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BACKGROUND: In taekwondo the ability to repeat high-intensity efforts is characteristic of the sport. The Frequency speed of kick test (FSKT) is frequently used to assess this ability, although its influence on aerobic capacity and dynamic strength characteristics has received less attention in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between specific high-intensity intermittent efforts with aerobic capacity and slow stretch-shortening cycle utilization in taekwondo athletes. METHODS: Nineteen taekwondo male athletes were assessed by squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-meter shuttle run (20MSR), and frequency speed of kick test multiple (FSKTMULT). From the FSKTMULT, total kicks and kick decrement index [KDI] were calculated. Additionally, from both jump tests, the slow stretch-shortening cycle utilization (Slow SSC Utilization) was determined from the eccentric utilization ratio [EUR], pre-stretch augmentation [PSA], and reactive strength index [RSI]. RESULTS: There were positive and significant correlations between total kicks with 20MSR (r= 0.85; p= 0.00) and SJ (r= 0.66; p< 0.05). The multiple regression model demonstrated that total kicks where significantly influenced by 20MSR (R2= 71%; p= 0.00). Additionally, only EUR and RSI explained total kicks performance to a greater proportion (R2= 76%). CONCLUSIONS: The FSKTMULT total kicks performance is positively correlated and influenced by aerobic capacity and slow SSC utilization.

BACKGROUND: Explosive strength and change of direction speed (CODS) are relevant physical abilities in karate. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the characteristics of explosive strength and the 5-m linear sprint (5M) with CODS performance and ii) to examine the influential characteristics of explosive strength on CODS performance. METHODS: Eighteen cadet and junior karate athletes, eight females and ten males were evaluated. The physical abilities assessments included: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5M and CODS. Also, pre-stretch percentage increase (PSA), eccentric utilization index (EUR) reactive strength index (RSI) were calculated. RESULTS: Superior performance (p< 0.05) was documented in SJ, CMJ and CODS in male vs. female. Also, significant correlations between CODS with SJ and CMJ (r=-0.70 to -0.80; R2=-0.51 to -0.73; p< 0.05, respectively) and correlations (r=-0.14 to -0.22; R2= 0.01 to 0.04; p> 0.05) between CODS with RSI, EUR and PSA. Multiple regression model documented that only SJ significantly influenced CODS performance in male (R2= 60%; p= 0.009) and female (R2= 71%; p= 0.001). CONCLUSION: CODS correlate with SJ and CMJ. In particular, SJ influence CODS independently of gender.

espanolAntecedentes: La Asimetria Bilateral (AB) y el Deficit Bilateral (DBL) y su potencial relacion negativa con el rendimiento fisico es actualmente estudiada, aunque la relacion con la velocidad del cambio de direccion (CODS) y el sprint lineal (5-M) en atletas de karate se desconoce. Objetivo: Examinar las correlaciones entre la AB y el DBL con el CODS y 5-M, asi como entre el salto horizontal con el CODS y 5-M. Metodos: Diez atletas hombres de categoria cadetes participaron voluntariamente de este estudio. Entre las habilidades fisicas evaluadas se incluyeron: salto horizontal bilateral (SBJ), salto horizontal unilateral derecho (RSBJ), salto horizontal unilateral izquierdo (LSBJ), CODS y 5-M. Posteriormente, la AB y el DBL fueron calculados. Resultados: Se reporto una baja AB (5.17 ± 3.61%) y presencia de DBL (-36.9 ± 6.2 %). Correlaciones moderadas entre la AB con CODS (r = -.38; R2 = .15%; p = .30) y 5-M (r = -.47; R2 = .22%; p = .19) y entre DBL con 5-M (r = .51; R2 = .26%; p = .16) y bajas con CODS (r = .20; R2 = .04%; p = .60). Correlaciones significativas (p EnglishBackground: Bilateral asymmetry (AB) and Bilateral Deficit (DBL) and their potential negative relationship with physical performance is currently studied, although the relationship with change of direction speed (CODS) and linear sprint (5-M) in karate athletes is unknown. Aim: To examine correlations between AB and DBL with CODS and 5-M, as well as between horizontal jump with CODS and 5-M. Methods: Ten male cadet athletes voluntarily participated in this study. The physical abilities assessed included: bilateral horizontal jump (SBJ), right unilateral horizontal jump (RSBJ), left unilateral horizontal jump (LSBJ), CODS and 5-M. Subsequently, AB and DBL were calculated. Results: Low AB (5.17 ± 3.61%) and presence of DBL (-36.9 ± 6.2 %) were reported. Moderate correlations between AB with CODS (r = -.38; R2 = .15%; p = .30) and 5-M (r = -.47; R2 = .22%; p = .19) and between DBL with 5-M (r = .51; R2 = .26%; p = .16) and low with CODS (r = .20; R2 = .04%; p = .60). Significant correlations (p portuguesAntecedentes: Assimetria bilateral (AB) e deficit bilateral (DBL) e sua relacao potencial negativa com o desempenho fisico estao sendo estudados, embora a relacao com a velocidade de mudanca de direcao (CODS) e sprint linear (5-M) em atletas de carate e desconhecido. Objetivo: Examinar as correlacoes entre AB e DBL com CODS e 5-M, bem como entre salto horizontal com CODS e 5-M. Metodos: Dez atletas cadetes do sexo masculino participaram voluntariamente deste estudo. As habilidades fisicas avaliadas foram: salto horizontal bilateral (SBJ), salto horizontal unilateral direito (RSBJ), salto horizontal unilateral esquerdo (LSBJ), CODS e 5-M. Posteriormente, o AB e o DBL foram calculados. Resultados: Baixo AB (5,17 ± 3,61%) e presenca de DBL (-36,9 ± 6,2%) foram relatados. Correlacoes moderadas entre AB com CODS (r = -.38; R2 = .15%; p = .30) e 5-M (r = -.47; R2 = .22%; p = .19) e entre DBL com 5-M (r = 0,51; R2 = 0,26%; p = 0,16) e baixo com CODS (r = 0,20; R2 = 0,04%; p = 0,60). Correlacoes significativas (p

Introduction : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between body composition characteristics and general and specific physical performance in Chilean national level TKD competitors of both sexes. Material and methods : Through an observational design 14 competitors of different categories of body weight and who usually compete in regional and national level tournaments age 19 (3) years; size 164 (10) cm; body weight 62 (10) kg; years of experience 7.2 (2.9) years. They participated in this study. Different characteristics of body composition that included body weight (kg) (PC), fat mass (kg), (MG), percentage of fat mass (% MG), muscle mass (kg) (MM) were evaluated and the body mass index (Kg/m2) (BMI). On the other hand variables of the general RF included squat jump (cm) (SJ), countermovement jump (cm) (CMJ), linear speed in 5-m (s) (5-M) and 20-m shuttle run test (min) (20MSR) and specifically the specific agility test in taekwondo (s) (TSAT) and the multiple frequency kick speed test (FSKTMULT) specifically the rate of decrease of kicks (FSKTMULT KDI%) and the maximum number of kicks executed (FSKTMULT MAX). Results : Among the main findings of the study, a significant large relationship (p

La alteración en la conducción nerviosa que produce la EM conlleva un deterioro funcional. Concretamente, este deterioro produce pérdidas de masa muscular, densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y potencia, así como un aumento de la masa grasa. En general, el ejercicio físico ha mostrado mejoras a nivel funcional, sin embargo, el entrena-miento de fuerza parece mostrar los mejores resultados para estos parámetros. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento de potencia e hipertrofia sobre la DMO y la potencia en personas con EM. Participaron 10 sujetos con EM con una media de edad de 56 años, de los cuales ocho eran mujeres y dos hombres. La muestra fue dividida en dos grupos de forma aleatoria. A cada grupo se le asignó un programa de entrenamiento de forma aleatoria. Se obtuvieron medidas de la DMO, potencia, fuerza y velocidad antes y después de ambos programas de entrenamiento. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables DMO en el grupo de entrenamiento de hipertrofia (EH) y en la potencia del grupo de entrenamiento de potencia (EP). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos para ninguna del resto de variables. El entrenamiento de hipertrofia reduce la DMO y no mejora la potencia, fuerza y velocidad. Mientras que el entrena-miento de potencia mejora la potencia y no mejora la composición corporal de este tipo de población The alteration in nerve conduction produced by MS leads to functional displacement. Specifically, this increase produces losses of muscle mass, bone mineral density (BMD) and power as well as an increase in fat mass. In general, physical exercise has shown improvements at the functional level, however, strength training seems to show the best results for these parameters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two power and hypertrophy training programs on BMD and potency in people with MS. Ten subjects with MS participated with a mean age of 56 years, of which eight were women and two men. The sample was divided into two groups randomly. Each group is assigned a training program randomly. BMD, power, strength and speed measurements were obtained before and after both training programs. Differences were found in the BMD variables in the hypertrophy training group (EH) and in the potency of the power training group (PE). No differences found between both groups were found for any of the other variables. Hypertrophy training reduces BMD and does not improve power, strength and speed. While power training improves potency and does not improve the body composition of this type of population Actividad Física y Deporte

Metformin, a drug widely used to treat insulin resistance, and training that combines aerobic and strength exercise modalities (i.e., concurrent training) may improve insulin sensitivity. However, there is a paucity of clinical trials investigating the effects of concurrent training, particularly on insulin resistance and fat oxidation in overweight and obese patients. Furthermore, only a few studies have compared the effects of concurrent training with metformin treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week concurrent training program versus pharmaceutical treatment with metformin on maximum fat oxidation, glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance in overweight or obese adult patients. Male and female patients with insulin resistance were allocated by convenience to a concurrent training group (n = 7 (2 males); age = 32.9 ± 8.3 years; body mass index = 30 ± 4.0 kg·m−2) or a metformin group (n = 7 (2 males); age = 34.4 ± 14.0 years; body mass index = 34.4 ± 6.0 kg·m−2). Before and after the interventions, all participants were assessed for total body mass, body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, maximum oxygen consumption, maximal fat oxidization during exercise, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance through the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Due to non-normal distribution of the variable maximal fat oxidation, the Mann–Whitney U test was applied and revealed better maximal fat oxidization (Δ = 308%) in the exercise compared with the metformin group (Δ = −30.3%; p = 0.035). All other outcome variables were normally distributed, and significant group-by-time interactions were found for HOMA-IR (p < 0.001, Δ = −84.5%), fasting insulin (p < 0.001, Δ = −84.6%), and increased maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.046, Δ = 12.3%) in favor of the exercise group. Similar changes were found in both groups for the remaining dependent variables. Concurrent training seems to be more effective compared with pharmaceutical metformin treatment to improve insulin resistance and fat oxidation in overweight and obese adult patients with insulin resistance. The rather small sample size calls for more research in this area.

Mitochondria dynamic is regulated by different proteins, maintaining a balance between fission and fusion. An imbalance towards mitochondrial fission has been associated with tumor cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to analyze whether pectin modifies the viability of human colon cancer cells and the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission. The human colon carcinoma cell line HT29 cells was growth in 10% fetal bovine serum in the absence and presence of pectin. Pectin reduced HT29 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching a plateau at 150~300 μmol/L pectin. The presence of 200 μmol/L pectin reduced the expression of dynamin-related protein-1 and increased expression of the mitochondrial fusion-associated proteins mitofusin-1 and 2. Expression of cyclin B1, a protein involved in G2/M transition, was found decreased in pectin-incubated HT29 cells. Moreover, expression of p53 protein, the amount of p53 in the nucleous and β-galactosidase activity, which are all biomarkers for cellular senescence, were significantly higher in pectin-incubated HT29 cells than in HT29 cells incubated without pectin. Expression of the protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) homologous antagonist/killer was increased in response to incubation with pectin. However, incubation with pectin did not affect expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein or Bcl-2, or the caspase-3 activity. Overall, we concluded that pectin reduces the viability of human HT29 colon cancer cells, which is accompanied with a shift in the expression of proteins associated with mitochondrial dynamics towards mitochondrial fusion. Moreover, incubation with pectin favors cellular senescence over apoptosis in HT29 cells.

Resumen Objetivos Desarrollar recomendaciones sobre la actividad fisica y el ejercicio para pacientes con espondiloartritis (EspA) basadas en la opinion de expertos. Metodos Dos grupos de expertos, uno de fisioterapeutas, rehabilitadores y profesionales de la actividad fisica y deporte y otro de reumatologos con interes en EspA, se reunieron para discutir los resultados de grupos focales con pacientes sobre barreras al ejercicio y de una encuesta a reumatologos sobre ejercicio en EspA. A continuacion se redactaron unas recomendaciones preliminares que fueron sometidas a la opinion de los expertos de ambos grupos mediante metodologia Delphi a dos rondas. Resultados Se emitieron 21 recomendaciones que cubren el ejercicio fisico, la adaptacion al paciente, el modo de dar los mensajes, el manejo del dolor, el tipo de ejercicios indicado y el seguimiento. El grado de acuerdo varia ligeramente entre los grupos de expertos pero en general fue alto. Los items discordantes o con poco acuerdo fueron eliminados del consenso. Conclusiones Se han emitido recomendaciones sobre cuando y como prescribir ejercicio fisico y monitorizarlo en pacientes con EspA basadas en la opinion de expertos en espondilitis y en la prescripcion de ejercicio. Deberemos confirmar si estas recomendaciones son utiles para la practica clinica y tienen efecto en los pacientes con EspA atendidos por reumatologos.

Objective To develop expert-based recommendations on physical activity and exercise for patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA). Methods Two discussion groups, one of physical therapists, rehabilitation physicians, and professionals of physical activity and sports, and another of rheumatologists interested in SpA, were held to discuss the results of a survey of rheumatologists on exercise and two focus groups with patients on barriers to exercise. Preliminary recommendations were drafted. These were submitted to the opinion of the experts in both groups according to a two round Delphi methodology. Results Twenty-one recommendations covering general aspects of exercise, adaptation to patient, how to deliver messages, pain management, and type of exercise and monitoring were issued. The level of agreement varied slightly between expert groups but it was high overall. Items with poor agreement were removed from the consensus. Conclusions We present recommendations on when and how to prescribe and monitor exercise in patients with SpA based on the opinion of experts in exercise and in SpA. We must now test whether these recommendations are useful for clinical practice and have an effect on patients with SpA seen by rheumatologists.

The aim of this research was to compare the effects of a technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol vs. traditional taekwondo training on physical fitness and body composition in taekwondo athletes, as well as to analyse the inter-individual response. Utilising a parallel controlled design, sixteen male and female athletes (five females and 11 males) were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) that participated in the technique-specific HIIT and a control group (CG) that participated in traditional taekwondo training. Both groups trained three days/week for four weeks. Squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5-metre sprint (5M), 20-metre shuttle run (20MSR), taekwondo specific agility test (TSAT), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKTMULT), total kicks, and kick decrement index (KDI), as well as body composition were evaluated. Results indicate that there are no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the factors group and time factor and group by time interaction (p > 0.05). Although percentage and effect size increases were documented for post-intervention fitness components in TSAT, total kicks, KDI, and 20MSR, responders and non-responders were also documented. In conclusion, a HIIT protocol based on taekwondo-specific technical movements does not report significant differences in fitness and body composition compared to traditional taekwondo training, nor inter-individual differences between athletes.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between body composition characteristics and components of physical performance in male karate athletes from Chile. Material and Methods: Observational design with 18 male athletes competing in different age categories in regional and national competitions. Body Mass (MC), Fat Mass (MG), % Fat Mass (%MG), Muscle Mass (MM), Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), linear speed at 0-5 meters, Change of Direction (COD) and the 20 Meters Shuttle Run (20MSR) test were evaluated. Results: The sample was made up of 18 athletes with the following characteristics: 16.4 (3.5) years; 167.3 (7.3) cm; 69.5 (11.8) kg; 3 (1) years of experience regularly. Among the main findings of this study in terms of average, an increase in MC and MM was documented as age advances. MG fluctuated and a lower MG and %MG were documented in the 6-17 years category. In terms of the physical performance (RF) in SJ, CMJ, COD, superior performance was observed in the 16-17 years category. Furthermore, significant relationships (p, Introducción: El propósito de este estudio fue examinar la relación entre las características de la composición corporal y los componentes del rendimiento físico en atletas de karate hombres de Chile. Material y Métodos: Diseño observacional con 18 atletas hombres que compiten habitualmente en diferentes categorías de edad en competiciones regionales y nacionales. Se evaluó la Masa Corporal (MC), la Masa Grasa (MG), % Masa Grasa (%MG), Masa Muscular (MM), el salto Squat Jump (SJ), el Countermovement Jump (CMJ), la velocidad lineal en 0-5 metros, el Cambio de Dirección (COD) y la prueba 20 Meters Shuttle Run (20MSR). Resultados: La muestra presentó las siguientes características: 16,4 (3,5) años; 167,3 (7,3) cm; 69,5 (11,8) kg; 3 (1) años de experiencia. Entre los principales hallazgos de este estudio en términos de promedio se documentó un incremento de la MC y la MM a medida que avanza la edad. La MG fluctuó y se documentó una menor MG y %MG en la categoría 16-17 años. En términos del rendimiento físico (RF) en SJ, CMJ, COD, se observó un rendimiento superior en la categoría 16- 17 años. Además, se documentaron relaciones significativas (p

El propósito de este estudio fue conocer cómo se modifican los parámetros de composición corporal en deportes como judo y lucha, ambos deportes divididos por categorías de peso en los cuales, de manera habitual se producen desórdenes alimentarios y continuas deshidrataciones para la búsqueda del peso de competición. Igualmente se trató de conocer si existían diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en esta práctica y diferencias entre ambos deportes. Para ello, se utilizó el sistema Inbody Biospace 230 (CA,USA) a una muestra de élite nacional de judo y lucha del equipo español y portugués de 64 deportistas (n=64). El análisis estadístico se ejecutó mediante las pruebas: Kolmogorov-Smirnov y t de students para analizarlas diferencias de medias. Los resultados y conclusiones del estudio demostraron entre otros, que el número de atletas que se encontraban deshidratados en el momento pre-competitivo es mayor que los que están en valores óptimos de hidratación, sometiendo al organismo a constantes esfuerzos y cambios, pudiendo ser este un efecto perjudicial a corto y largo plazo en el rendimiento para el atleta, tanto en el entrenamientos como para la propia competición.Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine how body composition parameters are modified in judo and wrestling. Both disciplines are organized by weight categories, this regularly leading to eating disorders and continuous dehydration in order to reach the needed competition weight. Also, this paper aims to understand whether there exist differences in this practice by gender and by sports discipline. A Biospace Inbody 230 system (CA, USA) was employed on a sample of 64 national elite judo and wrestling athletes from Spain and Portugal. Statistical analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and student t tests, which analyze mean differences. The findings and conclusions of the study showed a higher number of dehydrated athletes than those in optimal values of hydration during the pre-competitive period. This condition pushes athletes’ body to constant efforts and changes, possibly determining a detrimental effect on their short- and long-term performance, both in training and competitions.

Genetic variants may play a crucial role in human adaptation to demanding environmental conditions, i.e. high altitude. Our aim was to analyze the genotypic and allelic distribution of four genetic polymorphisms in UCP2, HIF1A, BDNF and ACTN3·genes in 40 individuals from Hushe village, Pakistan, living at higher than 3400 m above sea level and 45 individuals from the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain, living at almost 700 m above sea level. There were no differences in the UCP2 polymorphism rs660339. The frequency distribution of the T allele in the rs11549465 polymorphism in HIF1A gene was higher in the Madrid population (14.4%) than in those from Hushe village (3.7%). Analysis of the rs1815739 polymorphism in ACTN3 gene showed statistical differences, being the CT and TT genotypes more frequent in Madrid than in Hushe village individuals. People from Hushe village showed a significant lower frequency of the T allele in the rs6265 BDNF gene polymorphism than people from Madrid. Hushe's women more frequently showed the CC genotype for rs11549465 (HIF1A) and for rs1815739 (ACTN3) as compared with women from Madrid. As conclusion, the genetic variants located in BDNF, HIF1A and ACTN3 genes coding for proteins involved in motor skill acquisition, hypoxic adaptation and muscle power, which may play a potential role in high-altitude adaptation in the Hushe village population, particularly in women.

The majority of explosive actions during the Judo fight occur when the athlete is trying to overcome his/her adversary via rapid execution(s) of (isolated or chained) technical manoeuvres. The aim of this study was to compare the results of two plyometric muscular action tests (i.e., Squat Jump – SJ, and Countermovement Jump – CMJ) between judoand non-judoathletes. The investigation involved a cross-sectional examination of 102 subjects (age, 21.9 ± 3.4 years) divided into 3 performance groups: a) Senior top elite judo athletes (n = 50), b) Junior elite judo athletes (n = 26) and c) Adult non-judo athletes (n = 26). Thirteen biomechanical variables (including jump height, velocity, power, force in SJ and CMJ; time to peak force, to peak power and between peaks) were examined. The dataset was analysed using a Univariate analysis of variance. No significant differences in anthropometric variables were observed between groups. However, significant differences were observed in: a) jump height and peak velocity (SJ, CMJ), b) peak power and peak force (SJ), and c) peak eccentric force, peak eccentric power and peak concentric power (CMJ). We conclude that: a) the center of mass displacement achieved in the CMJ is higher than in the SJ; b) the optimisation of coordination between the eccentric and concentric phases of muscle action is not the primary determinant of performance of Judo athletes; and c) the main pre-requisite for success in elite judo athletes is superior peak eccentric power.

El entrenamiento del judoka dada su amplia estructura tecnica, su dimension tactica, su estructuracion por categorias de peso y la incertidumbre creada por el adversario, muestra diversos y complejos aspectos a considerar, que deben ser analizados en situacion real de competicion. Desde esta perspectiva, la presente investigacion tiene como objetivos identificar las caracteristicas tecnicas y tacticas de los judokas cadetes masculinos de nivel nacional, en cada una de las categorias de peso, a traves del analisis de las acciones tecnicas mas utilizadas por los participantes en el campeonato de Espana de judo cadete. La muestra esta formada por 128 judokas cadetes masculinos, de los que se analizaron 121 combates. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo con el analisis de las siguientes variables: las diferentes categorias de peso, las tecnicas mas utilizadas para la consecucion de las ventajas tecnicas y el minuto del combate en el que se produce la ventaja y las sanciones arbitrales. De los resultados se extrae que los judokas se caracterizan por utilizar en mayor medida las tecnicas de te-waza, con un alto porcentaje de aplicacion de seoi-nage y kata-guruma, seguidas por las tecnicas de sutemi-waza y las tecnicas de ashi-waza. Se obtienen un elevado numero de ventajas tecnicas mediante sanciones arbitrales por pasividad y falso ataque. En funcion del tiempo, es durante el primer y segundo minuto donde se producen el mayor numero de ventajas tecnicas, con predominio de las tecnicas de tewaza y el sutemi-waza, acentuandose las ventajas por sancion arbitral en el segundo minuto. Palabras clave : judo; tecnica; competicion. Abstract The training of the judoka, given its wide technical structure, its tactical dimension, its division into weight categories and the uncertainty created by the adversary, shows diverse and complex aspects to be considered and analyzed in real competitive situations. From this perspective, the objective of the present research is to identify the technical characteristics and tactics of the male (cadets) competitors at national level, in each of the weight categories, through the analysis of the most used technical actions used by the competitors of the cadet level in the Spanish National Judo Championships. The sample group was formed of 128 male cadet judokas, 121 fights were analyzed. A descriptive study was carried out with the analysis of the following variables: the different weight categories, the most used techniques to achieve the technical advantage, the minute of the fight when the advantage took place, the referee’s sanctions. From the results we can say that the judokas mainly use the te-waza techniques, with a high percentage of application of seoi-nage and kata-guruma, followed by the sutemi-waza techniques and the ashi-waza techniques. A high number of technical advantages were obtained trough referee sanctions on passivity and false attack. In terms of time, the highest number of technical advantages were observed during the first and second minute, with the predominance of the te-waza and sutemi-waza techniques, accentuating the advantage of the referee sanctions in the second minute. Key words : judo; techniques; competition. doi:10.5232/ricyde2009.01505 Texto completo en PDF

Este estudio pretende analizar si existe perdida en la consistencia de la tecnica especial en Judo cuando se ven comprometidas las reservas energeticas del judoka, y si existen, conocer cuales son los elementos mas significativos que pudieran condicionar la optima ejecucion del mismo. Los combates de Judo suelen terminar con una tasa de acumulacion lactacida de entre 14 a 20 mmol/l en sangre. El test utilizado (COPTEST©) reproduce un combate de Judo con altos niveles de solicitacion anaerobica que asemejan los requerimientos energeticos de un combate en el contexto de la alta competicion. En los ultimos anos, varios estudios cientificos (Sterkowicz,1999,2002), (Garcia 1996,1999,2004), (Monteiro, 2003), (Francini, 2003) han intentado enumerar los posibles aspectos tanto condicionales como tecnicos y cognitivos que diferencian a un judoka campeon de otro que no lo es. Metodo: Utilizando el modelo de investigacion del paradigma Experto-Novato de Shulman (1986) se evaluaron 110 judokas de alto rendimiento. Todos realizaron el Coptest (Garcia, 1995). Se consideraron “expertos” a los judokas que habian obtenido medalla en unos JJOO, cto mundial o cto continental. Eran “novatos” los judokas de alto rendimiento que no habian conseguido tal resultado. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: a) Desequilibrio b) adecuacion secuencial c) angulo requerido para la correcta construccion de la tecnica y d) elementos determinantes para que exista proyeccion Se tomaron datos de todas la ejecuciones del Tokui waza durante la ejecucion del Coptest (total 4950 proyecciones). El analisis de los datos revelo que existen diferencias significativas en la ejecucion del tokui waza realizado por un judoka “experto” al realizado por uno “novato. Palabras clave / key words : judo | Experto-Novato |Tokui Waza | Expert-Novice | Tokui Waza Abstract The aim of this study tries to analyze if loss in the consistency of the special technique in Judo exists when are seen it jeopardize the power reserves of judoka and know which are the most significant elements that they could condition the optimal execution of he himself. In recent years, various scientific studies (Sterkowicz,1999, 2002), (Garcia 1996,1999,2004), (Monteiro, 2003), (Francini,2003) have tried to establish the possible different conditional, technical and cognitive aspects that differentiate one judo champion from another, although possessing in principle the necessary technical condition to be a champion but not being capable of climbing to the top of the podium. Method: Using the investigation model of the paradigm Expert-Novice of Shulman (1986) 110 high performance judokas were evaluated. All carried out the Coptest (Garcia,1995). “Experts” are considered to be those judokas who have won a medal at Olympic, World or Continental Championships. “Novices” are considered to be those high performance judokas who have not achieved the results mentioned before. The following variables were evaluated: a) Lack of Equilibrium, b) Sequential Technical Performance, c) The required angle for the correct construction of the Technique and d)Determining elements so that projection exists. The analysis of the data showed that there were significant differences between the execution of Tokui Waza performed by an “expert” judoka and that performed by a “novice”. doi:10.5232/ricyde2007.00902 --------------------------------------------------------------------- Referencias/references Cleary, T.; Zimmerman, B.J. (2001) Self-regulation differences during athletic practice by experts, non-experts and novice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 13, 185-206 doi:10.1080/104132001753149883 Garcia, J.M. (1992) Judo II. Madrid: Ed. Comite Olimpico Espanol. PMid:7628679 Ruiz Perez, L.M. (1994) Deporte y aprendizaje. Madrid : Ed. Visor PMid:11565922

This study compared the activity profile of national and international female rugby sevens players during competitive matches. Twenty rugby sevens female players were recruited, 10 were members of the Spanish National Team (26.27 ± 4.05 years, 65.39 ± 5.01 kg, 166.72 ± 6.70 cm) and 10 were amateur athletes from a Spanish rugby championship (32.12 ± 6.40 years, 66.48 ± 5.38 kg of body mass, 167.37 ± 3.02 cm). Data collection was conducted over 4 matches in each of the 2 tournaments, national and international. Distance, velocity, and heart rate (HR) were recorded using global positioning system devices for all participants throughout each match. There were significant differences (p0.01) in total distance (1642 ± 171 vs. 1363 ± 222 m), average speed (6.0 ± 0.3 vs. 5.2 ± 0.6 km·h-1), number of sprints (6.1 ± 3.1 vs. 1.9 ± 1.4 sprints), and distance covered in sprinting (118.8 ± 61.4 vs. 47.0 ± 38.8 m). Significant differences were found at95% maximum HR (HRmax), both for the first (p0.01) and second half (p ≤ 0.05). The work-rest ratio was significantly different (p0.01) between international (1:0.3) and national players (1:0.4). Significant differences were found in accelerations above 2 m·s-2 in the first and second half between the 2 groups. These findings suggest that distance covered in a match and speed are considerably different between international and national rugby sevens players, and this is reflected as higher intensity of play with consequently higher HR. Coaches may use this information to design specific running drills for this athlete population to match the requirements of national or international game play.

The aim of this study was to examine the match physical demands and exercise intensity associated with men rugby union refereeing using global positioning system technology. Ten male rugby union referees (age, 37.1 ± 5.9 years; body mass, 83.7 ± 4.8 kg; height, 175.5 ± 6.2 cm) were analyzed 2–4 times during a total of 30 national level matches. The average total distance covered by the referees throughout the game was 6,322.2 ± 564.9 m. As a percentage of total distance, 37.3% (2,356.9 ± 291.3 m) was spent walking, 24.1% (1,524.4 ± 229.4 m) jogging, 10.4% (656.2 ± 130.7 m) running at low intensity, 17.6% (1,110.3 ± 212.2 m) at medium intensity, 5.5% (347.1 ± 27.1 m) at high intensity, and 5.2% (328.1 ± 230.3 m) at sprint. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in running performance was observed between the first and the second halves in the last 3 speed zones. When the total distance traveled during consecutive 10-minute periods was compared, there was a significantly greater distance covered in the first 10 minutes of the game (876.3 ± 163 m) compared with 50–60 minutes (679.8 ± 117.6 m), 60–70 minutes (713.03 ± 122.3 m), and 70–80 minutes (694.2 ± 125.7 m; all p < 0.05). The average heart rate responses were similar (p > 0.05) in the first (157 ± 7 b·min-1; 85% HRmax) and second half (155 ± 7 b·min-1; 84% HRmax). This study provides evidence of reduced high-intensity running toward the end of the game. These findings offer important information to design better training strategies adapted to the requirements and demands of rugby union refereeing.