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La nueva Ley 7/2022, de Residuos y Suelos Contaminados introduce importantes modificaciones en cuanto a los residuos textiles, un sector que tradicionalmente ha recibido menos atención en cuanto al volumen y gestión de restos producidos. La industria textil es, de hecho, la cuarta más contaminante en volumen de residuos y, además, se ha visto incrementada por la práctica social del empleo de moda rápida. Por lo anteriormente mencionado, cobra especial importancia la Directiva Europea ((EU) 2018/851) por la que se modifica la Directiva 2008/98/CE sobre los residuos. Esta nueva Directiva obliga a los Estados Miembros a la recogida selectiva de residuos textiles antes del 1 de enero de 2025, y al establecimiento de unos objetivos relativos a la preparación para la reutilización y al reciclado de estos residuos. Esto supondrá un impacto para toda la cadena de valor textil pues será necesario que las empresas empiecen a diseñar y preparar sus productos para contener material reciclado y para permitir su reciclaje. Las nuevas tendencias en gestión de desechables textiles impulsan el aumento de la concienciación ciudadana sobre las prácticas de consumo así como la corresponsabilidad de productores y usuarios. La gestión de restos textiles, cuyo principal destino es la economía social, habrá de impulsar las tecnologías de valorización de los excedentes para reintroducir dichos materiales en el proceso de consumo, favoreciendo de esta forma la economía circular y la sostenibilidad.

The food habits of the South Pacific hake (Merluccius gayi) from Ecuadorian waters were studied by analysing 232 stomachs of specimens ranging from 23.4–83.1 cm in total length (TL). Fish was the most important prey group (Alimentary Index, %AI = 94), Ctenosciaena peruviana being the most represented prey species (%AI = 62.17). PERMANOVA analysis showed dietary differences between the smallest individuals (class I < 30 cm TL) and the largest (class IV 40–45 cm TL; class V ≥ 45 cm TL). In addition, spatial differences in dietary composition were found between the three sampled regions (Manabí, Santa Elena and Guayas). The results of this study indicate that the South Pacific hake is an opportunistic predator feeding on a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms.

Effective sustainable management of marine fisheries requires that assessed management units (that is, fish stocks) correspond to biological populations. This issue has long been discussed in the context of Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT, Thunnus thynnus) management, which currently considers two unmixed stocks but does not take into account how individuals born in each of the two main spawning grounds (Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea) mix in feeding aggregations throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Using thousands of genome-wide molecular markers obtained from larvae and young of the year collected at the species’ main spawning grounds, we provide what is, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct genetic evidence for “natal homing” in ABFT. This has facilitated the development of an accurate, cost-effective, and non-invasive tool for tracing the genetic origin of ABFT that allows for the assignment of catches to their population of origin, which is crucial for ensuring that ABFT management is based on biologically meaningful stock units rather than simply on catch location., Sí

The intelligent analysis of electrical parameters has been facilitated by the Internet of Things (IoT), with capabilities to access a lot of data with customized sampling times. On the contrary, binary classifiers using support vector machines (SVM) resolve nonlinear cases through kernel functions. This work presents two binary classifiers of presence in the home using total household active power data obtained from the automated reading of an IoT device. The classifiers consisted of SVM using kernel functions, a linear function, and a nonlinear function. The data was acquired with the Emporia Gen 2 Vue energy monitor for 20 days without interruption, obtaining averaged readings every 15 min. Of these data, 75% was for training the classifiers, and the rest of the data was for validation. Contrary to expectations, the evaluation yielded accuracies of 91.67% for the nonlinear SVM and 92.71% for the linear SVM, concluding that there was similar performance.

Anadromous alewife Alosa pseudoharengus (n = 202; mean ± s.d. fork length = 231 ± 14 mm) were captured from 10 May to 27 June 2018 in an upper watershed lake on the Isthmus of Chignecto, Canada (45°57'N, 64°14'W). Thirty individuals (mean ± s.d. fork length = 250 ± 12 mm) were captured in an adjacent estuary downstream of a tide gate on 25 April 2018. Comparing estuarine to freshwater specimens, mean gonad mass and gonadosomatic indices in males and females decreased approximately 40% and 60%, and 31% and 50%, respectively. Individuals were characterized as pre-spawners in the estuary and spawners in the lake. Males maintained similar body condition throughout the spawning run whereas female condition decreased 9.4% between the estuary and lake. Stomach fullness decreased comparing estuarine and freshwater specimens, yet 93% of stomachs examined from individuals captured in the lake contained prey. Most males fed throughout all spawning stages (3%-17% empty stomachs), while all females fed during pre- and post-spawning stages and some fasted during spawning (11% empty stomachs). Cumulative prey curve never reached an asymptote, either weekly or for the entire sampling period, so freshwater diet may not have been completely described. Calanoid copepods (79.3%IA ) were a diet staple, with the secondary prey of mayfly nymphs (O. Ephemeroptera) consumed more by females (13.6%IA ) than males (6.2%IA ). PERMANOVA and PERMDISP analyses revealed significant dietary differences in freshwater were weekly and not due to dispersion effects, thus most likely due to feeding on various development stages of insect species. Our results challenge the long-held paradigm that anadromous A. pseudoharengus fast during the spawning migration.

In this study, the authors examined late atretic follicles in the ovaries of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (Linn AE us 1758), at different times of the year using transmitted light and epifluorescence microscopy. Atresia (degeneration and resorption of developing ovarian follicles) is a natural process involved in fecundity downregulation in teleosts and is substantially enhanced in stressful conditions. Early (alpha and beta) atretic stages of yolked oocytes have a relatively short duration in seasonally reproducing species, whereas later (gamma and delta) atretic follicles (LAF) persist for longer time in the ovary, serving as a sign of previous vitellogenic activity. LAF can thus be used as reliable markers of maturity during non-reproductive periods. Lipofuscin granules accumulate in the cytoplasm of LAF cells as a result of lysosomal digestion of oocyte components. Taking advantage of the well-known autofluorescent properties of lipofuscins, LAF may be identified in unstained histological sections under fluorescence microscopy using appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths. The authors explore in this study the applicability of fluorescence microscopy to provide a fast and effective method to assess late atresia in fishes. This method may be particularly useful to determine sexual maturity in individuals sampled long after the spawning season, where LAF are difficult to detect in standard histological sections. Furthermore, LAF autofluorescence provides a rapid way to quantify late atresia in fishes using image analysis., This research was partly funded by the CEI MAR Foundation (project #CEIJ19-C02.1), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project #CTM2017-82808-R) and the Andalusian Government (P12-RNM733, FEDER UCA18-107069).

SIN RESUMEN

The feeding ecology and consumption rate of the broadbill swordfish (SWO, Xiphias gladius) from Ecuadorian waters were assessed by stomach content analysis of 256 individuals ranging between 91 and 291 cm in straight fork length (FL). Based on the alimentary index (%AI), the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) was the most important prey species (58.93%AI), followed by bullet and frigate tunas (Auxis spp.) (17.94%AI). Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) detected one size-related shift in feeding habits to occur at FL ~ 190 cm, whereas no spatial variations in diet composition were observed. Similarity percentages (SIMPER) analysis revealed that the diet of small SWO (≤ 140 cm FL) and medium SWO (140–190 cm FL) was mainly characterized by Dosidicus gigas (contributing to 50.77 and 66.82% of the similarities, respectively) and Auxis spp. (18.14 and 17.23%, respectively); Auxis spp. and Thysanoteuthis rhombus, however, were the greatest contributors to the similarity in large SWO (≥ 190 cm FL) (47.87 and 22.06%, respectively). The daily meal was estimated to be 468.03–676.78 g day−1, which corresponded to a daily ration of 1.63–8.24% body mass (BM, in g) day−1. The results of this study indicate that the SWO is a mesopelagic predator that plays an important role in structuring the pelagic ecosystem of the Ecuadorian Pacific Ocean.

To assess the prevalence of peripheral artery disease and the validity of clinical signs for its diagnosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.Setting: Health center (Mariñamansa,Orense).January 2011-January 2013.Patients with type 2 diabetes, informed consent.Age, sex, diabetes duration, body mass index, Charlson index, blood pressure, ankle-brachial index (ABI), cholesterol levels, smoking. Cardiovascular risk (UKPDS). Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire.n=323 (± 5.5% accuracy, 95% confidence).multivariate logistic regression analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and agreement were estimated. Informed consent and ethics committee approval were obtained (2010/278).Mean patient age was 71.56±12.73 years, and mean diabetes duration 12.38±9.96 years. Symptoms of intermittent claudication were reported by 26,4% of patients, ABI was normal (0.9-1.1) in 37.2% of patients, less than 0.9 in 26,5%, and higher than 1.10 in 36.2% of patients. The kappa index of agreement of peripheral artery disease according to the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire and the ankle-brachial index was 0.33). The questionnaire showed a sensitivity of 50.7% for predicting the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease (ABI0.9) with a specificity of 82.6%, with positive and negative predictive values of 48.6% and 83.8% respectively.One-fourth of patients with type 2 diabetes had peripheral artery disease. There was a low level of agreement between the evaluation of symptoms of intermittent claudication and the results of the ankle-brachial index. Presence or absence of symptoms of claudication did not allow for confirming or ruling out peripheral artery disease.

Resumen Objetivo Determinar en pacientes diabeticos tipo 2 la prevalencia de arteriopatia periferica y la validez de las manifestaciones clinicas para su diagnostico. Metodos Ambito: Centro de Salud (Marinamansa,Orense). Periodo Enero de 2011 - enero de 2013. Criterios inclusion Pacientes diabeticos tipo 2, con consentimiento informado. Mediciones Edad, sexo, tiempo de evolucion de diabetes, indice de masa corporal, indice de Charlson, presion arterial, indice tobillo-brazo, niveles de colesterol, habito tabaquico. Riesgo cardiovascular (UKPDS). Cuestionario de Edimburgo. Tamano muestral: n = 323(±5,5% precision; 95% seguridad). Analisis estadistico Analisis multivariado de regresion logistica. Estudio de sensibilidad, especificidad valores predictivos y concordancia. Aprobado por el Comite Etico de Investigacion (2010/278). Resultados La edad media fue de 71,56 ± 12,73 anos, la media de evolucion de la diabetes tipo 2 fue de 12,38 ± 9,96 anos. El 26,4% referian sintomas de claudicacion intermitente. El 37,2% presentaban un indice tobillo-brazo normal (ITB 0,9- 1,1), un 26,5% 1,10. La concordancia de la arteriopatia periferica segun el cuestionario de Edimburgo y el ITB fue reducida (indice Kappa = 0,33). El cuestionario de Edimburgo mostro una sensibilidad del 50,7% para predecir el diagnostico de arteriopatia periferica (ITB Conclusiones Una cuarta parte de los pacientes diabeticos tipo 2 presenta arteriopatia periferica. Existe una baja concordancia entre la evaluacion de sintomas de claudicacion intermitente y los resultados del ITB. La presencia de los sintomas de claudicacion o su ausencia no permiten descartar ni confirmar la enfermedad arterial periferica.

Size-related shifts in feeding habits of juvenile yellowfin tuna (YFT), Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788), in Ecuadorian waters were assessed using stomach content analysis (SCA) (n = 339) and stable isotope analysis (n = 83). In all size classes, fishes were the predominant prey group in the diet (Alimentary Index, %AI = 96.86) followed by cephalopods (%AI = 3.29) and crustaceans (%AI = 0.03). PERMANOVA analysis revealed significant variations in diet with body size: i) Class I YFT (≤50 cm in fork length, FL) fed mainly on laternfishes, family Myctophidae (%AI = 37.34), and jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas (%AI = 36.06), Class II YFT (50–60 cm, FL) consumed bullet and frigate tunas, Auxis spp., unidentifiable fish and jumbo squid (%AI = 47.75, %AI = 25.06 and%AI = 21.67, respectively), and Class III YFT (≥ 60 cm, FL) preyed almost exclusively on bullet and frigate tunas (%AI = 90.85). Mean ± SD muscle isotope values were 12.14 ± 1.95‰ for δ15N and −17.42 ± 0.27 for δ13C‰; mean (±SD) liver values were 11.30‰ for δ15N and −17.42 ± 0.27‰ for δ13C. Overall, liver and muscle samples showed significant size-related differences in δ15N and δ13C. Stable isotope Bayesian ellipses, SEAc, did not show trophic overlap among size classes. A significant positive linear correlation was observed between δ15N and δ13C measured in liver and muscle tissues with body size, suggesting an increase of prey size as tuna grew. These results indicate that the observed size-related diet shifts are not only related to prey type, but also to prey size.

This study provides sound evidence of the spawning activity of common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the Gulf of Cadiz (southwest Spain) during summer months. Along with waters off Côte d'Ivoire, this area adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea is the easternmost Atlantic spawning ground documented for the species. All the fish analysed (5 males and 15 females) were at spawning stage, except the smallest female (61.5 cm in fork length), which might not have yet reached sexual maturation. The oceanographic conditions during the samplings were similar to those occurring during the peak spawning season in the Gulf of Mexico. The study results are consistent with recent genetic studies indicating differentiation between Mediterranean and Atlantic dolphinfish populations, with the Strait of Gibraltar representing a boundary between two distinct reproductive units. The present results may contribute to improve the understanding of the dynamics of dolphinfish population and the management of eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean stocks., SI

Foraging habits of skipjack tuna, SKJ (Katsuwonus pelamis), were investigated in three Spanish marine regions (Balearic Sea, Alboran Sea and Gulf of Cadiz) using stomach content (SCA), stable isotope (SIA), and fatty acid (FA) analyses. The three methodological approaches yielded significant differences among locations. All the studied areas appear to serve as important foraging grounds for SKJ, but the diet composition significantly varied among them. The predominant prey species in the respective locations were the North Atlantic krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, in the Balearic Sea, the flyingfish, Exocœtus volitans, in the Alboran Sea, and the anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, in the Gulf of Cadiz. Regional differences were also found in δ13C and δ15N values; furthermore, the analysis of standard ellipse areas (SEAc) based on isotopic data showed that the broadest niche corresponded to SKJ from the Gulf of Cadiz, with no significant isotopic niche overlap between areas. Consistent with the SCA and stable isotope results, the FA composition varied among areas. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) was the most abundant FA in the SKJ muscle, showing its highest values in samples from the Gulf of Cadiz; this FA was the most effective in segregating SKJ geographical groups. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that SKJ in eastern Atlantic and western Mediterranean waters can easily adapt their diet to local prey availability. Furthermore, stable isotope signatures and FA profiles of muscle tissue prove to be reliable trophic markers that allow separation of populations occurring in different marine areas.

Feeding ecology of Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT, Thunnus thynnus), from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Canada, was assessed by stomach content and stable isotope analyses. Stomachs were collected from 161 individuals averaging 249 ± 20 cm in curved fork length and 248 ± 64 in round weight. The fish were caught by commercial fishing boats using rod and reel gear during fall 2015–2017. Liver and muscle samples were taken from 133 fish for stable isotope analysis. Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) was the most abundant prey item in 2015 (%Alimentary index, %AI = 88.94), whereas in 2016 and 2017 the ABFT diet was mainly composed of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) (%AI = 56.73 and %AI = 77.23, respectively). PERMANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in the dietary composition between years. δ15N values varied between 12.3 and 15.4‰ for muscle and between 11.1 and 14.6‰ for liver. δ13C values ranged from −19.9 to −16.5‰ for muscle and from −20.7 to −17.3‰ for liver. PERMANOVA analysis also detected inter-annual isotopic differences in both muscle and liver samples (p

Mass mortality is still one of the main constraints in larval rearing of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.; ABT). Early data related to the feeding sequence of ABT larvae suggested that mortality observed during the first stages of life could be partly due to nutritional deficiencies. Previous studies demonstrated that copepods ap- peared to be a superior live prey compared to rotifers during the first 2 weeks of life. Our overarching aim was to evaluate different feeding strategies during first feeding of ABT larvae from a performance, compositional and molecular perspective. In order to do so, two groups of ABT larvae were fed with either copepod (Acartia tonsa; C) nauplii or rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis; R) enriched with Algamac 3050® from mouth opening to 13 days after hatching (dah). After this, the group C-larvae was fed either Artemia enriched with Algamac 3050® (CA), Acartia nauplii and copepodites (CC) or sea bream (Sparus aurata) yolk-sac larvae (CY), while the R group were fed on Artemia enriched with Algamac 3050® (RA) up to 18 dah. At 13 dah, larvae fed copepods (C) had grown better than those fed enriched rotifers (R) although there were no significant differences in survival. ABT larvae fed R accumulated highest eicosapentaenoate (EPA) but lowest docosahexaenoate (DHA) and total n-3 long- chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) than C-fed larvae, reflecting the dietary contents. There was no activation in the expression of the enzymes involved in EPA and DHA biosynthesis. However, the different live prey showed regulation of transcription factor, digestive enzyme, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress genes. At 18 dah, larvae fed CY and CA treatments were largest in size, with larvae fed RA displaying the lowest growth, with no significant differences in survival among the dietary treatments. The highest DHA contents were found in ABT larvae fed CC and CY, whereas the lowest contents were found in RA-fed larvae. Indeed, larvae fed RA showed the highest level of the intermediate product n-3 docosapentaenoate, which could reflect increased activity of the biosynthetic pathway although this was not supported by gene expression data., SI

The diet and the feeding habits of the common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the Pacific coast of Ecuador was assessed by examining 320 stomachs of individuals ranging from 51 to 149 cm in total length. Fish was the predominant prey group in the diet (Alimentary Index, %AI = 95.39) followed by cephalopods (%AI = 4.13) and crustaceans (%AI = 0.48). Among the 17 prey items that make up the dolphinfish diet, the Exocoetidae family was the most important prey (%AI = 57.13),Dosidicus gigasbeing the most abundant invertebrate species (%AI = 7.65). Feeding patterns were evaluated using the graphing method of Amundsen, which suggested that this species shows a varying degree of specialization on different prey taxa. Thus, while some species were unimportant and rare (Hippocampus hippocampus, Lagocephalus lagocephalus, Gobiidae andArgonautasp.), several dolphinfishes showed a high degree of specialization on Scombridae,Pleuroncodes planipes, Portunus xantusiiandOpisthonema libertate. Size-related and temporal shifts in dietary composition were investigated by PERMANOVA analysis, which showed wide variations among size classes and periods of capture. The results of this study indicate that the common dolphinfish is an opportunistic feeder, which is capable of consuming a wide variety of schooling epipelagic organisms.

We thank Maria Lema (Unidad de Tecnicas Instrumentales de Analisis, Universade da Coruna) for isotopic analysis, Oriol Ribalta and collaborating sports fishermen from the CEPRR for help in tuna sampling in the Cambrils area. This work was funded by the European Community (contract no. 212797), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (contracts CTM2011-29525-C04-01 and CTM2011-27505) and the Andalusian government (contract RNM-02469), and was conducted as part of the CLIOTOP programme. J.L.V. benefitted from a grant under the Prometeo Project programme (SENESCYT, Ecuador). This is contribution 84 of CEI.MAR and 700 of AZTI-Tecnalia (Marine Research Division).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of two macroalgae as dietary ingredients on growth, body composition, intermediate metabolism, intestinal enzymes and gut histology of Sparus aurata juveniles. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets incorporating 5%, 15% or 25% of Gracilaria cornea or Ulva rigida meal were tested against a control diet. Duplicate groups of fifteen fish (14 g) were fed the experimental diets for 70 days. Growth performance showed an inverse linear relationship with the inclusion level of Gracilaria. Feed conversion ratio increased significantly in fish fed 25% Gracilaria. Ulva presented a quadratic relationship with the lowest SGR at 15% of inclusion. Fish fed 25% Ulva exhibited significantly lower lipid content than those fed control diet. Overall, metabolites did not show differences with specimens fed control diet, except for plasmatic glucose and muscle lactate. Intestinal proteolytic activity was reduced with the macroalgae inclusion level, but all fish showed the same enzyme pattern. The histological study revealed no negative effect on liver and intestine structure by the macroalgae inclusion. The present work demonstrated that these ingredients can be used in practical diets for sea bream, but a more comprehensive research is needed to determine the optimum dietary level in a longer feeding trial.

Stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N from liver and muscle) was used to assess trophic relationships between Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT) (Thunnus thynnus) and striped dolphin (SC) (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Strait of Gibraltar (SoG). δ15N values from ABFT muscle and liver tissues were significantly different from those of dolphin samples, but no for δ13C values. Diet estimation by MixSIAR models from muscle and liver revealed that ABFT fed mainly on squids (Todaropsis eblanae and Illex coindetii). The shrimp Pasiphaea sp. was estimated to be the most important prey-species in the diet of SC. Trophic positions estimated from muscle and liver isotopic data suggested that ABFT occupy a higher trophic level than SC. Estimations of isotopic niche, as measured by the standard ellipse area, indicated that ABFT show a broader trophic niche than SC; furthermore, SEAc did not show trophic overlap between both predators. The results of this study suggest that resource partitioning occurs between ABFT and SC in the SoG ecosystem.

Environmental contamination by mercury is a concern in marine food webs, and especially for large fish. We examined methylmercury (MeHg) levels in blood, muscle and liver of 35 individual Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus), a commercially harvested, anadromous fish eastern Canada. Females had higher blood and liver MeHg levels than males, and in some tissues there was a suggestion of higher mercury in longer fish. Collectively, sturgeon MeHg levels were far below Canadian and international guidelines for safe consumption of fish meat.

Analyses of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes naturally occurring in animal tissues prove useful in trophic ecology investigations. The correct interpretation of field stable-isotope data should be supported by previous experimental work, but the development of isotopic models is frequently based on untested assumptions. This study was conducted to provide reference isotopic data that may be of application in further studies designed to reconstruct diets and elucidate trophic relationships of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus. The influence of the fat content on carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N), as well as prey-predator discrimination factors (Δ13C and Δ15N), were assessed in white-muscle samples of wild-caught bluefin tuna reared on chub mackerel for approximately five months. Lipid extraction resulted in significantly lower values of C:N ratio, and higher values of δ13C and δ15N. Four significantly different Δ13C and Δ15N estimates were obtained using all possible combinations of bulk and lipid-extracted muscle data from predator and prey. Removal of lipids from bluefin tuna muscle resulted in significantly different Δ13C and Δ15N estimates, whereas lipid extraction from prey samples did not significantly change the results. We suggest that, where specific experimental data are not available, the values proposed here for Δ13C (− 0.16‰) and Δ15N (1.64‰) be used in diet reconstruction and food-web investigations on bluefin tuna and other closely related species.

The effects of dietary administration of probiotic Pdp11, a bacterial probiotic strain from the Alteromonadaceae family, on growth and stress tolerance to high stocking density was analyzed in juvenile gilthead sea bream Sparus auratus . In the first trial, juvenile specimens were fed during 116 days with control feed or diets supplemented with Pdp11, and growth, serum immunological parameters as well as plasmatic, hepatic and muscular metabolic parameters were assessed. Growth performance improved in group receiving probiotic compared to control group. No differences were observed for the assessed immunological or metabolic parameters. In the second trial, specimens from both groups from the first experiment were submitted to the following conditions for 15 days: i) group fed with control food and either under low density (3 kg/m 3 ), or high density (30 kg/m 3 ) and ii) group fed with probiotic supplemented feed and either under low density, or high density. Our results indicated that administration of probiotic Pdp11 in the diet promoted growth and improved stress tolerance under high stocking density, suggesting its use will be beneficial for the aquaculture industry of this species.

The diet of young Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Bay of Biscay foraging ground was assessed using stomach-content analysis (SCA) and stable-isotope analysis coupled with isotope mixing model. Whereas SCA showed that the young tuna fed mainly on horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), the estimation of liver and muscle mixing model analyses indicated that northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) was the most important food resource. These contrasting observations are probably due to the different time scales spanned by the different methods. The present results suggest that young bluefin tuna prey at different trophic levels of the Bay of Biscay pelagic food web, thus behaving as an opportunist and generalist predator.

Spawning behaviour of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) was investigated using electronic satellite tags deployed in the western Mediterranean spawning ground, around the Balearic Islands (years 2009-2011). All the fish were tagged underwater and released within schools. In general, the fish tagged in the same year/school displayed common migratory trends. Following extended residency around the Balearic Islands, most tagged tuna crossed the Strait of Gibraltar heading for the North Atlantic. Discrepancies between the migratory tracks reconstructed from this and previous electronic tagging studies suggest that the bluefin tuna Mediterranean population may comprise distinct units exhibiting differing migratory behaviours. The diving behaviour varied between oceanic regions throughout the migratory pathways, the shallowest distribution taking place in the spawning ground and the deepest at the Strait of Gibraltar. A unique diving pattern was found on the majority of nights while the fish stayed at the spawning ground; it consisted of frequent and brief oscillatory movements up and down through the mixed layer, resulting in thermal profiles characterized by oscillations about the thermocline. Such a pattern is believed to reflect recent courtship and spawning activity. Reproductive parameters inferred from the analysis of vertical profiles are consistent with those estimated in previous studies based on biological samples.

The Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793), is a scombrid that occurs throughout the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. In spite of the commercial importance of this species, very few studies have been conducted recently to improve the knowledge and understanding of its trophic biology. Immature Atlantic bonito from a single batch (body mass mean SD = 445 107 g, fork length mean SD = 30.40 2.19 cm, n = 17) were provided by the ‘Planta Experimental de Cultivos Marinos’ (Instituto Espa~nol de Oceanograf ıa, C. O. de Murcia, Mazarr on, Spain). Throughout the experimental period (November 11, 2011– December 26, 2011), the fish were maintained under fasting conditions and natural photoperiod, temperature (17–20°C) and salinity (37 ppt). Samples of liver and muscle were collected from three individuals at the start of the experiment (day 0) and subsequently on days 7, 14, 25 and 45. Body mass and length were recorded during samplings, and the Fulton’s condition index (K) calculated as K (g cm 3) = 100 weight length 3. The results derived from this study suggest that food deprivation induces increased d15N and higher variability in d13C values in liver of Atlantic bonito, whereas the isotopic values of muscle do not significantly change throughout a fasting period of 45 days. Therefore, we believe that muscle rather than liver may be a suitable tissue to be used in studies aimed to estimate diet composition or trophic position involving stable isotope analysis in poor–condition fish or fish in which condition is unknown., SI

The application of probiotics on aquatic animals is increasing for a better fish welfare status as well as an environment-friendly activity which are actual demands of modern aquaculture industry. A bacterium from skin mucus of healthy gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) has been isolated and identified as Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11. Different studies have been done to know its application as probiotic in the Senegalese sole and gilthead seabream farming. This article reviews the studies carried out with this probiotic microorganism focusing on the current knowledge of its in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action. The results suggested that the probiotic S. putrefaciens Pdp11, due to its beneficial effects, could be used in the aquaculture activity of both species.

Corta e intensa—como su vida misma—la carrera literaria de Larra reconoce la presencia constante de Quevedo, desde sus primeras colaboraciones en El Duende (1828) a sus últimos artículos periodísticos; es más, los días que preceden al suicidio, parece haber acometido con su amigo Roca de Togores la empresa, aboceteada e iniciada en sus primeras escenas, de un drama titulado «Quevedo». En el breve espacio de que dispongo, quisiera abocetear una relación de deudas y correlaciones estilísticas entre ambos escritores, a sabiendas de que algunas pertenecen al caudal universal de la literatura satírica, aunque su procedencia en Larra sea fundamentalmente quevedesca. Estas caracterizaciones procuraré integrarlas en el modesto edificio que singulariza su estilo personal, con lo que pueden adquirir su verdadera dimensión, original o mostrenca. La ascendencia quevedesca de muchos recursos no fue inadvertida por lectores y críticos, ciertamente; como que el propio Fígaro la señala, mediante cita directa o recuerdo descubierto.