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The accumulated knowledge about corporate entrepreneurship has provided a better understanding of its antecedents and consequences. Corporate entrepreneurship activities are strongly related to incremental or disruptive innovation processes. However, academic debates demand a novel conceptual framework to understand the gendered workforce’s contribution to corporate entrepreneurship initiatives worldwide. This study hypothesizes that a gendered workforce has similar capabilities (skills, ability to detect opportunities, and networks) to engage in corporate entrepreneurship. Therefore, any gender differences could be explained by the influence of country-level conditions (gender equality levels, culture, and social norms). We tested these hypotheses with a sample of 50,550 employees from 50 countries. Our results support these hypotheses extending the corporate entrepreneurship literature and provoking an interesting discussion to academics, managers, employees, and policymakers.

PurposeMotivations and access to resources for venturing differ between men and women. In developing countries, there has been an increase in businesses that do not have a specific location and persist in informality. This research aimed to evaluate, from a gender perspective, the moderating effect of the decision not to have a place in the relationship between human capital (education, experience and type of entrepreneurship) and business informality.Design/methodology/approachUsing the National Household Survey 2014–2018, a sample of 50,313 Peruvian entrepreneurs was obtained − 23,314 women and 27,002 men – who have been in business for over three years. The data were analysed with logistic regression.FindingsThe results showed a moderating effect of entrepreneurship without a settled location on the relationship between education and informality in the case of women. And, for men, the moderating impact falls on the education, experience and reason for venturing that influences the formality of their businesses.Originality/valueThe problem of business informality of established companies with more than 42 months of operation is analysed. The moderating effect of the decision not to have a specific location on the relationship between human capital and informality is explored. This work extends business informality studies in Latin America developing countries, incorporating a gender perspective.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce the special issue “The Entrepreneurship Challenges in Latin America”. Design/methodology/approach Latin America and the Caribbean is a region with many potentialities. Like one of the largest markets in the world, entrepreneurship activities can constitute a key element to enhance regional competitiveness. Findings This study makes a general overview of entrepreneurship dynamics in Latin America and its contexts. This study presents the eight manuscripts that constitute the special issue. Originality/value This study contributes to current academic conversations and highlights the relevance of continuing inquiring about the entrepreneurship phenomena at the regional level. Contribution to impact This study expects that this special issue will help the region’s scholarly entrepreneurship community and others interested in Latin America. This study also believes that this special issue manuscript makes a relevant contribution to policy and practice.

This paper develops and applies a new evaluative approach to local entrepreneuriale cosystems, as configural narratives. We examine how configurations of local entrepreneurial ecosystem attributes, as evaluated by local experts, support or hinder the emergence of new and innovative firms. Drawing on sociology of place, we present a novel configurational comparative analysis of local experts' evaluation of their ecosystems in Chile. Our proposed approach to entrepreneurial ecosystems helps us uncover two counterintuitive findings and so elaborateon interferences that have not yet been addressed through conventional concepts, methods and data. First, we reveal three distinct ecosystem types explaining different local levels of new firm activity: Active self-propelled, Indulged and Passive self-absorbed. The internal composition of these types change when only innovative and high growth firms are taken into consideration. Second, we show why, when seen as configural narratives, ecosystem attributes that have been assumed necessary play only a peripheral role. Our study demonstrates a split picture against seemingly similar outcomes and homogenous local contexts, contributing to the advancement of entrepreneurial ecosystem theory, observation and assessment.

Although there have been many studies on the subjective well-being of entrepreneurs, these have compared entrepreneurs’ well-being with those of non-entrepreneurs, or with economic and firm performance, or attempted to identify the determinants their subjective well-being. So far there have been only limited attempts to compare the subjective well-being of differently motivated entrepreneurs. This paper is an attempt to contribute filling this gap. We explore the relationship between the motivation for entering into entrepreneurship and subjective well-being. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in 70 countries covering 159,274 individuals. Using a two-stage probit least squares estimator to test the relationship between motivation and subjective well-being, with particular concern for the direction of causality, we find that necessity-motivated entrepreneurs report well-being levels similar to opportunity-motivated entrepreneurs. We also find that in countries where necessity entrepreneurship is more prevalent (typically developing countries), lower rates of entrepreneurial entry will be associated with higher reported subjective well-being of the necessity-motivated entrepreneurs. The upshot of our findings is that entrepreneurship, even if motivated by necessity, contributes to subjective well-being.

PurposeThis research aims to explore the moderating effect of a natural disaster on the well-studied relationship between entrepreneurship-oriented beliefs (behavioral, normative, and control beliefs) and entrepreneurial intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis study relies on data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor before and after the earthquake that took place in Chile on February 27, 2010. The study was performed by applying a multilevel hierarchical logit regression over a sample of 14,724 individuals from the six more affected regions.FindingsThe results indicate that a natural disasters shape the relationship between entrepreneurial intentions and all its three motivational antecedents, however in opposing directions. The results also suggest that a natural disaster strengthens the relationship between entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions; nevertheless the effect of subjective norms becomes less relevant in shaping entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, the authors found that the earthquake had a positive effect on the relationship between perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intentions.Originality/valueThis study advances the emerging stream of research on the micro-level consequences of exogenous shocks and how they shape individual functioning. A key implication for policymakers wishing to facilitate the recovery phase after a natural disaster is that it is important to focus on fostering entrepreneurship by developing individuals' personal attitude and perceived control over the firm-creation behavior, rather than relying on the perceived social pressure to become an entrepreneur.

We make the case that conditions and timing are right and, despite some challenges, there are many benefits to conducting management research in Latin America. Some of these conditions include an upward trend in the productivity of Latin American researchers, increased collaboration between researchers in Latin America and those in other regions, and societal, cultural, and economic characteristics that make the region an ideal “natural laboratory” to build and test management theories. Demonstrating that our arguments are not just about potential but are founded in reality, we offer a selective summary of recent research conducted in Latin America that made important contributions to micro and macro management domains and theories. These include (a) leadership; (b) small and family businesses; (c) entrepreneurship; (d) social inclusiveness, inequity, and vulnerable populations; (e) strategy and competitive dynamics in natural resource industries; (f) strategy in unstable macroeconomic contexts; (g) public (industrial) policies and business development; (h) hybrid public-private collaborations; and (i) social enterprises and blended social and economic value creation. We also describe opportunities for future research in these domains. Finally, we offer practical and actionable advice on how to address typical challenges encountered when conducting management research in Latin America. Solutions apply to those residing inside and outside of Latin America and include, among others, identifying universities with a research-oriented career path, recognizing credible university rankings and their impact, and capitalizing on local contexts to generate high-quality research. We hope our article will serve as a catalyst for future management research in Latin America.

Purpose The entrepreneurial ecosystem approach tries to understand the mechanisms underlying new business creation and helps develop tools, governmental policies and support systems that enhance the outcomes of entrepreneurship activities. To ensure a better understanding of those mechanisms, this study aims to contrast regional policies in emerging economies that are designed to foster local new business creation and development. Design/methodology/approach One of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’s surveys, the National Experts’ Survey, was applied to a sample of N = 675 key informants in Mexico at ten entities, seven of whom were categorized as non-centrally located. The authors used non-parametric statistics to compare the differences between centrally and non-centrally located experts. Findings The main results indicate that non-centrally located experts perceive their regions to be in a worse position than centrally located experts in terms of government policies regulation, post-school education and commercial and physical infrastructure, but surprisingly in a better position regarding financial access, general government policy, government programs, primary and secondary education, R&D transfer, market dynamism and openness and cultural and social norms. Practical implications These findings have policy implications for all levels of government in Mexico, which must prioritize the homologation of opportunities for people in both large and small cities. Originality/value The replication of a Chilean study contributes to the empirical literature of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems in emerging economies.

In this article, we explore the effectiveness of government intervention, R&D, and pro-innovation mechanisms in the likelihood of being an innovative entrepreneur with high ambitions of growing, in the particular context of Latin America and the Caribbean. We use a longitudinal approach, with a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression procedure. The data comes mainly from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Competitiveness Index. The sample covers 14 countries from Latin America and the Caribbean between 2006 and 2015. The results provide empirical insights about firm and individual characteristics that explain the likelihood of being an innovative and ambitious entrepreneur. We also find that effective and narrowed policies in addition to an innovation-driven environment, also increases innovative-ambitious entrepreneurs. The paper includes implications for policy makers that want to enhance local entrepreneurial framework conditions.

Transnational Entrepreneurship (TE) is an increasingly important phenomenon, symptomatic for a globalised world with a large extent of migrants and interchanges between their countries of origin an...

Interest in the role and behavior of women entrepreneurs has increased in the last decades. This research study examines personal characteristics and labor and business regulations on entrepreneurship and corporate entrepreneurship. It also analyzes how gender differed in these forms of entrepreneurship across Latin American countries. We performed logistic regressions to different models with information from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) from 2016. We used a sample from 10 countries. We also used information from the Heritage Foundation and The World Bank. The results show that antecedents of entrepreneurship activity differ by gender. Specifically, the effect is different when analyzing labor regulations. We also find different intensities depending on gender. The study contributes to the literature about gender and different forms of entrepreneurship. We suggest developing policies in favor of women's entrepreneurial activity within the workplace and as independent entrepreneurs.

In this chapter, we explore how different R&D policies and related mechanisms are associated with high ambitions innovative entrepreneurship activities in the particular context of Latin America and the Caribbean. We use a longitudinal approach, with a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression procedure. The data comes mainly from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, and the Global Competitiveness Index. The sample covers 14 countries from Latin America and the Caribbean between 2006–2017. The results provide empirical insights about the firm and individual characteristics that explain the likelihood of being an innovative and ambitious entrepreneur. We also find that narrowed policies in addition to an innovation-driven environment, also increase the creation of ambitious entrepreneurs. In this chapter, we discuss some implications for policymakers that want to enhance local entrepreneurial framework conditions.

In this paper, we seek to determine what factors drive the adoption of green purchasing among municipalities in Mexico and the success of their implementation. Given the lack of research and theory in the area, this study is exploratory in nature. We applied the green purchasing survey developed by Arizona State University to all municipalities in Mexico with a population of 25,000 or more inhabitants. Using the least absolute shrinkage and selector operator method (LASSO), we reduced the set of measures, which we then employed in a logistic regression to predict whether the municipality would adopt a green purchasing policy. We found that complementary environmental practices, department rules, and city-wide contracts to reduce purchasing costs have a positive and significant effect on the propensity to adopt green purchasing policies, but the time for routine low-cost purchases has a negative effect on green purchasing policy adoption. Then, using two-stage least squares, we developed a model of the factors leading to successful implementation of green purchasing. We found that complementary environmental policies, environmental practices, environmental program knowledge, and city-wide contracts to reduce purchasing costs are positively and significantly related to successful implementation. However, department resources and the time for routine low-cost purchase are significant, but negatively related.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the influence of entrepreneurs’ human and relational capital on the rapid internationalization of their firms from two economically different contexts.,This study was developed using data that were collected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor of Spain and Chile. A logistic regression analysis was used to examine and compare the influence of some elements of entrepreneurs’ human and relational capital on the likelihood of their firms’ rapid internationalization.,The results revealed that Chilean entrepreneurs rely more on their formal education or experience to rapidly internationalize their firms. In contrast, Spanish entrepreneurs complement their formal education with their relational capital to conduct international entrepreneurial activities.,The implications of this study are related to the role that public policies play in promoting these types of entrepreneurial initiatives.,This study presents several contributions. First, it advances the understanding of entrepreneurial internationalization in emerging economic contexts. Second, it provides a comparative study regarding entrepreneurial internationalization, which is considered a fundamental current in the field of international entrepreneurship. Finally, this comparative study improves our understanding of the influence of different economic contexts on entrepreneurial internationalization.,El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la influencia del capital humano y relacional de los emprendedores de dos contextos economicamente diferentes sobre la rapida internacionalizacion de sus empresas.,Este estudio se desarrollo utilizando datos recopilados del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) de Espana y Chile. Se utilizo un analisis de regresion logistica para examinar y comparar la influencia de algunos elementos del capital humano y relacional de los emprendedores sobre la probabilidad de que lleven a cabo una rapida internacionalizacion de sus empresas.,Los resultados revelaron que los emprendedores chilenos dependen mas de su educacion formal o experiencia para internacionalizar rapidamente sus empresas. Por el contrario, los emprendedores espanoles complementan su educacion formal con su capital relacional para llevar a cabo actividades empresariales internacionales.,Las implicaciones de este estudio estan relacionadas con el rol que juegan las politicas publicas en la promocion de este tipo de iniciativas emprendedoras.,Este estudio presenta varias contribuciones. Primero, avanza en la comprension de la internacionalizacion emprendedora en contextos economicos emergentes. En segundo lugar, proporciona un estudio comparativo sobre la internacionalizacion emprendedora, que se considera una corriente fundamental en el campo del Emprendimiento Internacional. Finalmente, este estudio comparativo mejora la comprension de la influencia de los diferentes contextos economicos en la internacionalizacion emprendedora.

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the academic research on International Entrepreneurship (IE). To accomplish this, an exhaustive bibliometric analysis was carried out, involving a bibliometric performance analysis and a graphic mapping of the references in this field. Our analysis focuses on journals, papers, authors, institutions and countries. To perform the performance analysis, the work uses a series of bibliometric indicators such as h-index, productivity and citations. Furthermore, the VOS viewer to graphically map the bibliographic material is used. The graphical analysis uses co-citation, bibliographic coupling and co-occurrence of keywords. The results of both analyzes are consistent among them, and show that the USA is the most influential country in IE research as it houses the main authors and institutions in this research field. Moreover, is observed and expected the continued growth of the field globally. Our research plays an informative and complementary role as it presents most of the key aspects in International Entrepreneurship research.

The aim of this chapter is to analyze the relationship between the national systems of social security and senior entrepreneurial activity. To understand the growing phenomenon of senior entrepreneurship, the authors developed a multilevel model using a dataset from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor that allows them to relate country-level variables, such as social security contributions, level of economic development, government support and policies, and burden taxes and bureaucracy, with individual-level variables, such as the household income, experience fear of failure, and type of business. This chapter contributes to the literature of the contextual determinants of entrepreneurship by examining multilevel data on 42,100 individuals from 31 countries members of the OECD for the period of 2010–2016. The findings indicate that the country-level predictor of social security contributions has a negative effect but statistically non-significant relationship with the decision to engage in senior entrepreneurial activity.

Entrepreneurship education for the scientific community has become more common. Recently, many entrepreneurship programs have been designed for scientists with the purpose of turning research into marketable products. However, despite the raising investments in and the popularity of entrepreneurship education programs, their effects and scope remain largely unknown.This article analyzes the effect of an entrepreneurial program called NoBI designed to develop entrepreneurial skills for the scientific community in Mexico. For nine weeks, participants of Binational Innovation Nodes (NoBI) received training from experts in business, science, and technology to validate their ideas in the market. We evaluated the effect of this education program on the participants’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), business model learning and entrepreneurial intention.We performed a two-stage longitudinal study applying a survey to 179 individuals. We used a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Rank non-parametric test to analyze the data. Preliminary results suggest that after the NoBI program, researchers increased their ESE and business model learning. Also, this entrepreneurial program has positively impacted the participants’ entrepreneurial intention. This study provides valuable insights into how entrepreneurial programs can develop skills and raise the intention to start a business in the scientific community.

Currently, the economic effect of entrepreneurship research has been highly associated with opportunity entrepreneurship, while necessity entrepreneurship has a lower effect. This manuscript revisits the relationship between poverty and entrepreneurial activity, mainly necessity-driven, analyzed by Amorós and Cristi (2011). We hypothesize that countries with a high pursuit of entrepreneurial activities reduce poverty, even if necessity-motivated entrepreneurship is developed. We test our hypothesis using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and the UN-UNDP, Human Development Index from 2010–2019. Our results reconfirm that total and necessity-motivated early-stage entrepreneurship both, have a positive effect on countries’ poverty reduction trends, especially in developing countries. We discuss the relevance of entrepreneurship activities on development beyond pure economic effects and highlight the importance of entrepreneurship in the pandemic situation caused by COVID-19, which is pushing more people into poverty situations.

Firms' early internationalisation (EI) is a complex process derived from uncertain market conditions, entrepreneurial vision, and strategic entry decisions. Academic debates still require deepening and broadening the discussion on early internationalisation of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). This study proposes a framework to analyse how NTBFs are adopting collaborative networks with the triple helix actors (government, university, and industry) to implement an EI strategy in emerging economies. Our findings show that the lack of specialised knowledge and resources stimulates collaboration with multiple triple helix agents to ensure the early entry strategy into international markets. We state the relevant implications and propositions concerning the internationalisation of NTBFs and the relationship with triple helix stakeholders.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of self-employed work characteristics (consumer orientation, innovativeness, number of employees, motivation, and entrepreneurial phase) on work-life balance (WLB) satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe job demands and resources approach is applied to test whether self-employed work characteristics are evaluated as job demands or resources for WLB. The Global Entrepreneurship Data (2013) offer a unique opportunity to conduct multilevel analysis among a sample of self-employed workers in 51 countries (N=11,458). Besides work characteristics, this paper tests whether country context might explain variation in WLB among the self-employed.FindingsThe results of this study reveal that there is a negative relation between being exposed to excessive stress and running a consumer-oriented business and WLB. Being motivated out of opportunity is positively related to WLB. In addition, the results indicate that country context matters. A higher human development index and more gender equality are negatively related to WLB, possibly because of higher social expectations and personal responsibility. The ease of doing business in a country was positively related to the WLB of self-employed workers.Social implicationsFor some workers self-employment might be a way to combine work and responsibilities in other life domains, but this does not seem to be valid in all cases.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to current literature on the WLB of self-employed workers by showing how work characteristics can be evaluated as job demands or resources. Including work characteristics in future research might be a solution for acknowledging the heterogeneity among self-employed workers.

The internationalization of new small and medium-sized enterprises is a challenge for many developing countries, especially those with open economies and small internal markets like Chile. This study, in an exploratory way, analyzes some of the factors that determine how new ventures are oriented to international markets from their early stages. This paper develops a model that integrates variables related to firm characteristics like industrial sector, competitiveness, and size of the firm with a degree of internationalization. The empirical analysis uses data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor's (GEM) adult population survey carried out in Chile during the period 2007–2013 ( n = 4208). An ordinal logit regression model was used to test the hypotheses. Descriptive results show that 12.8% of Chilean entrepreneurs in the sample have a relatively high tendency towards internationalization and that the factors related to competitiveness are significant with respect to this tendency. The size of the firm and the propensity to create employment are also significant. Practical implications are discussed.

Organizations are facing an interesting phenomenon in the composition of their workforce: the concurrence of multiple age generations that demand suitable strategies regarding work design, job satisfaction, and incentives. Ongoing entrepreneurship and strategic management debates require a better understanding of the relationship between workplace generational cohorts’ configurations and organizational performance. We propose a conceptual model for understanding how a diversified workforce influences some determinants (i.e., employees’ human capital and attitudes, organizational climate, and environmental conditions) of entrepreneurial organizations’ outcomes (i.e., corporate venturing). Our framework offers insights into corporate venturing determinants for three generational cohorts: Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y. Using a sample of 20,256 employees across 28 countries, our findings lend support to the positive effect of individual and organizational determinants on corporate venturing, as well as how these effects are reinforced per generational cohort. Specifically, our results show that younger generations (millennials) have more propensity to be involved in corporate venturing activities. This study also contributes to thought-provoking implications for entrepreneurial organizational leaders who manage employees from different generations.

This article examines the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and a set of economic variables including gross domestic product, economic growth, unemployment, informality, corruption perceptions, macroeconomic stability, and labor regulations. We use panel data from nine Latin American countries covered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor from 2000 to 2010. We focus on necessity-based entrepreneurship, as the rates of this type of activity are relatively high in Latin America. The results show that economic growth is positively related to opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Other factors such as inflation, informality, and transparency (versus corruption) are positively associated with higher rates of necessity-based entrepreneurship. Lines of future research and policy implications are discussed. RESUMEN: Este trabajo analiza la relacion entre la actividad emprendedora y un conjunto de variables economicas como el producto interno bruto (PIB), crecimiento economico, desempleo, informalidad, percepcion de corrupcion, estabilidad macroeconomica y regulacion laboral. Utilizamos datos de panel de nuevo paises latinoamericanos cubiertos por el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor entre 2000 y 2010. Nos centramos en el emprendimiento por necesidad ya que las tasas de este tipo de actividad son relativamente altas en America Latina. Los resultados indican que el crecimiento economica esta positivamente relacionado con el emprendimiento por necesidad. Otros factores como la inflacion, informalidad y transparencia (en oposicion a la corrupcion) se asocian positivamente con tasas mas altas de la iniciativa empresarial basada en la necesidad. Se discuten lineas de investigacion futuras e implicaciones de politica.

This research is particularly concerned with public policy instruments which may help to accelerate the development and diffusion of sustainable innovations and support local economic development. While sustainable technology sectors are in high demand, firms still face significant barriers in developing and diffusing their technologies in regions throughout the world (Hoff, 2012). This area has been less explored in the extant research yet recent experiences suggest that supply side tools may not always have positive benefits for supporting clean technology evolution, or for taxpayers. Leveraging innovation policy and technology life cycle literature, we develop a model of demand-side policy instruments which could be applied at different stages of the technology s-curve in order to accelerate the adoption of sustainable technologies. Implications for managers, public policy actors and researchers are considered.

The aim of this article is to analyze the factors related to the early internationalization of new firms in Chile. We grouped the internationalization driver factors into three categories: individual, organizational, and firm-environmental factors. Using a sample of 374 entrepreneurs from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and performing a logistic regression model, we found that owner-manager’ high educational levels, opportunity-oriented motivation, new technology use, and activities related to extractive sectors (e.g., farming, forestry, fishing, and mining) contribute to a higher likelihood of early firm internationalizing. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.