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IntroductionDown syndrome, caused by trisomy 21, is a complex developmental disorder associated with intellectual disability and reduced growth of multiple organs. Structural pathologies are present at birth, reflecting embryonic origins. A fundamental unanswered question is how an extra copy of human chromosome 21 contributes to organ-specific pathologies that characterize individuals with Down syndrome, and, relevant to the hallmark intellectual disability in Down syndrome, how trisomy 21 affects neural development. We tested the hypothesis that trisomy 21 exerts effects on human neural development as early as neural induction.MethodsBulk RNA sequencing was performed on isogenic trisomy 21 and euploid human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) at successive stages of neural induction: embryoid bodies at Day 6, early neuroectoderm at Day 10, and differentiated neuroectoderm at Day 17.ResultsGene expression analysis revealed over 1,300 differentially expressed genes in trisomy 21 cells along the differentiation pathway compared to euploid controls. Less than 5% of the gene expression changes included upregulated chromosome 21 encoded genes at every timepoint. Genes involved in specific growth factor signaling pathways (WNT and Notch), metabolism (including oxidative stress), and extracellular matrix were altered in trisomy 21 cells. Further analysis uncovered heterochronic expression of genes.ConclusionTrisomy 21 impacts discrete developmental pathways at the earliest stages of neural development. The results suggest that metabolic dysfunction arises early in embryogenesis in trisomy 21 and may affect development and function more broadly.

The recent technological advancements in synthetic biology have demonstrated the extensive potential socio-economic benefits at laboratory scale. However, translations of such technologies to industrial scale fermentations remains a major bottleneck. The existence and lack of understanding of the major discrepancies in cultivation conditions between scales often leads to the selection of suboptimal bioprocessing conditions, crippling industrial scale productivity. In this study, strategic design of experiments approaches were coupled with state-of-the-art bioreactor tools to characterize and overcome nutritional stress for the enhanced production of precursors to the blockbuster chemotherapy drug, Taxol, in S. cerevisiae cell factories. The batch-to-batch variation in yeast extract composition was found to trigger nutritional stress at a mini-bioreactor scale, resulting in profound changes in cellular morphology and the inhibition of taxane production. The cells shifted from the typical budding morphology into striking pseudohyphal cells. Doubling initial yeast extract and peptone concentrations (2×YP) delayed filamentous growth, and taxane accumulation improved to 108 mg/L. Through coupling a statistical definitive screening design approach with the state-of-the-art high-throughput micro-bioreactors, the total taxane titers were improved a further two-fold, compared to the 2×YP culture, to 229 mg/L. Filamentous growth was absent in nutrient-limited microscale cultures, underlining the complex and multifactorial nature of yeast stress responses. Validation of the optimal microscale conditions in 1L bioreactors successfully alleviated nutritional stress and improved the titers to 387 mg/L. Production of the key Taxol precursor, T5αAc, was improved two-fold to 22 mg/L compared to previous maxima. The present study highlights the importance of following an interdisciplinary approach combining synthetic biology and bioprocessing technologies for effective process optimization and scale-up.

Patterns of the 16S rRNA gene obtained in 8 and 12% acrylamide gels by the SSCP (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) method were different for various marine fish species (Macrorhamphosus scolopax, Scomber scombrus, Lepidorhombus boscii, L. whiffiagonis, Trachurus trachurus, T. mediterraneus, Molva molva, Merluccius merluccius). SSCP patterns of this gene were employed to successfully identify formaldehyde-fixed eggs of different species (Merluccius merluccius, Scomber scombrus, Macrorhamphosus scolopax and L. whiffiagonis) in plankton samples. The advantages of SSCPs in comparison with current genetic methods of egg identification are based on their technical simplicity and low price. The application of the PCR-SSCP methodology is proposed for routine genetic analyses in plankton surveys.

The aim of this paper is the discussion of quality control (QC) criteria for environmental monitoring of organic contaminants at trace levels in water. In addition, QC criteria in the identification and confirmation of target analytes have been considered.

Ningún cirujano puede negar experiencia en falla de sutura digestiva. Es la complicación que lo responsabiliza directamente por las omisiones en el estudio y la preparación de su paciente, por los defectos y/o errores de técnica, por el reconocimiento de la situación de "riesgo de falla", por la necesidad de cuidados intensivos para el diagnóstico temprano y por la más grave responsabilidad de indicar y ejecutar la reintervención.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare two alkaloids (antioquine and tetrandrine) with verapamil; knowing that the smooth muscle respond to KCl and relationships with calcium. The effects of antioquine and tetrandrine, was studied in adults Wistar rat with modified methods used in the determination of aorta contractility and compared with verapamil effect in the same assays. The analysis of the effect of a drug or extract on aortic reactivity included maximal relaxation or maximal contraction (Cmax) (Phase 1). In our results, verapamil induced a blockade of 98.7 ± 0.7% (n = 6) in presence of endothelium and 97.9 ± 4.3% in ausence of endothelium, both in phase 1 and in phase 2 of 47.4 ± 4.1% (n = 6) in aortas in the presence of endothelium and 61.8 ± 1.1% in ausence of endothelium; Tetrandrine assays showed a phase 1 blocking effect of 63.4 ± 5.5 and 47.7 ± 2.9% (with and without endothelium, respectively) and phase 2 of 43.5 ± 6.2 and 28.5 ± 5.7%, (with and without endothelium, respectively). Antioquine presents in phase 1 and phase 2, a blockade that is not significant from the point of view of calcium antagonism. We can conclude that tetrandrine block the movement of calcium from both intracellular and extracellular deposits, with the greatest effect when aortas are in the presence of endothelium.

Se presenta un caso clínico portador de complicación infecciosa a nivel de protesis aorta torácica post resección de aneurisma, traducida por hemoptisis grave reiterada, a los 38 meses de la intervención quirúrgica inicial. Se señala la baja frecuencia de esta entidad, constituyendo lo que creemos el primer caso en nuestro oaís. Se discute la táctica quirúrgica adoptada y las posibilidades terapéutica en uno o dos actos quirúrgicos frent.e a cuadros similares.

Los autores presentan una obs,ervación de Secuestración Pulmonar Intralobar, su diagnóstico basado, fundamentalmente, en la arteriografía, y su resolución quirúrgica, sosteniendo que la misma debe ser la lobectomía.

Vision and Robotic technologies are progressively becoming ubiquitous for automating and digitizing quality control in the food industry. This paper examines the crucial role of advanced automation technologies, including versatile or dedicated robotic systems, specialized end-effectors, machine vision, and efficient material handling systems, which collectively enhance food processing efficiency. This paper aspires to provide a high-level technical review on the crucial role of advanced automation technologies, including versatile or dedicated robotic systems, specialized end-effectors, machine vision, and efficient material handling systems, which collectively enhance food processing efficiency. While the manuscript aims to document the various automation sub-systems utilized generally in food processing, it places a particular emphasis on the primary processing phase of food production. Most food products in the primary processing phase exhibit a plethora of complex physical properties and manipulation conditions, making it difficult to reliably automate the various processes. This research aims to outline the contemporary advances and requirements for integrating various automation technologies, to enhance the efficiency and precision of primary food processing. Furthermore, it aspires to serve as a valuable, up-to-date survey and analysis of the latest advances in automation and vision technologies and their capability to automate a food processing line.

The Robot Operating System (ROS) has significantly gained popularity among robotic engineers and researchers over the past five years, primarily due to its powerful infrastructure for node communication, which enables developers to build modular and large robotic applications. However, ROS presents a steep learning curve and lacks the intuitive usability of vendor-specific robotic Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Moreover, its modular and distributed nature complicates the control and monitoring of extensive systems, even for advanced users. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel, highly adaptable and reconfigurable web-based GUI for intuitively controlling, monitoring, and configuring complex ROS-based robotic systems. The GUI leverages ROSBridge and roslibjs to ensure seamless communication with ROS systems via topics and services. Special attention has been paid to enable the easy reconfiguration of the GUI and to minimize the modifications required to integrate it with new robotic systems. Thus, it has been designed as a versatile platform, which allows for the selective incorporation of modular features to accommodate diverse robotic systems and applications. A predefined template has been defined to ensure the compatibility of the developed features with the GUI platform. Additionally, an initial set of commonly used features in robotic applications is presented. To demonstrate its reconfigurability, the GUI was customized and tested for four industrial use cases, receiving positive feedback. The project’s repository has been made publicly available to support the robotics community and lower the entry barrier for ROS in industrial applications.

Photo-realistic avatar is a modern term referring to the digital asset that represents a human in computer graphic advanced systems such as video games and simulation tools. These avatars utilize the advances in graphic technologies in both software and hardware aspects. While photo-realistic avatars are increasingly used in industrial simulations, representing human factors such as human workers’ psychophysiological states, remains a challenge. This article contributes to resolving this issue by introducing the novel concept of MetaStates which are the digitization and representation of the psychophysiological states of a human worker in the digital world. The MetaStates influence the physical representation and performance of a digital human worker while performing a task. To demonstrate this concept, this study presents the development of a photo-realistic avatar enhanced with multi-level graphical representations of psychophysiological states relevant to Industry 5.0. This approach represents a major step forward in the use of digital humans for industrial simulations, allowing companies to better leverage the benefits of the Industrial Metaverse in their daily operations and simulations while keeping human workers at the center of the system.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been conveniently used to produce Taxol® anticancer drug early precursors. However, the harmful impact of oxidative stress by the first cytochrome P450-reductase enzymes (CYP725A4-POR) of Taxol® pathway has hampered sufficient progress in yeast. Here, we evolved an oxidative stress-resistant yeast strain with three-fold higher titre of their substrate, taxadiene. The performance of the evolved and parent strains were then evaluated in galactose-limited chemostats before and under the oxidative stress by an oxidising agent. The interaction of evolution and oxidative stress was comprehensively evaluated through transcriptomics and metabolite profiles integration in yeast enzyme-constrained genome scale model. Overall, the evolved strain showed improved respiration, reduced overflow metabolites production and oxidative stress re-induction tolerance. The cross-protection mechanism also potentially contributed to better heme, flavin and NADPH availability, essential for CYP725A4 and POR optimal activity in yeast. The results imply that the evolved strain is a robust cell factory for future efforts towards Taxol© production.

Abstract As recognized by several international agencies, antibiotic resistance is nowadays one of the most relevant problems for human health. While this problem was alleviated with the introduction of new antibiotics into the market in the golden age of antimicrobial discovery, nowadays few antibiotics are in the pipeline. Under these circumstances, a deep understanding on the mechanisms of emergence, evolution and transmission of antibiotic resistance, as well as on the consequences for the bacterial physiology of acquiring resistance is needed to implement novel strategies, beyond the development of new antibiotics or the restriction in the use of current ones, to more efficiently treat infections. There are still several aspects in the field of antibiotic resistance that are not fully understood. In the current article, we make a non‐exhaustive critical review of some of them that we consider of special relevance, in the aim of presenting a snapshot of the studies that still need to be done to tackle antibiotic resistance.

Abstract Multidrug efflux pumps are among the main Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic‐resistance determinants. Besides, efflux pumps are also involved in other relevant activities of bacterial physiology, including the quorum sensing‐mediated regulation of bacterial virulence. Nevertheless, despite the relevance of efflux pumps in bacterial physiology, their interconnection with bacterial metabolism remains obscure. The effect of several metabolites on the expression of P. aeruginosa efflux pumps, and on the virulence and antibiotic resistance of this bacterium, was studied. Phenylethylamine was found to be both inducer and substrate of MexCD‐OprJ, an efflux pump involved in P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance and in extrusion of precursors of quorum‐sensing signals. Phenylethylamine did not increase antibiotic resistance; however, the production of the toxin pyocyanin, the tissue‐damaging protease LasB and swarming motility were reduced in the presence of this metabolite. This decrease in virulence potential was mediated by a reduction of lasI and pqsABCDE expression, which encode the proteins that synthesise the signalling molecules of two quorum‐sensing regulatory pathways. This work sheds light on the interconnection between virulence and antibiotic‐resistance determinants, mediated by bacterial metabolism, and points to phenylethylamine as an anti‐virulence metabolite to be considered in the study of therapies against P. aeruginosa infections.

Aim of study: To assess the association of deforestation and forest use with tree diversity and dominance of pine species. Area of study: La Malinche National Park, central Mexico. Material and methods: Three forest stands were selected on each of four slopes in La Malinche National Park, in which the percent forest cover was determined using a concave spherical densitometer. Additionally, we estimated logging, firewood, and ocoteo as indirect measures of forest use. In each forest stand, we set five 0.1-ha circular plots and we recorded tree species, diameter at breast height, and height of all individuals ≥1.5 m. We estimated diversity using Hill numbers (qD). We identified dominant species from rank-abundance curves, and explored the dissimilarity between forest stands for the three q orders. Using generalized linear mixed-effects models, we evaluated the relationships of deforestation and forest use with species diversity and pine dominance, and studied the effect of pine dominance on the abundance of other tree species through generalized linear models. Main results: We recorded a total of 16 tree species; a pine (Pinus montezumae) was the dominant species. The diversity of tree species was not associated with forest use or deforestation, but deforestation increased Pinus dominance, with a strong slope effect. Research highlights: Regulation and control of forest use should be prioritized to avoid further deforestation and the transformation of species-diverse forests into monospecific forests, further increasing the dominance of P. montezumae. We also suggest reforesting with native species and those scarcely represented to increase forest cover and maintain tree diversity.