Search

El presente artículo analiza los valores del cuerpo de 536 estudiantes de 1º Bachillerato en Castilla y León en el curso 2017/18 en función de sus variables de perfil sexo, modalidad de bachillerato, naturaleza, titularidad y provincia de pertenencia del centro de estudios. El objetivo es describir tendencias generales asociadas a dichas variables de perfil. El instrumento de medida es el test elaborado por Casares y Collados (1998) que clasifica en 10 los valores del cuerpo en base a 250 ítems agrupados en bloques de 25. El tratamiento de datos se lleva a cabo mediante un análisis de valores medios. Los resultados obtenidos son mostrados en forma de tablas de puntuaciones, gráficos y representaciones jerárquicas. Se calculan estadísticos descriptivos y estadística inferencial. Se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas asociadas a la variable de perfil sexo y, secundariamente, provincia de pertenencia del centro de estudios. Asimismo, destaca el valor placer como el más agradable en todas las clasificaciones y el valor religioso el menos, exceptuando lo ocurrido en Soria donde se torna incluso positivo. Todo ello describe la realidad en que los estudiantes de 1º bachillerato conciben su cuerpo y le conceden su valor, lo que abre nuevos flancos críticos en la educación a través de los valores del cuerpo. Abstract. This article analyzes the body values of 536 First Year Bachillerato students in the Castilla y León region of Spain during the academic year 2017/18 according to their special characteristics such as gender, Bachillerato option, personality, qualifications and province administering the educational establishment they attend. The aim is to describe general trends associated with these profile variables. The instrument of measurement is the test devised by Casares and Collados (1998), which divides body values into 10 categories. It is based on 250 items classified into 10 groups of 25 defining the body values. Data processing is carried out through an analysis of average values. The results obtained are shown in the form of score tables, graphs and hierarchical representations. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are calculated. Significant differences associated to the variable of gender profile and, secondarily, province of belonging to the study center are highlighted. Likewise, the pleasure value stands out as the most pleasant in all classifications and the religious value the least, except for what happened in Soria where it becomes even positive. The procedure of preferred values ratifies the pleasure value as the most pleasant, however the religious value is rarely the least preferred. All this describes the reality in which the students of the 1st baccalaureate conceive their body and give it their value, which opens new critical flanks in education through the values ​​of the body.

[EN] Sediment budgets and morphological channel adjustments are closely related to changes in stream power. In ephemeral channels, whose geomorphic response depends on the magnitude and frequency of hydrological events isolated in time, such relationships are often difficult to establish. This study sought to quantitatively relate morphological adjustments to stream power along different reference channel reaches for the period 2018¿2020 in the Azohía Rambla, a Mediterranean gravel-bed ephemeral stream in southeastern Spain. Very high resolution digital terrain models (VHR DTM) (at 1 to 2.5 cm pixel size), combined with ortophotographs and 3D point clouds, generated via SfM photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for pre- and post-event stages, together with ground-based surveys were used to estimate the spatial variability of morphological sediment budgets and to assess channel bed mobility and changes in net sediment flux during the study period in two spatial scenarios: reference channel reaches (RCRs) and pilot bed survey areas (PBSAs). The hydraulic variables (flow velocity, Froude number, shear stress, mean stream power and energy gradient, among other) were estimated using a 1D hydrodynamic model calibrated with field information. The high resolution maps allowed a spatially-explicit analysis of stream power and transport efficiency in accordance with the areas of erosion and deposition in each RCR. The incision and bed armoring processes showed different trends according to the stream power (¿), cumulative excess energy (¿c), and relative bed stability (RBS). The greatest morphological adjustments at the event scale coincided with ¿ values above 300W m¿2, ¿c higher than 3 MJ, and RBS below 0.5. The relationships between the mean stream power gradient at peak flood discharges and the changes in bed elevation verified the bed aggradation (an average surface raising of 0.17 to 0.22 m for ¿¿/¿s of ¿6.2 to ¿14.5Wm¿2 m¿1) during the major flood and bed scour (average surface lowering of 0.16 to 0.19 m for ¿¿/¿s of 5.8 to 10.6 W m¿2 m¿1) in the moderated events at the bankfull and sub-bankfull stages. Furthermore, this study contributes new relevant data to the scarce existing literature on the relationships between stream power and morphosedimentary adjustments in a fluvial system highly sensitive and resilient to climate change, as is the case of ephemeral gravel-bed channels., This work has been financed by ERDF/Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities-State Research Agency (AEI) /Project CGL2017-84625-C2-1-R (CCAMICEM) ; State Program for Research, Development and Innovation oriented to the Challenges of Society, and by the University of Alicante (Project GRE18-15) . We also would like to extend our thanks to AEMET and the Segura River Hydrographic Confederation Center (SHC) , Government of Spain, for their collaboration.

La literatura científica viene insistiendo en los últimos años en una nueva valorización del cuerpo que el presente artículo trata de estudiar empíricamente. El instrumento de medida es el test elaborado por Casares y Collados (1998) que clasifica en 10 los valores del cuerpo y se ha aplicado a una muestra de 536 estudiantes de 1º de Bachillerato en Castilla y León en el curso escolar 2017/18. Se llevan a cabo dos procedimientos diferenciados en la obtención de resultados, por palabras y por valores del cuerpo. Asimismo, en cada uno de estos procedimientos se analiza tanto las frecuencias máximas como los valores medios, derivando finalmente en tres vías diferentes. Las puntuaciones obtenidas según las tres metodologías presentan características distintas y no susceptibles de comparativa dada la heterogeneidad en las unidades de medida, mientras sus jerarquías derivadas sí permiten comparación al respecto. Se estudian las tendencias más generalizadas que vinculan a los estudiantes con la sociedad occidental contemporánea y el cuerpo postmoderno. Los resultados muestran el valor placer como el más agradable y el religioso como el menos. Asimismo, los valores del cuerpo biológico, estético, intelectual y afectivo-social son destacados como los más agradables después del placer, mientras los valores ecológico, ético y dinámico son destacados como menos agradables. Todo ello apoya en general la perspectiva descrita por la literatura sobre el cuerpo postmoderno y su gran valoración como estructura orgánica en detrimento de su función humana, repercutiendo en campos diversos que demandan una intervención. Abstract. The scientific literature has been insisting in recent years on a new valorization of the body that this article tries to study empirically. The instrument of measurement is the test devised by Casares and Collados (1998), which divides body values into 10 categories and it has been applied to a sample of 536 students from 1st year of Bachillerato in Castilla y León region of Spain during the academic year 2017/18. Two different procedures are performed to obtain results, by words and by body values. Also, in each of these procedures, both the maximum frequencies and the mean values are analyzed, eventually resulting in three different routes. The results obtained from the three methodologies show different characteristics and are not susceptible of comparative due to the heterogeneity in the units of measurement, however, the hierarchies derived from them do allow comparison in this regard. The most common trends linking students with contemporary Western society and post-modern body are examined. The results show pleasure value as the most fulfilling and religion as the least. Likewise, the biological, aesthetic, intellectual and affective-social body values are highlighted as the most pleasing after pleasure value, while the ecological, ethical and dynamic values are highlighted as less pleasant. All this, generally speaking, supports the perspective described by the literature about the postmodern body and its great value as an organic structure to the detriment of its human function, impacting on various fields that require intervention.

[EN] Stream power represents the rate of energy expenditure along a stream reach and can be calculated using topographic data acquired via structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). This study sought to quantitatively relate morphological adjustments in the Azohia Rambla, a gravel-bed ephemeral stream in southeastern Spain, to stream power (omega), critical power (omega(c)), and energy gradients ( partial differential omega/ partial differential s), along different reference channel reaches of 200 to 300 m in length. High-resolution digital terrain models (HRDTMs), combined with ortophotographs and point clouds from 2018, 2019, and 2020, and ground-based surveys, were used to estimate the spatial variability of morphological sediment budgets and to assess channel bed mobility during the study period at different spatial scales: reference channel reaches (RCRs), pilot bed survey areas (PBSAs), and representative geomorphic units (RGUs). The optimized complementary role of the SfM technique and terrestrial laser scanning allowed the generation of accurate and reliable HRDTMs, upon which a 1-D hydrodynamic model was calibrated and sediment budgets calculated. The resulting high-resolution maps allowed a spatially explicit analysis of stream power and transport efficiency in relation to volumes of erosion and deposition in the RCR and PBSA. In addition, net incision or downcutting and vertical sedimentary accretion were monitored for each flood event in relation to bedforms and hydraulic variables. Sediment sources and sinks and bed armoring processes showed different trends according to the critical energy and stream power gradient, which were verified from field observations. During flows exceeding bankfull discharges (between 18 and 24 m(3) s(-1) according to channel reach), significant variations in partial differential omega/ partial differential s values and omega/omega(c) ratios (e.g., -15 < partial differential omega/ partial differential s < 15 Wm(-3); omega/omega(c) > 2 for a peak discharge of 31 m(3) s(-1)) were associated with a large amount of bedload mobilized upstream and vertical accretion along the middle reach (average rise height of 0.20 to 0.35 m for the same event). By contrast, more moderate peak flows (, This research was funded by ERDF/Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities-State Research Agency/Project CGL2017-84625-C2-1-R (CCAMICEM); State Program for Research, Development and Innovation Focused on the Challenges of Society, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and EU FEDER under Project TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P and by the University of Alicante (vigrob-157 and GRE18-05).

The construction of basement walls using staged berm is a widely applied technique in many countries. However, there are neither regulation nor scientific studies to support its use. In order to increase productivity, the tendency in the execution of this type of constructions is to carry out the partial excavations with the maximum possible dimensions, which must include the necessary space to overlap the horizontal reinforcements. This paper presents a procedure for the execution of walls with connection joints, without overlapping horizontal reinforcements and is modeled by a finite element software in order to obtain the optimum excavation width for mixed soils. The results underline the improvement in the stability of this execution technique and reveal a linear relationship between cohesion and excavation width for a given friction angle., La construcción de muros de sótano mediante bataches es una técnica ampliamente empleada en muchos países, sin embargo, no existe normativa que la regule, ni estudios científicos que avalen su uso. Con el fin de aumentar la productividad, la tendencia en la ejecución de este tipo de construcciones es realizar las excavaciones parciales con las máximas dimensiones posibles, que deben incluir el espacio necesario para solapar las armaduras horizontales. En este trabajo se presenta un procedimiento de ejecución de los muros con juntas de conexión, sin solape de armaduras horizontales y se modeliza mediante un programa de elementos finitos con el fin de obtener el ancho de excavación óptimo para suelos mixtos. Los resultados avalan la mejora en la estabilidad de esta técnica de ejecución y revelan una relación lineal entre la cohesión y el ancho de excavación para un ángulo de rozamiento determinado.

Two earth fissures appeared in Murcia province (southeastern Spain) after the flood occurred because of a heavy downpour on 28 September 2012. In this area, located within the Guadalentín Valley, up to 212 L m−2 was reported that day. More than 200 agricultural exploitations were destroyed by the flooding, with a devastating effect on many infrastructures, such as a main A-7 highway bridge that collapsed in this event. The earth fissures appeared after this flooding in the towns of Puerto Lumbreras and Totana. The first fissure showed a straight-line direction approximately parallel to the main geological structures of the Guadalentín Valley. The total length of the fissure was 400 m and was 2 to 3 m in depth. The soil in the fissure is classified as a low-plasticity silt with some sand and clay, ML, according to the Unified Soil Classification System. From the sieve and hydrometer tests, the percentage of silt in these samples was between 48 % and 68 %, the clay content between 12 % and 30 % and the sand content between 2 % and 40 %. The plasticity index was smaller than 9.2 for all the samples. To evaluate the piping and internal erosion susceptibility of the soil, pinhole, crumb and geochemical tests were done on the collected samples. A result of non-dispersive soil was obtained from crumb and pinhole tests. Nevertheless, the pH, sodium adsorption ratio and exchangeable sodium percentage tests showed that some samples could be affected by the dispersion of the soil. Also, the collapsible potential of the soil was studied, showing negative results for all the samples except for that collected at the southern end of the fissure, which showed a medium to high potential. Concerning the Totana fissure, it appeared with different branches and holes instead of as a rectilinear pattern. The total length of the fissure was 190 m, with the soil characterized as a silty soil. Lastly, INSAR data, GPS, GPR and land subsidence maps were used to study the possible origin of these fissures. This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the State Agency of Research and the European Funds for Regional Development (grant no. TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P), UNESCO (grant no. ICGP641), the Universidad de Alicante (grant no. GRE17-11), and the Universidad de Alicante (grant no. GRE18-15).

Earth fissures are pervasive cracks that develop on valley floors as a consequence of land subsidence associated with extensive groundwater withdrawal. To capture geometrical, geological and geotechnical information of ground fissures is of paramount importance for their characterization. Recent advances in remote sensing techniques and the accessibility to remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) as well as the evolution of onboard digital cameras enable the capture of digital photos and videos. Using digital photos along with the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique and following certain strategies, we can reconstruct a 3-D model of the earth fissures under study. This technique requires digital photos, but when a digital video is available, we can convert it into a set of frames and equally apply the procedure. Besides, the extraction of frames from a video assures a key condition for the SfM technique: the overlap between photos. The resulting 3-D model should be scaled and oriented using a rigid transformation matrix or even better including ground control points (GCP) into the captured photos or frames. The latter enables the geo-referencing of the point cloud and the correction of linear and non-linear deformations. In this work, the proposed methodology is illustrated through the application of SfM technique to a high-resolution video downloaded from YouTube (i.e. https://youtu.be/9xdAnftBKvY, last access: 20 February 2020). The video shows a mile-long earth fissure that appeared sometime between March 2014 and December 2014 near the Tator Hills (Arizona, USA) over Quaternary sediments. The Arizona Geological Survey captured these videos using an RPAS. The frames of the video were downloaded and extracted using a simple Matlab code. Then, we sub-sampled the frames and processed them using the software Agisoft Metashape Professional. Finally, we got metric data from Google Earth and generated a 3-D model. The quality of the 3-D model strongly depends on the quality of the photos and the GCP. However, this study shows the potential of this technique, instrumentation and data available on Internet for the development of 3-D point clouds and 3-D models for the detailed analysis of earth fissures. This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER) (grant no. TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P), the UNESCO (grant no. ICGP641 project), the Universidad de Alicante (grant no. GRE17-11), the Universidad de Alicante (grant no. GRE18-15), and the Universidad de Alicante (grant no. vigrob-157).

Geologists and engineers traditionally characterise rock slopes through laboratory tests and data captured during fieldwork and further cabinet work. They find, however, difficulties in capturing data in terms of safety, objectiveness and reliability. However, the continuous improvement of remote sensing techniques is changing the rock slope stability analysis. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Structure from Motion (SfM) derived datasets comprise 3D point clouds that represent the studied ground surface. This data permits the geometric analysis and the extraction of the number of discontinuity sets affecting the rock mass, and their orientation, normal spacing and persistence. Despite the importance of persistence for characterising discontinuities, the user must previously decide on the field whether a discontinuity is persistent or non-persistent. Contrarily, the use of 3D datasets enables the establishment of objective criteria during the characterisation of rock masses. In this work, we present a comparative analysis of the persistence of a rock slope in Braga (Portugal). An experienced engineer analysed the discontinuities. Besides, the rock slope was digitised through the SfM technique, enabling the analysis and extraction of their discontinuity sets. The results showed that despite the aid of the 3D point clouds, the fieldwork still plays a key role in the field recognition and discontinuities characterisation. However, the use of 3D point clouds provides objective information to enhance the analysis of a rock slope., (undefined)

El presente artículo analiza los valores del cuerpo de 26 docentes de Educación Física (EF) comparándolos con los valores de 536 de sus estudiantes de 1ºBachillerato en Castilla y León en el curso 2014/15. Se establecen similitudes ydivergencias con el objetivo de describir las particularidades concretas que caracterizan los valores del cuerpo de los docentes de EF. Se utiliza como instrumento demedida el test elaborado por Casares y Collados (1998), compuesto por 250 ítemsagrupados en 10 bloques que definen los valores del cuerpo. En el tratamiento dedatos se emplean dos procedimientos diferenciados, por palabras y por valores delcuerpo y, dentro de cada uno de ellos, dos análisis diferentes, por frecuencias y porvalores medios. Las diferencias entre docentes de EF y estudiantes destacadas porcada metodología son diferentes. Se considera la metodología de valores medios lamás oportuna para el objetivo perseguido. Ésta muestra diferencias estadísticamente significativas en 7 de los 10 valores del cuerpo (biológico, intelectual, afectivosocial, ecológico, ético, dinámico y estético). Sin embargo, la repercusión a niveljerárquico es escasa ya que sólo se registra una inversión de posiciones entre 2valores (dinámico y estético, siendo el valor dinámico más agradable para docentesde EF). Los docentes de EF pueden influir mediante el ejercicio de su profesiónsobre los valores del cuerpo de los estudiantes, como señalan Martínez-Álvarez yGonzález-Calvo (2016), por lo que se torna imprescindible una reflexión sobre elacto educativo en todas sus implicaciones y, si cabe, un programa de intervenciónespecífico.

This paper presents a study of skin friction change of cement pastes used for micropiles as a geotechnical foundation when grout surface is affected by sulfate attack. In this research skin friction coefficient between cement paste – cement paste was measured, studying change in friction depending on the initial roughness of samples. Tests were performed after 3 and 6 months of immersion in a 15% Na2SO4 solution. Results show that sulfate attack increases skin friction coefficient for both surface finishes, concluding that this attack does not have a negative effect on friction in the experimental conditions of this work. This research work has been financially supported by the “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” (formerly “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación”) of Spain and FEDER through project BIA2011-25721, and the University of Alicante through project GRE13-25.

Naked eye rock recognition is an essential activity for professionals and students of geosciences, architecture and engineering. Through a hand holding rock specimen, it is usually required not only to identify the type of rock but recognize their texture and understand its expected properties mechanical and petrophysical properties. Although a wide choice of books, websites and apps are available in the literature and on the Internet, their contents are two-dimensional (2D) and static. Nowadays, the application of remote sensing techniques such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) or Structure from Motion (SfM) enable the generation of three-dimensional (3D) interactive models, which are here presented as a novel perspective of learning and practising rocks recognition. Despite limitations of the technique, 3D digital models of rocks permit their virtual visualization and manipulation to reveal parts of the specimens that are hidden in the 2D photograph, as well as details of the rock specimen’s texture such as grain and minerals size, distribution and organization along with the possibility of identifying petrological features, foliation, mineral orientations and others. This provides a novel perspective of learning and practising rocks identification. Herein, a benchmark of digital rocks collected all around the world and generated using SfM technique is presented. The rocks are organised using a straightforward classification system based on the texture jointly with a detailed description to aid the specimen recognition. A behavioural geomechanical classification is then applied. Moreover, a linked datasheet shows the engineering classification, the weathering degree, the guide physical and mechanical properties (general, and specific when available), the engineering uses and others. The information is organised on an open-access website hosted by the University of Alicante (https://web.ua.es/digitalrocks). This initiative also aims to encourage students and professionals to generate their own models and to provide the description to enlarge the repository. This work was partially funded by the University of Alicante (vigrob-157 Project, GRE14-4, GRE15-19 and GRE17-011 Projects), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and EU FEDER under Projects TIN2014-55413-C2-2-P and TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P. Authors thank Ignacio Pérez-Rey/ Leandro Alejano for the description some used samples.

Geomechanics classifications are used to perform a preliminary assessment of rock slope stability for different purposes in civil and mining engineering. Among all existing rock mass classifications, slope mass rating (SMR) is one of the most commonly used for slopes. Although SMR is a geomechanics classification applied worldwide, often some misapprehensions and inaccuracies are made when professionally and scientifically used. Nearly all these miscalculations involve the influence of slope geometry and the dip and direction of the discontinuities. These problems can be overcome by a systematic assessment of SMR, which allows users to understand and visualize the relative orientation between discontinuities and slope. To fulfil this purpose, a complete and detailed definition of the angular relationships between discontinuities and slope are included in this paper, clarifying the assessment of the SMR parameters. Additionally, a Matlab-based open-source software for SMR (SMRTool) calculation is presented, avoiding miscalculations by automating the calculations and showing the graphical representation of slope and discontinuities. Finally, a general explanation of the method for the use of SMR is reviewed, stressing the common source of errors when applying this classification. The performance, benefits and usefulness of SMRTool are also illustrated in this paper through a specific case study. This work has been supported by the University of Alicante under the projects GRE14-04 and GRE17-11, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), the State Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER) under projects TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P and TIN2014-55413-C2-2-P, and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport under project PRX17/00439 and CAS17/00392.

A novel methodological approach to calibrate and validate three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) groundwater flow and geomechanical models has been implemented using Advanced Differential Interferometric SAR (A-DInSAR) data. In particular, we show how A-DInSAR data can be effectively used to (1) constrain the model set-up in evaluating the areal influence of the wellfield and (2) characterise the aquifer system, specifically the storage coefficient values, which represents a fundamental step in managing groundwater resources. The procedure has been tested to reconstruct the surface vertical and horizontal movements caused by the Manzanares-Jarama wellfield located northwest of Madrid (Spain). The wellfield was used to supply freshwater during major droughts over the period between 1994 and 2010. Previous A-DInSAR outcomes obtained by ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT acquisitions clearly revealed the seasonality of the land displacements associated to the withdrawal and recovery cycles that characterized the wellfield development. A time-lag of about one month, which is in the order of the time span between two SAR acquisitions, between the hydraulic head changes and the displacements has been detected in this site by a wavelet analysis of A-DInSAR and piezometer time series. The negligible delay between the forcing factor and the system response and the complete subsidence recovery when piezometric head recovers supported the understanding of a minor role played by the pore pressure propagation within clay layers and the almost perfectly elastic behavior of the system (viscosity is negligible), respectively. The developed geomechanical model satisfactorily reproduces the pumping-induced deformations with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between observed and simulated land displacements in the order of 0.1-0.3 mm. The results give insights about the approach benefits in deeply understanding the spatio-temporal aquifer-system response to the management of this strategic water resource for Madrid. The activity has been developed within the scientific collaboration established in the framework of the UNESCO Land Subsidence International Initiative (LaSII - https://www.landsubsidence-unesco.org/). The research was funded by University of Pavia in the framework of a research grant award “assegno di tipo A premiale” for research activities at the Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, within the research project entitled “Sustainable groundwater resources management by integrating A-DInSAR derived monitoring and flow modeling results” assigned to Roberta Bonì in March 2019. This research was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO), the State Agency of Research (AEI), and the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER) under project TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P.

La licuación es un proceso por el que una masa de suelo saturado, generalmente granular y de baja compacidad, disminuye drásticamente su resistencia por un aumento de su presión de poro, habitualmente asociado a cargas monotónicas o cíclicas, tales como las inducidas por los eventos sísmicos. Este efecto es recogido tanto por diversas normativas españolas como por el Anejo Nacional Español del Eurocódigo. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio comparativo sobre las diferencias y similitudes en la metodología de comprobación del potencial de licuación empleado en las diferentes normativas. Asimismo, con objeto de cuantificar las diferencias observadas, se ha determinado el factor de seguridad frente a la licuación para tres casos reales de suelos de la provincia de Alicante. En función de los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que existen diferencias, en algunos casos significativas, en el factor de seguridad obtenido. Liquefaction is an effect for which a saturated soil suffers a severe loss of shear strength due to an increase of pore-water pressure. This effect, which generally affects loose granular soils, is usually produced by cyclic loading such as that the induced by earthquakes. In Spain, three different national standards plus Eurocode can currently be applied in the assessment of potential liquefaction of a soil site. In this research, a comparative study of the similarities and differences between these standards has been performed. Moreover, to improve understanding of the differences between standards, the factor of safety against liquefaction has been obtained for three real cases in the province of Alicante. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the safety factor can present significant differences depending on the code used. El trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por los proyectos del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España y los Fondos Feder TIN2014-55413-C2-2-P y el proyecto UA GRE140-4.

Finding new ways to quantify discontinuity persistence values in rock masses in an automatic or semi-automatic manner is a considerable challenge, as an alternative to the use of traditional methods based on measuring patches or traces with tapes. Remote sensing techniques potentially provide new ways of analysing visible data from the rock mass. This work presents a methodology for the automatic mapping of discontinuity persistence on rock masses, using 3D point clouds. The method proposed herein starts by clustering points that belong to patches of a given discontinuity. Coplanar clusters are then merged into a single group of points. Persistence is measured in the directions of the dip and strike for each coplanar set of points, resulting in the extraction of the length of the maximum chord and the area of the convex hull. The proposed approach is implemented in a graphic interface with open source software. Three case studies are utilized to illustrate the methodology: (1) small-scale laboratory setup consisting of a regular distribution of cubes with similar dimensions, (2) more complex geometry consisting of a real rock mass surface in an excavated cavern and (3) slope with persistent sub-vertical discontinuities. Results presented good agreement with field measurements, validating the methodology. Complexities and difficulties related to the method (e.g., natural discontinuity waviness) are reported and discussed. An assessment on the applicability of the method to the 3D point cloud is also presented. Utilization of remote sensing data for a more objective characterization of the persistence of planar discontinuities affecting rock masses is highlighted herein. This work was partially funded by the University of Alicante (vigrob-157 Project, GRE14-04 Project and GRE15-19 Project), the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO), the State Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER) (projects TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P and TIN2014-55413-C2-2-P) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (project PRX17/00439). A. Abellán would like to acknowledge the support received from the H2020 Program of the European Commission under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship [MSCA-IF-2015-705215].

In recent years, there was an increasing number of studies focusing on rockfalls due to their impacts on social and sustainable development. This work carries out a three-dimensional (3D) simulation of rockfalls at a cultural heritage site nearby the village of Cortes de Pallás (Valencian Community, East Spain). The simulation is based on data collected previously, during an emergency declaration due to the occurrence of a considerable rockfall (7980 m3) on the southern bank of the Cortes de Pallás reservoir, on 6 April 2015. The hydroelectric power plant was damaged, and the main access road to the village of Cortes de Pallás was blocked for eight months. The predominant discontinuities of the rock mass were analyzed by means of the application of structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry techniques to the set of images taken by remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). The average size of the block was determined as 3.2 m in diameter and 17.6 m3 in volume. Additionally, a digital elevation model (DEM) was generated from an aerial laser scanning (ALS)-derived point cloud using a 1 1 grid. These data were implemented in RocPro3D software, obtaining the distances traveled by the blocks detached from different source areas at a cultural heritage site located near the rockfall event, which presents the same geological context. The simulation presented herein shows aggravating circumstances that endanger the cultural heritage area, with higher rockfall hazards than previous official studies (1991) displayed., Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Alicante, España, Unidad de Granada, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España

The integration of data from different sources can be very helpful in understanding the mechanism, the geometry, the kinematic, and the area affected by complex instabilities, especially when the available geotechnical information is limited. In this work, the suitability of different techniques for the study of a deep-seated landslide affecting a bridge in Alcoy (Spain) is evaluated. This infrastructure presents such severe damage that has rendered the bridge unusable, which prevents normal access to an important industrial area. Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) and terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing techniques have been combined with ground displacement monitoring techniques, such as inclinometers and conventional geological and geotechnical investigation, electrical-seismic tomography, damage, and topographic surveys, to determine the boundaries, mechanism, and kinematics of the landslide. The successful case study that is illustrated in this work highlights the potential and the need for integrating multi-source data for the optimal management of complex landslides and the effective design of remedial measurements. This work has been supported by the University of Alicante under the projects GRE17-11, and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), the State Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER) under projects TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P and TIN2014-55413-C2-2-P, and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport under project PRX17/00439.

This work describes a new procedure aimed to semi-automatically identify clusters of active persistent scatterers and preliminarily associate them with different potential types of deformational processes over wide areas. This procedure consists of three main modules: (i) ADAfinder, aimed at the detection of Active Deformation Areas (ADA) using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data; (ii) LOS2HV, focused on the decomposition of Line Of Sight (LOS) displacements from ascending and descending PSI datasets into vertical and east-west components; iii) ADAclassifier, that semi-automatically categorizes each ADA into potential deformational processes using the outputs derived from (i) and (ii), as well as ancillary external information. The proposed procedure enables infrastructures management authorities to identify, classify, monitor and categorize the most critical deformations measured by PSI techniques in order to provide the capacity for implementing prevention and mitigation actions over wide areas against geological threats. Zeri, Campiglia Marittima–Suvereto and Abbadia San Salvatore (Tuscany, central Italy) are used as case studies for illustrating the developed methodology. Three PSI datasets derived from the Sentinel-1 constellation have been used, jointly with the geological map of Italy (scale 1:50,000), the updated Italian landslide and land subsidence maps (scale 1:25,000), a 25 m grid Digital Elevation Model, and a cadastral vector map (scale 1:5000). The application to these cases of the proposed workflow demonstrates its capability to quickly process wide areas in very short times and a high compatibility with Geographical Information System (GIS) environments for data visualization and representation. The derived products are of key interest for infrastructures and land management as well as decision-making at a regional scale. This research was funded by the Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, with grant agreement No 777630, project MOMIT, “Multiscale Observation and Monitoring of railway Infrastructure Threats” and the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO), the State Agency of Research (AEI), and the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER) under project TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P.

The natural stone industry generates large amounts of industrial waste every year. Limestone powder produced by the activity of this industry is dumped into landfills, generating an environmental impact that could be reduced by using this waste as a binder in building materials. In the present work, the use of this by-product as an addition for soil improvement of clayey soils has been studied. The tested natural soil is a soft clay from southeastern Spain, which has been mixed by adding 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of dry limestone dust by total dry weight of the soil. The natural soil and the additive have been characterized, in addition to the common geotechnical tests, by means of X-Ray diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence. The improvement of the geotechnical properties of the mixed soil has been evaluated by means of the change in the Atterberg limits, free swell index, unconfined compressive strength, and one-dimensional consolidation test. The change in the microstructure of the mixed soil has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. In general, the results obtained show an increase in the strength of the soil and a reduction of its deformability when limestone powder is added. This research was funded by the University of Alicante under the projects GRE17-11.

This paper presents a study on the possibility of using fly ash cement as grouts for micropiles. This type of special geotechnical work is commonly used for many applications. Generally, micropiles grouts are prepared using Portland cement, although the standards do not restrict the cement type to use, as long as they achieve a strength requirement. In this research, fly ash cement grouts made with w:c ratios 0.40, 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55 were studied from 2 up to 90 days of age. Their microstructure was characterized using the non-destructive impedance spectroscopy technique, electrical resistivity, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Their durability properties have been studied by determining the water penetration under pressure, and the chloride diffusion coefficient. The compressive strength was also measured and determined, and a maximum water:cement ratio, different for each cement type was obtained. All the results were compared to those obtained for Portland cement grouts. The results obtained confirm that the performance of micropiles made using fly ash cement grouts is adequate, and as it is well know the cements with mineral admixtures provide environmental benefits, so the use of cement including fly ash will contribute to the sustainability, with similar properties to those given by OPC. This work has been financially supported by the ‘‘Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” (formerly ‘‘Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación”) of Spain and FEDER through projects BIA2010-20548 and BIA2011-25721, and the University of Alicante through project GRE13-25. M. Pilar López is indebted to the government of Spain for a fellowship of the ‘‘Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI)” programme (reference BES-2011-046401).

La evolución y el desarrollo de la metodología de la Educación Física ha estado orientada por distintos condicionantes y factores. La aportación de conocimientos y de fundamento conceptual de distintas ciencias (Anatomía, Pedagogía, Fisiología, Psicología etc.) determinaron las distintas orientaciones que en cada época la caracterizó. El primer referente que fue utilizado durante el s. XIX fue el uso de los materiales y aparatos gimnásticos. Los objetivos que sugirió esta orientación estuvieron casi absolutamente identificados con las destrezas motrices derivadas del uso de estos materiales. Para concretar el papel de estos aparatos y reconstruir la metodología imperante en esta época, en este trabajo, se elabora un inventario de materiales y aparatos usados en gimnasios y centros de enseñanza durante el s. XIX, The evolution and development of the methodology of physical education has been guided by different conditions and factors. The contribution of knowledge and conceptual basis of several sciences (Anatomy, Education, Physiology, Psychology etc.) determined different approaches along history. The first reference used during the XIXth century was the use of materials and gymnastic implements. The objectives of this approach were almost entirely identified with motor skills derived from the use of these materials. To realize the role of these devices and rebuild the prevailing methodology at this time, an inventory of materials and equipment used in gyms and schools during the XIXth century is proposed in this paper

Special foundations, most prominently micropiles and soil anchors, are frequently used in construction today. In Spain, the grout for these special technical applications is generally prepared with portland cement, although the codes and standards in place stipulate only the minimum compressive strength required, with no mention of cement type. Those texts also establish a range of acceptable water:cement ratios. In the present study, durability and compressive strength in cement grout prepared with blast furnace slag cement at different w/c ratios are characterised and compared to the findings for a reference portland cement grout. The results show that slag grout exhibits greater durability than the portland cement material and complies with the compressive strength requirements laid down in the respective codes. Actualmente es muy frecuente el empleo de cimentaciones especiales, entre las que destacan los micropilotes y los anclajes. En España, las lechadas de cemento para estos trabajos geotécnicos especiales se preparan habitualmente con cemento Portland, aunque las diferentes normativas al respecto no restringen el tipo de cemento a emplear, siempre que se alcance una determinada resistencia a compresión. Respecto a la dosificación de las lechadas, la normativa permite emplear diferentes relaciones agua/cemento dentro de un determinado rango. En vista de ello, en este trabajo se han caracterizado las propiedades de durabilidad y resistencia a compresión de lechadas de cemento preparadas con un cemento con escoria de alto horno y con diferentes relaciones a/c, tomando como referencia de comportamiento lechadas de cemento Portland. El uso de un cemento con escoria conlleva una mejora en la durabilidad de las lechadas, cumpliendo los requisitos de resistencia a compresión establecidos por la normativa. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (formerly by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) and FEDER through projects BIA2010-20548 and BIA2011-25721.

Today, the use of micropiles for different applications has become very common. In Spain, the cement grouts for micropiles are prepared using ordinary Portland cement and w:c ratio 0.5, although the micropiles standards do not restrict the cement type to use, provided that it reaches a certain compressive strength. In this study, the influence of using slag cement on the microstructure and durability related properties of cement grouts for micropiles have been studied until 90 hardening days, compared to an ordinary Portland cement. Finally, slag cement grouts showed good service properties, better than ordinary Portland cement ones. This work has been financially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain though projects BIA2010-20548 and BIA2011-25721. J.M. Ortega is indebted to the Ministerio de Educación of Spain for a fellowship of the "Formación Personal Investigador (FPI)" programme (reference BES-2008-002650).

La Talasemia es un desorden congenito hemolitico causado por una deficiencia parcial o completa de la sintesis de las cadenas alfa o beta de las globinas de la hemoglobina. Se manifiesta en una amplia gama de cuadros clinicos que van desde la muerte intrauterina hasta la microcitosis asintomatica sin anemia. El deposito de hierro constituye la complicacion mas importante de la talasemia y su mayor preocupacion en el manejo. Existen escasos reportes de esta condicion asociada a embarazo, se sabe poco acerca de su manejo y de las complicaciones que puede tener en el embarazo. Presentamos una paciente portadora de Talasemia, en la cual se manejo su embarazo en nuestro servicio

RESUMEN: La evolución que de la comprensión y empleo de la Educación Física se ha realizado en España no puede entenderse sin aceptar su naturaleza de hecho cultural. Por esta razón es necesario abordar su análisis ubicándola en el contexto histórico más ampliamente concebido. La tradicional ignorancia que de ella han realizado la mayor parte de los historiadores ha impedido, hasta ahora, su integración en la macrohistoria y la producción de investigaciones monográficas que respondieran a una metodología homologable a la utilizada en el estudio de otras manifestaciones de la actividad social. Falta, por tanto, no sólo elaborar la historia de la Educación Física en todos sus ámbitos, incluido el educativo, sino también descubrir su presencia a lo largo de la historia contemporánea española. SUMARY: The evolution in Spain of the comprehension and use of Physical Education cannot be understood without accepting its nature of cultural fact. For this reason it is necessary to go about its analysis by situating it in the more widely conceived historical context. The traditional ignorance with the majority of historians have treated it, until now, prevented it from being integrated in macrohistory, and monographic research from being done to respond to a methodology comparable to that used in the study of other manifestations of social activity. It therefore remains not only to produce the history of Physical Education in its entire scope, including the educational, but also to discover its presence throughout Spanish contemporary history.

El objetivo general de esta investigación es conocer, desde una perspectiva social y organizativa, las fundaciones españolas que tienen afectado su patrimonio a fines de interés general concretamente en el ámbito de la actividad física y el deporte, contribuyendo, en su caso, al debate social y científico sobre su papel, características y perspectivas en el futuro. No hemos hallado estudios realizados sobre fundaciones deportivas españolas. En definitiva, no conocemos cuántas y cuáles son, cómo operan, dónde realizan su labor, para quién la realizan y con qué recursos cuentan. Más aún, se echa en falta un marco científico sólido sobre el marco institucional del deporte y sus organizaciones. Por la ausencia de estas investigaciones nos enfrentaríamos a un campo desconocido sino fuera porque sí que existen algunos estudios realizados sobre fundaciones en general y sobre grupos sectoriales. Para abordar el objeto de estudio, nos hemos apoyado en estos trabajos en gran medida. En consecuencia, los objetivos específicos de la investigación han sido crear una base de datos documental de fundaciones deportivas españolas, que sea valiosa, utilizable y que permita su actualización; describir las principales características de las fundaciones deportivas españolas; y conocer si existen diferencias significativas entre fundaciones deportivas en base a las características descriptivas de las mismas. El diseño metodológico creado para abordar los objetivos y verificar las hipótesis planteadas se ha basado en un análisis de documentos y en una encuesta elaborada para este trabajo. El análisis de contenido, el estadístico y su posterior interpretación, nos han permitido medir las variables, alcanzar los objetivos y comprobar las hipótesis. En definitiva, las fundaciones deportivas españolas, con sólo algo más de veinte años de vida, se pueden considerar de reciente creación. Su ritmo de crecimiento ha ido aumentando en gran medida, contando en 2004, con 180 fundaciones deportivas identificadas y recogidas en un inventario elaborado para este trabajo. Estas organizaciones son principalmente prestadoras de servicios, operan en el ámbito autonómico y dirigen sus actividades principalmente a los jóvenes, la infancia y los deportistas. Los objetivos que marcan los estatutos de estas fundaciones son el fomento del deporte en general o de una disciplina en concreto sin especificar, en la mayoría de los casos, en que ámbito concreto actúan del interés general en el deporte. Las fundaciones deportivas son entidades cada vez más profesionalizadas, al contar con personal remunerado además de voluntario, aunque no tanto como el conjunto de las fundaciones en general. La vía de financiación más utilizada se corresponde principalmente con los fondos propios (patrocinio, venta de bienes y servicios, etc.). Por último, señalar que existen muchas fundaciones deportivas que manejan reducidos presupuestos y pocas fundaciones que gestionan grandes presupuestos.