemos un estudio de la distribución de estos espacios a partir de los mapas de usos y coberturas vegetales de 1956 y 2007. Estudiamos los cambios globales, los procesos de persistencia, ganancia y pérdida dentro de una misma cobertura, así como los procesos de transferencia entre coberturas. Seleccionamos un conjunto de factores para abordar una primera explicación de los patrones espaciales subyacentes en la distribución. Los resultados muestran que los espacios forestales se mantuvieron en las áreas montañosas, condicionados por factores como la litología, las pendientes y gradientes de proximidad a zonas urbanizadas. Se ha producido un gran incremento de la superficie forestal arbolada en el conjunto de la región consistente en casi todas las provincias andaluzas, debido especialmente a la acción de las repoblaciones forestales., [EN] Over an half of the region of Andalusia (South of Spain) is covered by natural areas: forests, shrublands, grasslands or bare unproductive spaces (rocks, sands). In this paper, we studied the spatial distribution of forest cover in Andalusia by analysing the land cover maps of 1956 and 2007. We analysed the land cover changes, the nature of these changes (gains, losses and persistence), and the transferences between every pair of land-cover types. We selected a set of explanatory factors as a first approach to understanding the current spatial patterns of the forest cover in Andalusia. Our results showed that forest cover was kept in mountainous areas, being conditioned mainly by factors such as lithology, slope and proximity to urban areas. On the other hand, a huge increase in woodland areas was observed along the analysed period, chiefly as a result of reforestation programs and, in minor extent, because of natural forest regeneration.

Se trata de aplicar un análisis de morfometría fluvial a una pequeña cuenca, la del río Almáchar, situada en el extremo NE. de los Montes de Málaga, para valorar la información que dan los resultados de este análisis sobre el estado erosivo de dicha cuenca.

El objetivo de este trabajo es poner de manifiesto la relacion que existe entre las caracteris-ticas y propiedades de los suelos de los Montes de Malaga y los factores formadores, concreta-mente el clima y el relieve, para determinar cuales son los que tienen mayor influencia para explicar las variaciones de dichas propiedades. Con este fin, se ha empleado el analisis estadis-tico multivariante, concretamente el analisis factorial. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los elementos del medio tisico con mayor influencia sobre las caracteristicas y propiedades de los suelos de los Montes de Malaga son la altitud, el indice de humedad y la macroexposicion y, en menor medida, la posicion fisiografica y la microexposicion. ABSTRACT The objetive of this work is to show the relationship existing between the characteristics and properties of the Mounts of Malaga soils and the envioronmental characters, the climate and the relief, to determine which are those with a bigger influence to explain the variations of this properties. With this objetives, the multivariate statistical analysis has been used, in particular the factor analysis. The obtained results indicate that the envioronmental character with more influence on the characteristics and properties of the Mounts of Malaga soils are the altitude, the index of humidity and the general exposure and, in a lesser extend, the phisiographic position and the particular exposure.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es poner de manifiesto las relaciones que existen entre clima, modelado y procesos edaficos, asi como tratar de efectuar una aproximacion a las causas de los factores y procesos edaficos diferenciadores de las zonas elevadas de los Montes de Malaga, ya evidenciados en trabajos anteriores, tratando de establecer una zonificacion con origen en datos climaticos. Los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigacion asi lo atestiguan, dejando clara una zonificacion morfoclimatica que se establece no solo en base a los valores promedios anuales, sino tambien a partir de la variabilidad inter e intraanual de las precipitaciones.

La Sierra de Grazalema, uno de los ámbitos de la península más interesantes climatológicamente, no está lo suficientemente estudiada. Por ello, se afronta un análisis pluviométrico de detalle, con el objeto de abordar científicamente el origen de sus elevados registros pluviométricos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los elevados registros pluviométricos medios anuales de Grazalema, más cuantiosos que en las estaciones situadas en la vertiente de barlovento, se deben a un efecto de depresión de sotavento (con refuerzo de efecto Venturi), producido por el Corredor del Boyar. Además, se pone de manifiesto que con la creación de nuevos puntos extrapolados georreferenciados y con valores pluviométricos, se logra obtener una cartografía pluviométrica de mayor precisión que con otros métodos, pues este mapa se ajusta mejor al relieve.

El presente trabajo muestra los resultados de una metodología combinada para la zonificación de la peligrosidad con orígenes geomorfológicos sobre un territorio. Para este propósito, se han utilizado como herramientas principales las unidades de diagnóstico y las técnicas de evaluación multicriterio con Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Normalmente estas técnicas no han sido aplicadas en el medio mediterráneo. Por lo tanto, para este caso, se ha llevado a cabo como ejemplo un estudio en el área del Valle del Guadalhorce (provincia de Málaga, España) con un paisaje marcado por un sistema de terrazas fluviales y glacis. Con dichas técnicas, se han obtenido cinco categorías de peligrosidad con origen geomorfológico (1=muy poca; 5= muy alta). De las 1872.68 ha del área de estudio, el 51.93% se encuentra en intervalos de peligrosidad alta debido a: (1) problemas de arroyada concentrada en las laderas; (2) actividad erosiva espasmódica del cauce principal y sus afluentes; (3) inestabilidad por movimientos en masa de áreas compuestas por arcillas expansivas con procesos vérticos.

El objetivo del trabajo realizado es mostrar la evolución del relieve que conforma la superficie que conocemos como “Montes de Málaga”, haciendo un breve repaso por su evolución geológica (hasta la actualidad) y los factores climáticos, hidrográficos, edáficos y antrópicos que actúan sobre ella. Para este fin, se han utilizado materiales tales como gráficos, fotografías aéreas e in situ, y cartografías específicas. Las conclusiones aportadas respaldan la complejidad del conjunto orográfico y su dinamicidad en el tiempo (tanto en el pasado como, previsiblemente, en un futuro), que permite una continua evolución de sus componentes (laderas, suelos, vegetación…) e incluso, involuciones de éstos (como en el caso de las redes fluviales, que llegan a desaparecer generando paleocauces difíciles de seguir a simple vista). The aim of this work is to show the evolution of the relief that shapes the unit of Mounts of Malaga, revising briefly its geological evolution (until today) and the climatic, hydrographic, edaphic and human factors which act on it. For this purpose, materials such as graphics, aerials and “in situ” photographies and specific cartographies have been used. The given conclusions prove the complexity of the orographic range and its dynamism throughout time (both in the past and in the future) allowing a continuous evolution of its components (hillsides, soil, vegetation …) and even, regressions of these (as it happens in the case of fluvial nets, which may disappear generating paleochannels which are difficult to follow in plain sight)

This work presents a new video feature extraction technique based on the Generalized Hough Transform (GHT). This technique provides a way to deflne a similarity measure between two difierent frames, which establishes the basis for scene cut detection algorithms. Moreover, GHT allows to calculate the difierences between two frames in terms of rotation, scale and displacement. This provides a framework for the development of global motion estimation algorithms. In addition, gradual transition detection algorithms (fades, dissolves, etc.) can also be developed. To illustrate the posibilities of this technique, a scene cut detection algorithm is also proposed. This algorithm works with MPEG video in compressed domain, achieving real time processing. An improved thresholding technique is also stated. This technique uses two difierent sets of similarity values making the scene cut detection algorithm perform quite well with difierent types of videos. The thresholding process reports two difierent kinds of cuts: real cuts and probable cuts. Also, it detects the location of dynamic scenes, which can be used to perform further semantic analysis. Finally, the use of the improved thresholding technique and a set of optimized parameters results in an algorithm where no human intervention is needed. Several tests have been carried out using long videos, including more than 1400 cuts. Comparison with another well-known cut detection algorithm has also been performed.

En este artículo hemos tratado de exponer el conflicto de uso de la tierra que afecta a zonas de cierto valor ecológico. La especulación urbanística se enfrenta a la tradición agrícola, y en este sentido, el papel de la Administración resulta decisivo. Hemos analizado brevemente los posibles cambios y sus consecuencias para la zona.

Esta comunicación presenta el tratamiento estadístico de las precipitaciones en la ciudad de Málaga a lo largo de 39 años. Dicha información ha sido suministrada por el pluviógrafo de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Sur de España. Se han tipificado los aguaceros y se ha analizado su frecuencia según las variables de duración, volumen e intensidad.

Se ha investigado la evolución de una cuenca hidrográfica enclavada en el sector oriental de la provincia de Málaga, la cuenca del río Vélez, a lo largo del periodo Cuaternario y hasta nuestros tiempos. Del mismo modo, se han analizado las formas resultantes de dicha evolución.

Se trata de una estimación, por diversos métodos, de la erosión por escorrentía superficial en la zona suroriental de la provincia de Málaga; con una evaluación particular de las pérdidas de suelo ocurridas durante los aguaceros del 14-25 de Noviembre de 1.989 en cuatro laderas cultivadas con almendros en los "Montes de Málaga" y otras cuatro laderas cultivadas con cereal en el "Corredor de Colmenar".

Este trabajo pretende esclarecer los orígenes y evolución de la Geografía de los Suelos a través de una revisión bibliográfica, aportando novedad a una disciplina que no cuenta con bibliografía amplia y específica para estudiar sus tendencias. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar que la Edafogeo- grafía (disciplina que estudia las causas de la distribución del manto edáfico en el territorio) puede afianzarse, por su base teórico-epistemológica, como una rama sólida e independiente de la Geografía Física, al mismo nivel que la Geomorfología, la Climatología, la Hidrogeografía o la Biogeografía, de las que participa y a las que aporta valiosa información.

Producción Científica, Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad - FEDER (CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R; ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R; CGL2014-59946-R; CGL2015-65569-R; CGL2015-64284- C2-2-R; CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R; CGL2016-78075-P; GL2008-02879/BTE; LEDDRA 243857; RECARE-FP7; CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R y PCIN-2017- 061/AEI), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FJCI-2017-33652), Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (TAD/CRP JA00088807), Junta de Castilla y León - FEDER (CLU-2018-04)