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Aim To determine predictive factors of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) results in breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), and subsequent staging using Targeted Axillary Dissection (TAD). Material and method Case-control study between January 2016 and August 2019. Patients with BC, cN1 staging, marked with a metallic clip prior to NACT, and subsequently staged with TAD and ALND were included. They were divided into 2 groups: ALND patients with or without metastatic involvement (group 1 and group 2, respectively). We carried out a univariate analysis comparing clinical, radiological, surgical and pathological variables, and a logistic regression, (dependent variable: positive result of ALND; independent variables: number of suspicious lymph nodes in diagnostic ultrasound, positive hormone receptors, HER2 positive, complete clinical-radiological response to NACT, positive TAD, and biopsy of ≤2 nodes in TAD). A score for prediction of a metastatic ALND was proposed, with an internal validation study. Results 60 patients were included: Group 1: 33 (55.0%); Group 2: 27 (45.0%). Tumor size (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95%CI 1.02–2.74), number of suspected nodes in ultrasound (OR = 2.20; 95%CI 1.01–4, 77), HER2 positive (OR 0.04; 95%CI 0.003–0.54), clinical-radiological response to NACT (OR = 0.07; 95%CI 0.01–0.75), and positive TAD (OR 15.48; 95%CI 1.68–142.78) were independent predictors of a positive result in ALND. We developed a “positive ALND predictive score”, with good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test: p = 0.65), and discrimination (AUC = 0.93; 95% CI 0, 87–0.99), with highest Youden index (0.7) at cut-off point of 17% risk of positive ALND (sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 70%). Conclusion Tumor size, number of suspected nodes, positive HER2, response to NACT, and metastatic TAD are independent predictors of ALND. The predictive score for positive ALND would be a good indicator to safely omit ALND.

Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) are acute-phase reactants that indicate the presence and severity of an infection. The aim of this study was to verify the utility of CRP and PCT as tools for early diagnosis of anastomotic leakage (AL) in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. A prospective observational study including 95 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery with anastomosis, where patients were divided into two groups according to whether or not AL happened. Different variables were compared using a uni- and multivariate analyses to identify the risk factors for AL. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were added to establish a cut-off point for CRP and PCT. The inflammatory marker levels were analysed in other complications different from AL. AL was detected in 11 patients (14%), 7 required an emergency reoperation. The overall morbidity rate was 42.1% and the mortality was 3.2%. In the univariate study, increased CRP on days 3 and 5, male sex and intraoperative complications were significantly associated with AL. In the multivariate study, CRP on day 5 was the only factor related to AL. AUC at ROC curves showed that CRP results ≥ 15.3 mg/dL on day 3 and 9.1 mg/dL on day 5 were predictors of AL. Normal CRP and PCT values had a high negative predictive value. CRP on postoperative day 5 is a reliable marker for early detection of anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery. Both CRP and PCT on days 3 and 5 have a high negative predictive value. Trial registration: The study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Code: NCT04632446.

The possibility of avoiding axillary lymphadenectomy (AL) in patients with breast cancer (BC) after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and low metastatic burden (ó = 2 positive lymph nodes) has put into question the role of axillary ultrasound due to the risk of overtreatment after positive axillary lymph node biopsy with low metastatic burden. Our aim was to identify clinical and ultrasound features to detect low and high metastatic burden.A retrospective study of 405 BC patients with primary surgical treatment with axillary ultrasound examination and subsequent AL after positive fine needle aspiration (FNA) or SLNB. The low and high tumor burdens after AL were correlated with clinical and ultrasound variables: lymph node morphology (UN1 to UN5), number of suspicious lymph nodes, and Berg level.Positive FNA, lymph node morphology UN4 (focal thickening with displacement of the fatty hilum) or UN5 (complete replacement of the fatty hilum) and2 suspicious lymph nodes were significantly associated with "high metastatic burden". Lymph node morphology UN2 and UN3, even after FNA+, lymph node morphology UN4 after FNA-, and suspicious lymph nodes at Berg level I were low metastatic burden criteria. Lymph node morphology UN5, lymph node morphology UN4 after FNA+, two nodes or more with UN4/UN5 morphology, and suspicious lymph nodes at Berg levels II and III with FNA+ were associated with high metastatic burden.Axillary lymph node ultrasound data for patients with early BC allows predicting the axillary metastatic burden, guiding the optimal clinical management of the axilla.

Background There could be important failures in clinical data and plan records that potentially influence the surgical care process. Objective To complete a quality of care improvement cycle on the surgical care process in the General Surgery ward rounds. Structured quality criteria were measured, in order to identify major deficiencies, to implement improvement measures and to reassess the quality of surgical care process. Furthermore, we'll value the viability the implementation of a structured registration system and nutritional assessment method. Method Comparative quality study (n = 60) before-after the setting of several improvement measures derived from the analysis of the surgical care process. Evaluated criteria were the information received by the patient, adequate recording of the clinical course and plan of care established by the surgeon in the Electronic Health Record, recording of patient's weight and size and nutritional assessment. Informative sessions, subjective, objective, assessment, plan notes on the electronic clinical record and a nutritional assessment test were implemented. Results There was a significant improvement in all measured criteria (information, data records and nutritional assessment). Conclusion Simple organizational measures allow a significant improvement in the information process, clinical records and malnutrition risk detection in a surgical ward.

To analyse factors that may predict the appearance of rib fracture complications during the first days of evolution and determine whether the number of fractures is related to these complications. Retrospective case–control study of patients admitted with a diagnosis of rib fractures between 2010 and 2014. Two groups were established depending on the appearance or not of pleuropulmonary complications in the first 72 h, and the following were compared: age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), number and uni- or bilateral involvement, mechanism of trauma, days of hospital stay, haemoglobin on discharge minus haemoglobin on admission, pleuropulmonary complications during admission (pneumothorax, haemothorax or pulmonary contusion) and placement of pleural drainage. One hundred and forty-one cases of rib fractures were admitted in the period mentioned. There were no differences in the patients’ baseline characteristics (age, sex and Charlson Comorbidity Index) between the two groups. Differences were found in the number of fractures (2.98 ± 1.19 in the group without complications vs 3.55 ± 1.33 in the group with complications, p = 0.05) and in the drop in the level of haemoglobin (0.52 ± 0.91 mg/dl vs 1.22 ± 1.29 mg/dl, p = 0.01). The length of hospital stay varied considerably in each group (5.35 ± 4.05 days vs 7.86 ± 6.96 days), but without statistical significance (p = 0.11). The number of fractured ribs that best predicted the appearance of complications (delayed pleuropulmonary complications and greater bleeding) was 3 or more.

In previous studies, there seems to be a relationship between different genetic polymorphisms and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). We perform a systematic review of the current literature about the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and the presence of PONV. Two bibliographic searches were carried out in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) of studies, preferably prospective, about PONV following abdominal surgery. It was completed with a backward citation searching. A total of 73 articles were found of which 6 were selected after their critical lecture using CASPe network criteria. Relative frequency and relative risk were taken in each study according to the polymorphism. Studies about 5-HT3B gene receptor polymorphisms, ABCB1 transporter, and dopamine D2 receptor showed a significant association with the presence of PONV (p = 0.02, 0.01, and 0.034 respectively). In relation to cytochrome P-450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphisms, two of the three analysed articles showed a significant association with postoperative vomiting (p = 0.007). Genetic polymorphisms could play an important role in PONV. The AAG deletion in both alleles of the 5-HT3B receptor gene, the Taq IA polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor, and the presence of three or more functional alleles of CYP2D6 seem to be related with a higher incidence of PONV, especially in the first 24 h after surgery. The 2677TT and 3435TT genotypes of the ABCB1 transporter could reduce the PONV due to their association with a greater effectiveness of ondansetron. However, new quality studies are needed to consider this relationship.

Aim to study the feasibility and value of “Targeted Axillary Dissection” (TAD) in cN1 breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), in order to avoid unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Materials and methods Design: Prospective observational study. Inclusion criteria: Patients with histologically confirmed cN1 staging BC and treated with NACT between January 2016 and August 2019 who accomplished clinical response. Method: Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) positive axillary nodes were marked with a metallic clip prior to neoadjuvant treatment. All patients were summited to TAD and ALND. Analysis of data: We performed [1]: a feasibility analysis of clinical, radiological and pathological variables, as well as difficulties and complications of the TAD [2]; a diagnostic test study of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), clipped lymph node biopsy (BCLIP) and their combination (TAD), using ALND as the Gold Standard. Results 60 patients were included. 43 patients (71.7%) had a complete clinical lymph node response to NACT. Neither limitations nor complications in clip placement were found. Intraoperative location of the clipped node was problematic in 7 cases (11.7%). The pathological complete response rate (pCR) was 30.5% (18 patients) and ypN0 staging rate was 38.3% (23 patients). Sensitivity values of each technique were: SLNB: 80.9% (95%CI: 61.8–100); BCLIP: 80.8% (95%CI: 63.7–97.8); TAD: 92.6% (95%CI: 80.9–100) with negative predictive values of: SLNB: 84.6% (95%CI: 68.8–100); BCLIP: 81.0% (95%CI: 63.7–97.8); TAD: 91.3% (95%CI: 77.6–100). Conclusion TAD is feasible and valid to rule out axillary metastatic involvement in cN1 breast cancer patients who respond to NACT.

Background There is no unified system for reporting surgical complications after bariatric surgery. One increasingly used system for notifying postoperative complications is the Clavien-Dindo classification, which focuses on their therapeutic implications. Objective The aim of this study is to validate and apply the Clavien-Dindo scale to a series of cases of bariatric surgery and systematically review its use worldwide. Setting University hospital. Methods A cohort of 321 patients with morbid obesity (Mean BMI: 45.4±5.5 kg/m2) underwent surgery by the same team of surgeons, fundamentally using a laparoscopic gastric bypass. Initially, the Clavien-Dindo scale was translated and validated for its acceptability and reproducibility using the Kappa index. The scale was then applied to the whole of the bariatric series. A systematic review was also conducted in the literature regarding the use of the Clavien-Dindo classification after bariatric surgery. Lastly, a comparison was made with our results. Results The classification was validated without any difficulty. Most of the postoperative complications are grades I (8.4%) and III (7.8%). We found it used in 15 series (including our own), which accounts for 10,347 patients. The overall results are analogous to our series. Conclusions The Clavien-Dindo scale has been validated and translated into Spanish. Application is quick and simple and enables comparisons to be made between centers and series. Our results are similar to those reported by other authors.

Resumen Introduccion Describir las principales caracteristicas clinicas, anatomopatologicas, terapeuticas y evolutivas de una serie amplia de tumores estromales gastrointestinales (GIST). Metodos Estudio observacional de una serie de 66 casos de GIST tratados en nuestro hospital de 2002 a 2015. Seleccionamos variables relacionadas con los antecedentes personales, las manifestaciones clinicas, el tratamiento medico y quirurgico, la anatomia patologica y la morbimortalidad. Anadimos una revision de la literatura para correlacionarla con nuestros resultados. Resultados La localizacion mas frecuente fue el estomago (65,2%), en el que destaco como region predominante el fondo. La manifestacion clinica mas habitual fue la hemorragia digestiva (45,5%), seguida del hallazgo casual tras la realizacion de alguna prueba de imagen o procedimiento invasivo (33,3%). Recibieron cirugia 58 pacientes (90,6%), el 15,5% de caracter urgente. El 69% de los GIST tenian un tamano entre 2 y 10 cm. La mortalidad al ano debida al tumor fue de un 7,9% (5 casos), todos ellos relacionados con extension local o a distancia, o complicacion quirurgica. Conclusiones La variabilidad clinica de los GIST es muy amplia. El tratamiento de primera eleccion es la cirugia, que es factible en la mayoria de los casos y debe ser lo mas conservadora posible. El pronostico es variable, dependiendo del tamano y del indice de proliferacion, por lo que debe realizarse un seguimiento estrecho. No existe un marcador tumoral claramente asociado a un peor pronostico, por lo que se necesitan nuevos estudios de biologia molecular con el objetivo de encontrar dianas terapeuticas.

Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) consists of a new axillary staging technique that combines sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and clipped lymph node biopsy (CLNB) in the same surgery, in order to re-stage patients with breast cancer and positive axillary lymph nodes undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAQT). Prior to the NAQT, the affected lymph node is punctured and a solid marker is left inside echo-guided, in order to biopsy it in the subsequent surgery. There are numerous types of markers: metallic (steel, titanium or polyglycolic acid clips), radioiodine or ferromagnetic seeds, which differ in the method of location (wire, gamma-detection or magnetic probe). The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review about the current status of the TAD, as well as to explain the different techniques and types of axillary marking, based on the current available evidence.

Se presenta un bosquejo histórico del proceso de formación de médicos especialistas en España: el llamado sistema MIR, un sistema supervisado y remunerado de adquisición de las competencias. No fue hasta finales de los años 70 del pasado siglo cuando se inició un desarrollo extraordinario del sistema de residencia en todo el país, que llega a ser exclusivo. Hasta entonces la consecución y el ejercicio de una especialidad médica carecían, por lo general, de garantías. Hoy hay una estructura hospitalaria acreditada y sólida para la formación de especialistas médicos (que se ha ampliado a otras profesiones sanitarias) y una normativa reguladora de los órganos docentes que garantiza estrictamente el proceso. El sistema mantiene aspectos mejorables. A historical sketch of the training process for specialist doctors in Spain is presented: the socalled MIR system, a supervised and paid system for the acquisition of competencies. It was not until the end of the 70s of the last century when an extraordinary development of the residence system began throughout the country, which became exclusive. Until then, the achievement and practice of a medical specialty generally lacked guarantees. Today there is an accredited and solid hospital structure for the training of medical specialists (which has been extended to other health professions) and a regulation of the teaching bodies that strictly guarantees the process. The system maintains aspects that could be improved Key words: Medical education, medical specialization, posgratuate training

We present the case of a patient with an inflammatory bowel disease to whom a pelvic desmoid tumor is discovered during an infertility study.

Resumen: En una mayoría de países, la educación médica es una especialidad médica más y preside la vida académica en el grado, el posgrado y en la formación continuada. Pero la situación en España es muy mejorable. Aunque existe un creciente interés en la educación médica como disciplina o especialidad, la mayor parte de las facultades de Medicina españolas no disponen de una unidad o departamento de educación médica que se encargue del avance de la disciplina. Algunas facultades han dispuesto una unidad, cátedra, departamento o centro de estudios, adscrita o independiente a la dirección del centro, a veces sin relación orgánica alguna con el proceso de formación. En este artículo describiremos por qué creemos que estas estructuras son necesarias, su utilidad, así como sus funciones y el alcance de sus actividades. Analizaremos la situación actual en España con el ánimo de promocionar la creación de estas estructuras en todas las facultades de Medicina. Igualmente, repasaremos los mecanismos de los que se ha dotado a la formación especializada en el posgrado para dar respuestas a sus necesidades de formación. Abstract: In a majority of countries, medical education is one more medical specialty and presides over academic life in undergraduate, graduate and continuing education. But, the situation in Spain is very improvable. Although there is a growing interest in medical education as a discipline or specialty, most of the Spanish faculties of Medicine do not have a unit or department of medical education, which is in charge of advancing the discipline. Some faculties have arranged a unit, chair, department or study center, attached or independent to the management of the center, sometimes without any organic relationship to the training process. In this article we will describe why we believe these structures are necessary, their usefulness, as well as their functions and the scope of their activities. We will analyze the current situation in Spain with the aim of promoting the creation of these structures in all the faculties of Medicine. We will also review the mechanisms that specialized postgraduate training has been equipped to provide answers to their training needs.

Resumen El ileo paralitico es una de las principales complicaciones del postoperatorio. Con la introduccion de los protocolos fast-track para acelerar la recuperacion, han aparecido nuevas medidas, como la toma temprana de cafe, mascar chicle y el gastrografin. Para conocer mejor estas actuaciones, se ha realizado un resumen de la evidencia actual, utilizando las bases de datos de MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science y SCOPUS. Los terminos empleados fueron «postoperative ileus» AND («definition» OR «epidemiology» OR «risk factors» OR «management»). Se han seleccionado 44 articulos, de los cuales 9 son revisiones sistematicas, 11 revisiones narrativas, 13 ensayos clinicos aleatorizados, 6 estudios observacionales y los 5 restantes cartas cientificas, hipotesis, etc. Se ha visto que existe poca literatura acerca del tema, que los estudios son heterogeneos (con disparidad en los resultados) y se centran en cirugia colorrectal y ginecologica. Se necesitan nuevos estudios, preferentemente ensayos clinicos aleatorizados, que esclarezcan la utilidad de estas medidas.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo El cancer tiroideo puede manifestarse clinicamente por la presencia de un nodulo cervical, o constituir un hallazgo casual en el estudio histologico de la glandula extirpada con diagnostico, a priori, benigno. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estudiar las diferencias clinicas, de manejo quirurgico y curso evolutivo entre los tumores tiroideos incidentales y los tumores detectados clinicamente. Material y metodos Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes intervenidos por enfermedad tiroidea, ya fuese benigna o maligna, en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2000 y marzo de 2014. De 1.415 pacientes que se sometieron a algun tipo de cirugia tiroidea se identificaron un total de 264 neoplasias, de las cuales 170 fueron incidentales. Se realizo comparacion entre carcinomas incidentales versus no incidentales. Ademas, entre los incidentales se compararon los casos cuya indicacion quirurgica fue enfermedad de Graves frente a bocio multinodular. Resultados Los carcinomas incidentales presentaron estadios mas precoces y requirieron cirugia menos agresiva. No se observaron diferencias en las complicaciones quirurgicas entre ambos grupos, aunque tanto la mortalidad como las tasas de recidiva fueron notablemente mayores en el grupo de no incidentales (4,4% vs 0% y 13,2% vs 4,8% respectivamente). Los carcinomas desarrollados sobre enfermedad de Graves no mostraron diferencias respecto al resto de los tumores incidentales, respecto a complicaciones, mortalidad o recidiva tras la cirugia. Conclusiones El cancer tiroideo en estadios iniciales presenta mayor supervivencia y mejor respuesta al tratamiento quirurgico.

Postoperative ileus is one of the main complications in the postoperative period. New measures appeared with the introduction of «fast-track surgery» to accelerate recovery: coffee, chewing gum and gastrograffin. We performed a summary of current evidence, reviewing articles from MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ISI Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases. Employed search terms were «postoperative ileus» AND («definition» OR «epidemiology» OR «risk factors» OR «Management»). We selected 44 articles: 9 systematic reviews 11 narrative reviews, 13 randomized clinical trials, 6 observational studies, and the remaining 5 scientific letters, assumptions, etc. There is little literature about this topic, studies are heterogeneous, with disparity in the results. In addition, they only focus on colorectal and gynecological surgery. New high-quality studies are needed, preferably randomized clinical trials, in order to clarify the usefulness of these measures.

Background and objective Thyroid cancer may be clinically evident as a tumor mass in the neck or as a histopathological incidental finding after thyroid surgery for an apparent benign condition. Our objective was to assess the differences in clinical signs, surgical management, and course between incidental and clinically diagnosed thyroid tumors. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients operated on for benign or malignant thyroid disease from January 2000 to March 2014. Among the 1415 patients who underwent any thyroid surgery, 264 neoplasms were found, of which 170 were incidental. A comparison was made of incidental versus non-incidental carcinomas. Among incidental carcinomas, cases whose indication for surgery was Graves’ disease were compared to those with multinodular goiter. Results Incidental carcinomas were in earlier stages and required less aggressive surgery. There were no differences in surgical complications between incidental and clinical tumors, but mortality and relapses were markedly higher in non-incidental cancers (4.4% vs 0% and 13.2% vs 4.8% respectively). Carcinomas developing on Graves’ disease showed no differences from all other incidental tumors in terms of complications, mortality, or relapse after surgery. Conclusions Early stage thyroid cancer has better survival and prognosis after surgical treatment.

Population-based screening programmes for colorectal cancer (CRC) allow an early diagnosis, even before the onset of symptoms, but there are few studies and none in Spain on the influence they have on patient survival. The aim of the present study is to show that patients receiving surgery for CRC following diagnosis via a screening programme have a higher survival and disease-free survival rate than those diagnosed in the symptomatic stage.Prospective study of all the patients undergoing programmed surgery for CRC at the JM Morales Meseguer Hospital in Murcia (Spain) between 2004 and 2010. The patients were divided into two groups: (a) those diagnosed through screening (125 cases); and (b) those diagnosed in the symptomatic stage (565 cases). Survival and disease-free survival were analysed and compared for both groups using the Mantel method.The screen-detected CRC patients show a higher rate of survival (86.3% versus 72.1% at 5 years, p0.05) and a lower rate of tumour recurrence (73.4% versus 88.3% at 5 years, p0.05).Population-based screening for CRC is an effective strategic measure for reducing mortality specific to this neoplasia.

ResumenAntecedentesLa úlcera de Marjolin se define como la aparición de una neoplasia en el seno de una herida crónica. La histología más frecuente es epidermoide. Presentamos 2 casos tratados en nuestro hospital.Caso clínicosCaso 1. Varón de 71 años que consultó por supuración y enrojecimiento de las heridas que presentaba en el pie derecho, tras una descarga eléctrica 40 años antes. En la radiología se apreciaba afectación del 4° y 5° metatarsianos y del tarso. Se realizó amputación supracondílea, con resultado de carcinoma epidermoide bien diferenciado infiltrante. Caso 2. Varón de 56 años, parapléjico desde hacía 20 años. Es tratado por úlcera en talón derecho sobreinfectada, con mejoría parcial pero con persistencia de la lesión ulcerosa. Se realizó biopsia, de la que se informó como carcinoma epidermoide. Se realizó amputación infracondílea. El diagnóstico fue de carcinoma escamoso bien diferenciado que infiltraba la dermis.ConclusionesLa prevalencia de la úlcera de Marjolin es de 1.3-2.2% de todas las úlceras. El diagnóstico es difícil, por lo que se recomienda biopsia de toda lesión sospechosa o de cualquier úlcera, que después de 1 mes de tratamiento conservador (aunque este límite es impreciso) no presenta mejoría. El tratamiento es quirúrgico; la escisión local con margen de un centímetro es suficiente; si la lesión es extensa es necesaria la amputación.La supervivencia se estima entre el 66-80% a los 2 años, con tasas de recurrencia del 23%. Los factores desfavorables son la pobre diferenciación y las metástasis, que aparecen en el 20% de los casos.AbstractBackgroundMarjolin's ulcer is defined as the appearance of a neoplasm within a chronic wound. The most common histological type is squamous. A total of 2 cases treated in our hospital are presented.Clinical caseCase 1. A 71 year old man who presented with redness and suppuration from the wounds he had in his right foot after an electric shock 40 years earlier. The radiology showed involvement of the 4° and 5° metatarsal. Supracondylar amputation was performed, showing a well-differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Case 2. A 56 year old male, paraplegic for 20 years. He was treated due to an infected right heel ulcer, with partial improvement, but the ulcers persisted. Biopsy was performed, reporting as epidermoid carcinoma. Infracondylar amputation was performed. The diagnosis was a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma infiltrating the dermis.ConclusionThe prevalence of Marjolin's ulcer is 1.3-2.2% of all ulcers. Diagnosis is difficult, so biopsy is recommended on any suspicious lesion or ulcer that has received conservative treatment for one month without improvement, although this time limit is not clear. The treatment is the surgery. Local excision with a margin of an inch is enough. If the ulcer is extensive, amputation is required. Survival is estimated between 66 and 80% at 2 years, with recurrence rates of 23%. Unfavourable factors are poor tumour differentiation and metástasis, appearing in 20% of cases.

Background Marjolin's ulcer is defined as the appearance of a neoplasm within a chronic wound. The most common histological type is squamous. A total of 2 cases treated in our hospital are presented. Clinical cases Case 1 . A 71 year old man who presented with redness and suppuration from the wounds he had in his right foot after an electric shock 40 years earlier. The radiology showed involvement of the 4° and 5° metatarsal. Supracondylar amputation was performed, showing a well-differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Case 2. A 56 year old male, paraplegic for 20 years. He was treated due to an infected right heel ulcer, with partial improvement, but the ulcers persisted. Biopsy was performed, reporting as epidermoid carcinoma. Infracondylar amputation was performed. The diagnosis was a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma infiltrating the dermis. Conclusion The prevalence of Marjolin's ulcer is 1.3–2.2% of all ulcers. Diagnosis is difficult, so biopsy is recommended on any suspicious lesion or ulcer that has received conservative treatment for one month without improvement, although this time limit is not clear. The treatment is the surgery. Local excision with a margin of an inch is enough. If the ulcer is extensive, amputation is required. Survival is estimated between 66 and 80% at 2 years, with recurrence rates of 23%. Unfavourable factors are poor tumour differentiation and metastasis, appearing in 20% of cases.

Aim. To study the feasibility and validity of ultrasound-guided pre-chemotherapy marking of metastatic axillary lymph nodes followed by targeted axillary dissection (TAD), in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Material and method Prospective diagnostic test study conducted between January 2016 and March 2018. Patients with breast cancer and indication for NACT, cN1 or cN2 axillary staging, were included. A clip was placed in the affected lymph node prior to NACT. A sentinel lymph-node biopsy (SLNB) and a clipped lymph-node biopsy (BCLIP) were conducted, followed by axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Location rate (LR) and negative predictive value (NPV) were evaluated, taking SLNB, BCLIP and their combination (TAD) as evaluated tests and metastatic involvement in the ALND specimen as the gold standard. Results Twenty-three patients were included in the study. Sentinel lymph node could only be detected in 19 cases (LR = 80.61%), whereas BCLIP was successful in 22 (LR = 95.65%). The sentinel lymph node coincided with the marked lymph node in 14 patients (60.9%). We found a NPV for the SLNB of 0.85 (95%CI: 0.61–1.0), whereas for TAD it was 1.00 (95%CI: 0.74–1.0). Conclusion TAD is a feasible test for axillary restaging after NACT, with a higher success rate than SLNB.

Introduccion: la cirugia mayor abdominopelvica es un proceso que conlleva un alto porcentaje de complicaciones posquirurgicas. Nuestro objetivo es identifi car los factores relacionados con las complicaciones posquirurgicas, catalogadas segun la clasifi cacion de Clavien-Dindo, con atencion especial a los factores nutricionales en los pacientes que se intervienen de cirugia mayor abdominopelvica. Material y metodo: estudio observacional retrospectivo, realizado entre julio de 2012 a diciembre de 2013. Se seleccionaron a 255 pacientes sometidos a cirugia mayor abdominopelvica (cirugia colorrectal, gastrica, obesidad o cistectomia total) de forma programada. Se recogieron cuatro tipos de variables: sociodemograficas, de situacion basal, de diagnostico y de resultado, incluyendo las complicaciones perioperatorias que fueron clasificadas en 5 grados segun la escala de Clavien-Dindo y, para el analisis de resultados se separaron dos grupos de pacientes: el grupo con complicaciones de grados 0 y I y el grupo 2 con complicaciones III a V. El analisis estadistico se ha realizado mediante IBM SPSS version 22.0. Resultados: los pacientes tuvieron una edad media de 65 anos. Reingresaron 20 pacientes (7,8%) en los primeros 30 dias tras la cirugia y 8 pacientes (3,1%) murieron. Ciento cincuenta y dos casos (59,6%) fueron clasificados en el grupo 1 y 103 casos (40,4%) en el grupo 2. Al analizar ambos grupos, encontramos diferencias significativas en las variables operatorias: tipo de cirugia y abordaje laparoscopico o abierto. Respecto a los parametros fi siologicos y nutricionales, observamos diferencias significativas en los siguientes factores: IMC prequirurgico, albumina prequirurgica, hemoglobina prequirurgica y dia de inicio de tolerancia postoperatoria. Conclusion: en nuestro estudio hemos identificado factores modificables, como la hemoglobina y albumina preoperatoria, el IMC y el inicio temprano de tolerancia oral, relacionadas con la morbilidad posoperatoria. El estado nutricional preoperatorio tiene relacion con las complicaciones posquirurgicas en cirugia mayor abdominopelvica.

espanolIntroduccion: la endometriosis es una patologia relativamente frecuente en mujeres en edad fertil y poco prevalerte en mujeres prepuberes o postmenopausicas. Caso clinico: presentamos el caso clinico de una mujer de 57 anos, con antecedentes de histerectomia y doble anexectomia por endometriosis ovarica, diagnosticada de neoplasia de recto T3N1. Se realizo neoadyuvancia preoperatoria y reseccion anterior baja, sin complicaciones. La anatomia patologica describia infiltracion de la pared rectal por adenocarcinoma pobremente diferenciado de origen ginecologico. Discusion: la endometriosis tiene una prevalencia estimada del 10-20% y su lugar de aparicion puede ser variado, tanto gonadal como extragonadal. La frecuencia de endometriosis extragonadal de localizacion intestinal se estima en un 3-37% de mujeres con endometriosis pelvica, y de estas la mayoria se localizan en colon sigmoide y recto. La transformacion maligna de un foco de endometriosis se estima entre el 0,3 y el 1%. El gold estandar para el diagnostico es la reseccion y estudio histologico. La radioterapia y quimioterapia adyuvante todavia no ha demostrado su clara utilidad. EnglishBackground: Endometriosis is a relatively common disease among women with child-bearing potential, and rare before puberty or following menopause. It consists of the presence of hormoneresponsive endometrium outside the endometrial cavity. Case report: We report the case of a patient with a rectal lesion, initially approached as a primary rectal malignancy, where histopathology eventually revealed an adenocarcinoma arising from endometrial tissue in the colonic wall. Discussion: Endometriosis has an estimated rated of 10-20%. Sites may be split up into two larger categories - gonadal and extragonadal. The frequency of extragonadal endometriosis in the bowel is estimated to involve 3%-37% of women with pelvic endometriosis, and most lesions are found in the sigmoid colon and rectum. The malignant transformation of endometriotic lesions is estimated between 0.3% and 1% of cases. The gold standard in the diagnosis of intestinal endometriosis is exploratory laparotomy and the pathological study of specimens. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, although used for some patients, have not proven effective