Search

Abstract Liquid biopsy (LB) has boosted a remarkable change in the management of cancer patients by contributing to tumour genomic profiling. Plasma circulating cell-free tumour DNA (ctDNA) is the most widely searched tumour-related element for clinical application. Specifically, for patients with lung cancer, LB has revealed valuable to detect the diversity of targetable genomic alterations and to detect and monitor the emergence of resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, its non-invasive nature helps to overcome the difficulty in obtaining tissue samples, offering a comprehensive view about tumour diversity. However, the use of the LB to support diagnostic and therapeutic decisions still needs further clarification. In this sense, this review aims to provide a critical view of the clinical importance of plasma ctDNA analysis, the most widely applied LB, and its limitations while anticipating concepts that will intersect the present and future of LB in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Graphical Abstract

Abstract The salt is indispensable for several industrial sectors, and its production is associated with some natural conditions. These conditions result in productive areas often close to the estuary. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the estuaries environmental monitoring associated with solar salt production in the Brazilian semiarid. The study was developed in the area of influence of a solar saltwork, in the Conchas’ river estuary, RN, where the quality of the water in the estuary was monitored for the non-productive and productive periods of the saltwork for 3 years. Thus, a collection site was established immediately in front of the saltwork discharge channel, and samples were collected monthly, at 30 cm depth, always during high tides, totaling 36 samples. For this, the following parameters were evaluated: salinity, pH, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a and rainfall. Salinity was measured in the field with the aid of a portable refractometer. During the operational phase, the average salinity remained above 30.00, characterizing the environment as saline. The calcium and magnesium ions showed an average concentration of 440.00 mg/L and 1280.00 mg/L respectively, values that were according to the limits historically observed for a saline estuary in the analyzed region. The pH and dissolved oxygen were not influenced by the production period (7.93 and above 6.00mg/ L, respectively), while the concentration of chlorophyll a characterized the area as oligotrophic. The functioning of the analyzed solar saltwork did not cause significant changes in the water quality parameters of the estuary.

Liquid biopsy is an emerging technology with a potential role in the screening and early detection of lung cancer. Several liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers have been identified and are currently under ongoing investigation. In this article, we review the available data on the use of circulating biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer, focusing on the circulating tumor cells, circulating cell-free DNA, circulating micro-RNAs, tumor-derived exosomes, and tumor-educated platelets, providing an overview of future potential applicability in the clinical practice. While several biomarkers have shown exciting results, diagnostic performance and clinical applicability is still limited. The combination of different biomarkers, as well as their combination with other diagnostic tools show great promise, although further research is still required to define and validate the role of liquid biopsies in clinical practice.

Introduction: Overcoming immunosurveillance is a major step in the progression of many types of tumors. Several immune escape strategies have been identified, including immunoediting and the establishment of an immune suppressive microenvironment. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the hereditary or sporadic context has any influence in the relationship between immune surveillance and tumor development, using sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis related colorectal adenomas as a model. Material and Methods: The immune tumor-infiltrating cells of a total of 58 low-grade and 18 high-grade colorectal adenomas were examined and compared, using immunostaining for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD57, CD68 and FoxP3. Results: FoxP3 and CD68 counts were significantly higher in sporadic low-grade dysplasia (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0103, respectively),and FoxP3 and CD4 counts were found to be significantly higher in high-grade sporadic dysplasia (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.0018, respectively)when compared with corresponding lesions in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Discussion: This study suggests that the immune microenvironment of sporadic and hereditary lesions is different. Sporadic lesions contain a higher number of immune suppressive Treg cells, which suggests a stronger immune selective pressure. In contrast, hereditarylesions seem to benefit from a more tolerant immune microenvironment, allowing for the development of lesions with lower immune cell infiltration. Conclusion: This study shows that sporadic lesions harbor higher tumor-infiltrating immune cell counts, which might reflect a higher immune tolerance towards hereditary lesions.

ABSTRACT: The extraction of sea salt depends on the occupation of large areas at the estuary banks, many of them inserted in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs). Thus, the objective was to evaluate the economic viability of Environmental Offsets (EO) as an alternative to the unoccupied PPAs in the saltworks. In order to do so, 27 solar saltworks installed in the region of the Brazilian White Coast were evaluated for the occupation of PPAs - measured using images from satellite, georeferenced, vectored with corresponding PPA bands generated - and estimated to EO (Impact Degree x Sum of the investments necessary to implement the project) and Economic Impact (Net Present Value, with long-term interest rate of 7%) of vacating PPAs. It was considered that EO was feasible whenever the costs resulting from it were lower than the economic impact caused by the vacancy of the PPAs. The PPAs were tthe productive area of the saltworksthat occupied 13.70% of PPAs. For all the evaluated enterprises the value corresponding to EO was lower than the Economic Impact resulting from the vacancy of the PPAs. Thus, EO is an economically viable and more attractive alternative to the eviction of PPAs by the saltworks industry and may also provide environmental gains due to the financing of conservation units in the areas of influence of the enterprises. However, there is a need to improve the methodology used to estimate the EO, since a maximum limit is set, the environmental impacts caused by the projects are underestimated.

Objetivou-se caracterizar a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica bem como as principais variáveis abióticas do estuário do rio Apodi-Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram realizadas coletas mensais durante as marés altas de sizígia e análises de variáveis abióticas e bióticas de julho de2004 aagosto de 2005 em três pontos (foz, estuário médio e estuário superior). Foram calculadas as médias para cada estação de coleta e período sazonal, além dos atributos de comunidade: riqueza, diversidade e equitabilidade. Para a identificação dos principais fatores responsáveis pela variância dos dados foi realizada a Análise de Componentes Principais, as variações na abundância fitoplanctônica, por sua vez, foram avaliadas usando a Análise de Correspondência e a Análise de Correspondência Canônica. O estuário do rio Apodi-Mossoró é um ecossistema tropical e estável termicamente, influenciado pela sazonalidade dos períodos de estiagem e chuvas. Seu regime de salinidade predominante é o euhalino, podendo variar entre oligohalino e hipersalino em função do balanço hídrico, além disso, seu pH é predominantemente alcalino. Este ambiente pode ser considerado oligotrófico e bem oxigenado. A comunidade fitoplanctônica do estuário esteve composta por 109 táxons infragenéricos, pertencentes a cinco grupos distintos, com Bacilallariophyta apresentando maior contribuição, tanto no aspecto qualitativo (62%) como quantitativo (74%). A riqueza, bem como a diversidade, foi superior em 2004, assim como no período de estiagem, apresentando tendência de diminuição conforme o afastamento da foz e, segundo os atributos de comunidade, esta é de elevada riqueza e bem distribuída, porém, de baixa diversidade.Composition of the phytoplankton community in the Apodi-Mossoró River estuary, Brazilian semi-aridAbstract: The objective was to characterize the structure of the phytoplankton community as well as the main abiotic variables of the Apodi-Mossoró estuary, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Monthly collections were carried out during high tides of syzygy and analyzes of abiotic and biotic variables from July 2004 to August 2005 in three points (estuary, middle estuary and upper estuary). The means were calculated for each collection season and seasonal period, in addition to the community attributes: richness, diversity and equitability. For the identification of the main factors responsible for the data variance, the Principal Component Analysis was performed and the variations in the phytoplankton abundance were evaluated using the Correspondence Analysis and Canonical-Correlation Analysis. The Apodi-Mossoró River estuary is a thermally stable tropical ecosystem, influenced by the seasonality of drought and rainy periods. Its predominant salinity regime is euhaline, which can vary from oligohaline to hypersaline as a function of water balance, and its pH is predominantly alkaline. This environment can be considered oligotrophic and well oxygenated. The phytoplankton community of the estuary consisted of 109 infrageneric taxa, belonging to five distinct groups, with Bacilallariophyta showing the greatest contribution, both in the qualitative aspect (62%) and in the quantitative aspect (74%). Wealth and diversity were higher in 2004, as well as in the dry season, with decreasing trends depending on the distance from the mouth, and according to community attributes, this richness is well distributed but low in diversity.

Introduction: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis offers a non-invasive method to identify sensitising and resistance mutations in advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating free DNA (cfDNA) is a valuable tool for mutations detection and disease′s clonal monitoring. Material and methods: An amplicon-based targeted gene NGS panel was used to analyse 101 plasma samples of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with known oncogenic mutations, mostly EGFR mutations, serially collected at different clinically relevant time points of the disease. Results: The variant allelic frequency (VAF) monitoring in consecutive plasma samples demonstrated different molecular response and progression patterns. The decrease in or the clearance of the mutant alleles was associated with response and the increase in or the emergence of novel alterations with progression. At the best response, the median VAF was 0% (0.0% to 3.62%), lower than that at baseline, with a median of 0.53% (0.0% to 9.9%) (p = 0.004). At progression, the VAF was significantly higher (median 4.67; range: 0.0–36.9%) than that observed at the best response (p = 0.001) and baseline (p = 0.006). These variations anticipated radiographic changes in most cases, with a median time of 0.86 months. Overall, the VAF evolution of different oncogenic mutations predicts clinical outcomes. Conclusion: The targeted NGS of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has clinical utility to monitor treatment response in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Aim The diet of Plagioscion squamosissimus present in the Santa Cruz Reservoir, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, was investigated, evaluating the influences of spatial and temporal variations and abiotic factors in the utilization of food resources. Methods The samplings were performed quarterly between February 2011 and November 2014. Of the 525 specimens captured, 375 presented food items in the stomachs. The diet was determined using: (i) Feeding Index (IAi); (ii) and the graphical interpretation of the food strategy through non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analyzes, the differences in diet being tested from Permutational Multivariate Analyzes of Variance (PERMANOVA). To verify if environmental variables influence the Canonical Correspondence Analyzes (CCA) were used, using the data from the IAi the environmental data, being the significance of the axes tested through Monte Carlo simulations. Results The species feed mainly on items of animal origin, vegetable being a resource ingested accidentally. The diet was composed of shrimp, fish, insect, mollusk and vegetable, the latter rarely found. The shrimp was the main item (92.57%) and the insects (7.24%) accessory items. Spatial and temporal ordering demonstrated that the species didn’t present variation in diet composition, as well as a low association between diet and environmental variables. Conclusion P. squamosissimus is characterized as carcinophagous, due to the predominance of shrimp in its diet, evidencing that the species is adapted to the conditions offered by the Brazilian semi-arid environment.

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the fish feeding and to establish the preferential and secondary items of their diets, to determine the trophic guilds and the possible trophic structure variations in function of the water volume in Umari reservoir, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazilian semiarid. Methods The fish were captured quarterly between February and November of 2013, with gill nets with different meshes, being the apparatuses exposed at 5:00 p.m., with removal at 5:00 a.m. The food items were identified using stereoscopic and optical microscopes and evaluated through the Feeding Index (IAi), being the results of this procedure used in food similarity analysis. The volume of the items was orderly in NMDS and the time differences were tested in PERMANOVA. Results A total of 740 individuals belonging to 14 species were sampled, being analyzed a total of 258 stomachs and 8 intestines of 11 species. From the IAi values used in the trophic similarity analysis, the species were classified into five trophic guilds: detritivorous, insectivorous, malacophagous, carcinophagous and piscivorous. Conclusion The oscillation in the water volume of the reservoir did not influence the diet of the guild detritivorous, which shows that the variations in the volume of water of the reservoir do not influence in the same way the diet of the local ichthyofauna.

Abstract Aim To evaluate the impact of a biomanipulation experiment on the feeding of fish species from a neotropical semiarid reservoir, before and after the removal of the exotic species Oreochromis niloticus. Methods The values of Food Index were analyzed for six species: Oreochromis niloticus , Prochilodus brevis Steindachner,1875, Hypostomus cf. paparie Fowler,1941, Hoplias gr. malabaricus Bloch,1794, Astyanax bimaculatus Linnaeus,1758 and Leporinus piau Fowler,194. All data were obtained in two periods, before of the removal O. niloticus (May 2012 to January 2013) and after its removal (April 2013 to November 2013). The Morisita-Horn index was used to evaluate the feeding similarity among the six species and determine trophic categories (insectivorous, omnivorous, iliophaga and piscivora). To establish the probable variations due the presence of O. niloticus species, the Food Index of the six species was used in a Bray-Curtis similarity matrix. Through the Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) we could not observe any differences among items consumed by different species. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to assay the influence of environmental variables on the dietary, from the Food Index data. Results All species were classified in four trophic categories that do not shown any variation among the formed groups during studied periods. After the removal of Nile tilapia some species showed changes in food items, according to NMDS. The CCA indicated low association among the monthly Food Index of species and the environmental changes. Conclusion The process of biomanipulation on the Ecological Station from Serra Negra reservoir, which compares the dietaries from five local species before and after removal of exotic species Oreochromis niloticus, resulted in modification of dietary composition from three of five studied species.

The Amazonian fish species Plagioscion squamosissimus(Sciaenidae) and Cichla monoculus(Cichlidae), have been widely introduced into different reservoirs in Brazil, and have caused many negative impacts on local fish fauna. The aim of this study was to evaluate the population structure (abundance, length structure, length-weight relationship, sex ratio, and length at first maturity) and the reprodutive period of these two species in the Santa Cruz Reservoir (built in 2002), located in the Brazilian semiarid region, for their adequate management and local species conservation policies. Specimens were collected quarterly in eight sites from February 2010 to November 2013 using gillnets (12 to 70 mm mesh between adjacent knots). The specimens captured were counted and the following biometric and biological data were analysed: standard length, total weight, and reproductive data, such as, sex, weight and gonadal maturity stage. The species abundances were estimated by CPUE and expressed as the number of individuals per gill net area x gill net exposition time (m2 x h); length frequency histograms were built with intervals of 5 cm. The length-weight parameters were estimated with a linear regression after a logarithmic transformation of the data. With the reproductive data we estimated sex ratio, reproduction period and length at first maturity (L50). We captured a total of 1 071 specimens of P. squamosissimusand 156 specimens of C. monoculus.Both species showed higher abundances in 2010, 0.004306 m2 x h and 0.00022 m2 x h, respectively, but this parameter decreased from 2010 to 2013. Standard length ranged between 6.4 and 46.2 cm for P. squamosissimus(20.025.0 cm was the most frequent class), and 7.0 and 38.7 cm for C. monoculus(10.0-15.0 cm was the most frequent class). The length-weight relationships were described by the following equations: log10Wt = -1.8349+3.0899log10Lp and R2 = 0.9795 for P. squamosissimus,and log10Wt = -1.7944+3.0885log10Lp and Wt = 0.0160 and R2 = 0.9929 for C. monoculus;both species exhibited positive allometric growth. The sex ratio for both species differed from 1:1, with a predominance of females for P. squamosissimusand males for C. monoculus.The Lp50 was estimated to be 15.90 cm for P. squa-mosissimusand 15.65 cm for C. monoculus,and the reproductive data indicated that both species reproduced throughout the year. We concluded that although the population of both species reduced their abundance over the study period, P. squamosissimusand C. monoculusare established and structured populations in the Santa Cruz Reservoir with individuals growing satisfactorily and reproducing in all seasons, without a well-defined reproductive peak. We suggest that the managers may allow the artisanal and/or sport fisheries of these species.

La agricultura de precisión utiliza herramientas modernas capaces de facilitar la obtención y análisis de datos georreferenciados. La conductividad eléctrica aparente (CEa) del suelo, se obtiene con sensores remotos y está correlacionada con algunas propiedades del suelo (capacidad de almacenamiento de agua, contenido de materia orgánica, salinidad y drenaje, topografía, manejos previos y texturas entre otras). El exceso de sales puede ser perjudicial para las plantas mientras que altos contenidos de sodio intercambiable pueden provocar daños físicos y químicos en el suelo, afectando el crecimiento de los cultivos. Se seleccionaron 3 lotes con una superficie promedio de 80 ha, regados con pivote central, en el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. En cada lote se midió la CEa georreferenciada con un sensor de medición directa. Con los datos obtenidos se confeccionaron mapas de CEa utilizando técnicas de interpolación espacial (Kriging). Los campos fueron divididos en zonas de igual rango de CEa, para tomar muestras de suelo en las que se midió humedad gravimétrica (θg), CE del extracto de saturación (CEe) y cationes solubles (Na+, Ca+2 y Mg+2). Se calculó la relación de adsorción de sodio (RAS). Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente utilizando el procedimiento PROC MIXED de SAS. Se observó variabilidad espacial de la CEa y se detectó una asociación entre la CEa y el RAS. Existe una relación significativa entre la CEa, la CEe y el contenido de sodio del suelo, diferenciándose estadísticamente los contenidos de Na+ entre las diferentes zonas de CEa de cada lote. Los sensores de medición directa de CEa son herramientas eficaces para la estimación espacial del contenido de sodio del suelo.Precision agriculture utilizes modern tools in order to obtain and analyze georreferenced data. Direct measuring sensors of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) are part of these modern tools and are widely used to quantify ECa spatial variability. This variable is correlated with other soil properties (water holding capacity, organic matter content, salinity, drainage, topography, tillage managing and soil texture). Plants are negatively affected by elevated salts amount and elevated exchangeable sodium content, which causes physical and chemical damage of soils, affecting crop's grown and production. In order to determinate sodium spatial content and distribution, three fields about 80 Has average were selected. All fields are under central pivot irrigation system and are located in the southeast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. In these fields ECa was measured and georreferenced whit a direct measure sensor. Obtained data was used to create ECa maps in every field using spatial interpolation methods (Kriging). All fields were divided into four different zones, based on its ECa value, where soil samples were taken. Soil samples were laboratory processed in order to determinate gravimetric humidity (θg),, electrical conductivity of soil saturation paste extract (ECe) and soluble cations (Na+, Ca+2 and Mg+2), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated. Experimental data was statistically analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED procedure. We observed CEa spatial variability, and associations between ECa and SAR. Significantly relationships between ECa, ECe and soil sodium content were found. Sodium content was statistically differenced between different ECa zones in every field. The ECa direct measuring sensors are accurately tools to estimate soil sodium spatial content.

Hoplias malabaricus is a viable economic alternative for artisanal fishermen who used to live on the banks of rivers that now are dammed in Brazil. In order to preserve the species’ natural stock, the main objectives of this study were to obtain bio-ecological information on this species reproduction, feeding dynamics and the description of the extent of its exploitation in river-reservoir transition area in Brazil. This way, from January to December 2005, different fishery catches were made with gill nets by artisanal fishermen, and a total of 426 individual H. malabaricus were obtained and sampled. From each specimen, the following biometric and biological data were analyzed: standard length, total weight, stomach contents, reproductive data such as sex, weight and gonadal maturation stage; with these data we estimated sex ratio, reproduction period and feeding habits. To assess growth parameters and infer on the degree of exploitation, the standard length frequency data were analysed using the FISAT (ELEFAN I) computer program. Data revealed a sex ratio of 0.8:1 (M:F), that reproduction occurs all year around, being more intense during spring and summer; it also showed that H. malabaricus is piscivorous. The growth parameters and mortality were estimated at: L∞=35.18cm, k=0.32 year, longevity=9.3 years, Z=1.25 years, M=0.63 year and F=0.62 year. The weight-length relationship was: ln Wt=-3.1663+2.7456 ln Lp. The yield-per-recruit analysis produced the following values: E=0.496, Emax=0.916, E0.1=0.701 and E0.5=0.378. Overall, our data suggest that the stock of H. malabaricus is not yet overfished in the studied area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 71-83. Epub 2011 March 01.Hoplias malabaricus representa una alternativa económica viable para los pescadores artesanales que viven a la orilla de ríos que actualmente cuentan con represas en Brasil. El objeto del presente estudio fue evaluar la dinámica de la reproducción, alimentación, crecimiento y nivel de explotación de la especie nativa Hoplias malabaricus, capturada por pescadores artesanales en la zona de transición entre el río Paranapanema y el Embalse de Jurumirim. En 2005, los especimenes de H. malabaricus se obtuvieron utilizando redes agalleras de forma mensual y se registraron las siguientes características y datos biológicos de cada uno: longitud estándar, peso corporal, sexo, estadio reproductivo, peso de las gónadas y contenido estomacal. Estos datos fueron utilizados para estimar la proporción sexual, el período reproductivo y los hábitos alimenticios. Para evaluar los parámetros de crecimiento y el grado de explotación, los datos de frecuencia de la longitud estándar fueron analizados utilizando el software FISAT a través de la rutina ELEFAN I. Según los resultados obtenidos, la proporción sexual fue de 0.8:1 (macho:hembra); la reproducción fue observada durante todo el año, pero sobre todo en la primavera y el verano. El hábito alimentario fue piscívoro. Los parámetros de crecimiento y mortalidad fueron estimados en: L∞=35.18cm, k=0.32/año; longevidad= 9.3, Z=1.25/año, M=0.63/año y F=0.62/año. La relación longitud-peso fue: Wt=-3.1663+2.7456lnLp. El análisis de rendimiento por recluta estimó los siguientes valores: E=0.496, Emax=0.916, E0.1=0.701 y E0.5=0.378. Puede concluirse que la población de H. malabaricus en la región estudiada todavía no está siendo altamente explotada.

The fishes of the family Characidae are among the main species of fresh water fishes in South America. In this work, some aspects of the population structure of two Astyanax species were assessed. The fishes were caught in Santo Antônio and São José rivers, in the Paraguaçu basin, by standardized monthly samplings adapted to the microhabitats. Astyanax sp. b (São José river) presented larger size than Astyanax sp. a (Santo Antônio river). The length-weight relationship showed positive allometric growth for Astyanax sp. a, and negative for Astyanax sp. b. Both the species showed a long reproductive period, with higher activities in dry period.Os peixes da família Characidae estão entre os principais representantes de peixes de água doce da região Neotropical. Este trabalho apresenta alguns aspectos da estrutura populacional de duas espécies de Astyanax coletadas a partir de amostragens mensais padronizadas e adaptadas a diferentes microhabitats, em trechos dos rios Santo Antônio e São José, tributários do alto curso do rio Paraguaçu. Astyanax sp. b, coletada no rio São José apresentou maior tamanho que Astyanax sp. a, coletada no rio Santo Antônio. A relação peso-comprimento indicou um crescimento alométrico positivo para Astyanax sp. a e negativo para Astyanax sp. b. Ambas as espécies apresentaram um longo período reprodutivo, com maior atividade reprodutiva no período seco.

Despite the recent advances in the development of complementary diagnostic exams and modern targeted therapies, colorectal cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this context, a lot of research has been conducted in the last years to find new markers of poor prognosis. The existence of a complex tumour architecture formed by multiple subclones genetically heterogeneous has been increasingly considered in recent studies as an element of particular importance. This feature seems to influence factors as relevant as the representativeness of tumour biopsies for genetic diagnosis and the efficacy of targeted therapies. There is growing evidence suggesting a relation between genetic heterogeneity and the patients’ prognosis. The widespread use of next-generation sequencing techniques will allow a better understanding of the true degree of genetic heterogeneity in colorectal tumours, its causes and impact on the course of the disease. In this review we intend to analyse the recent findings related to the genetic heterogeneity of colorectal cancer, as well as its major clinical implications.

We compared the artisanal fisheries, in terms of catch strategies, productivity, and gross per capita income, at two reservoirs: the Barra Bonita (an eutrophic reservoir with some introduced species), and the Jurumirim (an oligotrophic reservoir, with no introduced species). Published data and structured interviews with fishers were used to evaluate fishing activity, fish biomass, and the financial performance of the fisheries. In the Barra Bonita Reservoir we analysed data from 745 fishing trips, from which 86,691.9 kg of fish were landed, with a mean CPUE of 62.4 kg/fisher-1 day-1. The main type of fish caught was tilapia (71,513.5 kg; CPUE of 51.5 kg/fisher-1 day-1), which constituted 82.5% of the biomass caught. In the Jurumirim Reservoir, we analysed data from 2,401 fishing trips, from which 25,093.6 kg of fish were landed, with a mean CPUE of 10.4 kg/fisher-1 day-1. The main type of fish caught was "traíra" (6,158.6 kg; CPUE of 2.6 kg/fisher-1 day-1), which constituted 24.5% of the biomass caught. Ordination analysis (PCA) indicated that there was a difference in composition between the fishing reservoirs and ANCOVA showed that there was a significant difference in fish production between the reservoirs. A Student's t-test showed that fishers in the Barra Bonita Reservoir had a significantly higher gross per capita income than those from the Jurumirim Reservoir. Although the Barra Bonita Reservoir has a higher fish production and the fishers earn a higher gross per capita income, we recommend the Jurumirim Reservoir as a model for artisanal fishery management because fishing activity in this reservoir is viable in the long term and such a model would promote conservation and sustainability. This contrasts with the Barra Bonita Reservoir, in which the fishery is not viable in the long term, due to environmental problems caused by artificial eutrophication and the introduction of alien species. It is also noted that in many countries, management of fisheries based on exotic species has not been viable in the long term.Nós comparamos a pesca artesanal, em termo de estratégia de captura, produtividade e renda per capita bruta em dois reservatórios: Barra Bonita (reservatório eutrófico e com espécies introduzidas) e Jurumirim (reservatório oligotrófico e sem espécies introduzidas). Dados publicados e entrevistas estruturadas mensais com os pescadores sobre a atividade de pesca, quilo pescado e rendimento financeiro, foram usados para as análises. No reservatório de Barra Bonita foram analisados dados de 745 viagens pesqueiras, que desembarcaram 86.691,9 kg de pescado, com CPUE de 62,4 kg/pescador-1 dia-1. O principal pescado foi a tilápia (71.513,5 kg, CPUE de 51,5 kg/pescador-1dia-1) que representou 82,5% da biomassa pescada. No reservatório de Jurumirim analisamos dados de 2.401 viagens pesqueiras, que desembarcaram 25.093,6, como CPUE de 10, kg/ pescador-1 dia-1. O principal pescado foi a traíra (6.158,6 kg, CPUE de 2,6 kg pescador-1 dia-1), que representou 24,5% da biomassa pescada. Uma análise de ordenação (PCA) indicou diferença na composição pesqueira entre os reservatórios e uma ANCOVA indicou diferença na produção pesqueira entre os reservatórios. Teste t de Student foi significativo e os pescadores do reservatório de Barra Bonita tiveram maior renda per capita bruta. Embora o reservatório de Barra Bonita tenha tido maior produção pesqueira e os pescadores maior renda, recomendamos o reservatório de Jurumirim como modelo para gestão de pesca artesanal nos reservatório, pois a atividade mostrou ser viável em longo prazo bem como ecologicamente correto. Isto contrasta como o reservatório de Barra Bonita, em que a pesca não é viável em longo prazo, devido a problemas ambientais provocados pela eutrofização artificial e pela introdução de espécie. Observou-se que em muitos países, o manejo da pesca com espécies exóticas, não tem sido viável em longo prazo.

We compared the artisanal fisheries, in terms of catch strategies, productivity, and gross per capita income, at two reservoirs: the Barra Bonita (an eutrophic reservoir with some introduced species), and the Jurumirim (an oligotrophic reservoir, with no introduced species). Published data and structured interviews with fishers were used to evaluate fishing activity, fish biomass, and the financial performance of the fisheries. In the Barra Bonita Reservoir we analysed data from 745 fishing trips, from which 86,691.9 kg of fish were landed, with a mean CPUE of 62.4 kg/fisher-1 day-1. The main type of fish caught was tilapia (71,513.5 kg; CPUE of 51.5 kg/fisher-1 day-1), which constituted 82.5% of the biomass caught. In the Jurumirim Reservoir, we analysed data from 2,401 fishing trips, from which 25,093.6 kg of fish were landed, with a mean CPUE of 10.4 kg/fisher-1 day-1. The main type of fish caught was "traíra" (6,158.6 kg; CPUE of 2.6 kg/fisher-1 day-1), which constituted 24.5% of the biomass caught. Ordination analysis (PCA) indicated that there was a difference in composition between the fishing reservoirs and ANCOVA showed that there was a significant difference in fish production between the reservoirs. A Student's t-test showed that fishers in the Barra Bonita Reservoir had a significantly higher gross per capita income than those from the Jurumirim Reservoir. Although the Barra Bonita Reservoir has a higher fish production and the fishers earn a higher gross per capita income, we recommend the Jurumirim Reservoir as a model for artisanal fishery management because fishing activity in this reservoir is viable in the long term and such a model would promote conservation and sustainability. This contrasts with the Barra Bonita Reservoir, in which the fishery is not viable in the long term, due to environmental problems caused by artificial eutrophication and the introduction of alien species. It is also noted that in many countries, management of fisheries based on exotic species has not been viable in the long term.

El creciente predominio de soja dentro de los esquemas agrícolas sin una correspondiente rotación con cereales, y sin una adecuada fertilización se ha convertido en una amenaza para los suelos, pudiendo provocar la degradación físico-química de los mismos. Además, el uso de las labranzas convencionales que remueven el suelo en los cultivos de cosecha gruesa y la intensidad de las lluvias en el sudeste bonaerense, constituyen un alto riesgo de erosión de los suelos. La introducción de las labranzas conservacionistas, podría contribuir a solucionar dichos problemas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la evolución de las propiedades físicas y el contenido de materia orgánica durante el ciclo de cultivo de soja bajo labranza vertical y siembra directa, y dos historias de fertilización, 0 kg N-ha-1 y 150 kg N- ha-1. La experiencia se realizó en la campaña agrícola 2009-2010, en un complejo de suelos Argiudol típico. Se tomaron muestras de suelo a la siembra, 60 días después de la siembra (dds) (en período vegetativo), 100 dds (en reproductivo) y 280 dds (en poscosecha). En las mismas se determinó el contenido de materia orgánica, cambio de diámetro medio ponderado y densidad aparente. En el estudio no se detectó correlación negativa entre la materia orgánica y la densidad aparente. La información obtenida de los parámetros físicos es relevante porque permitió analizar su evolución durante un ciclo del cultivo de soja en el sudeste bonaerense, brindando información antes inexistente. La información que aquí se presenta es parcial, y forma parte del seguimiento en un ensayo de larga duración. Se espera que los resultados sean confirmados a partir del análisis de nuevos ciclos en el mismo ensayo.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the food resources consumed by two species of detritivorous fishes along the Apodi‐Mossoró River reservoir cascade system, located in the tropical semi‐arid region of Brazil. The hypotheses tested were as follows: (a) the diet, niche breadth and niche overlap of the species in the reservoirs downstream of the cascade are different due to the blockage of food resources upstream, and (b) the two species coexist in the reservoir cascade system due to resource partitioning. The diets of the species were analysed based on the volumetric data of the food resources using NMDS ordination, and possible differences in diet were tested with PERMANOVA. The contribution of each food resource was analysed by SIMPER analysis. Trophic niche breadth was evaluated by PERMDISP analysis, and the trophic niche overlap was calculated by the Pianka index. The difference in niche overlap between the reservoirs was evaluated by Welch's t test. Plant material, detritus and sediment were the most important food resources in the diets of the two species, but they differed along the reservoir cascade. Plant material, detritus and sediments were the predominant resources in their diets, which showed differences in feeding, a narrow trophic niche and high dietary overlap. The differences in diet observed along the cascade did not follow the expected pattern, and the narrow trophic niche and high trophic overlap indicate that the sharing of food resources was not the main cause of the coexistence of these species in the reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]