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Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-01 This paper presents a framework based on machine learning algorithms to predict nutrient content in leaf hyperspectral measurements. This is the first approach to evaluate macro-and micronutrient content with both machine learning and reflectance/first-derivative data. For this, citrus-leaves collected at a Valencia-orange orchard were used. Their spectral data was measured with a Fieldspec ASD FieldSpec® HandHeld 2 spectroradiometer and the surface reflectance and first-derivative spectra from the spectral range of 380 to 1020 nm (640 spectral bands) was evaluated. A total of 320 spectral signatures were collected, and the leaf-nutrient content (N, P, K, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) was associated with them. For this, 204,800 (320 x 640) combinations were used. The following machine learning algorithms were used in this framework: k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Lasso Regression, Ridge Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF). The training methods were assessed based on Cross-Validation and Leave-One-Out. The Relief-F metric of the algorithms' prediction was used to determine the most contributive wavelength or spectral region associated with each nutrient. This approach was able to return, with high predictions (R2), nutrients like N (0.912), Mg (0.832), Cu (0.861), Mn (0.898), and Zn (0.855), and, to a lesser extent, P (0.771), K (0.763), and S (0.727). These accuracies were obtained with different algorithms, but RF was the most suitable to model most of them. The results indicate that, for the Valencia-orange leaves, surface reflectance data is more suitable to predict macronutrients, while first-derivative spectra is better linked to micronutrients. A final contribution of this study is the identification of the wavelengths responsible for contributing to these predictions Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Environmental and Regional Development University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE) Department of Cartographic Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Agronomy University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE) Forest Engineering Department Santa Catarina State University (UDESC) National Research Center of Development of Agricultural Instrumentation Brazilian Agricultural Research Agency (EMBRAPA) Department of Geography and Environmental Management and Department of Systems Design Engineering University of Waterloo (UW) Department of Cartographic Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:13:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-02-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundect Visual inspection has been a common practice to determine the number of plants in orchards, which is a labor-intensive and time-consuming task. Deep learning algorithms have demonstrated great potential for counting plants on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne sensor imagery. This paper presents a convolutional neural network (CNN) approach to address the challenge of estimating the number of citrus trees in highly dense orchards from UAV multispectral images. The method estimates a dense map with the confidence that a plant occurs in each pixel. A flight was conducted over an orchard of Valencia-orange trees planted in linear fashion, using a multispectral camera with four bands in green, red, red-edge and near-infrared. The approach was assessed considering the individual bands and their combinations. A total of 37,353 trees were adopted in point feature to evaluate the method. A variation of a (0.5; 1.0 and 1.5) was used to generate different ground truth confidence maps. Different stages (T) were also used to refine the confidence map predicted. To evaluate the robustness of our method, we compared it with two state-of-the-art object detection CNN methods (Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet). The results show better performance with the combination of green, red and near-infrared bands, achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Square Error (MSE), R-2 and Normalized Root-MeanSquared Error (NRMSE) of 2.28, 9.82, 0.96 and 0.05, respectively. This band combination, when adopting sigma = 1 and a stage (T = 8), resulted in an R-2, MAE, Precision, Recall and F1 of 0.97, 2.05, 0.95, 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. Our method outperforms significantly object detection methods for counting and geolocation. It was concluded that our CNN approach developed to estimate the number and geolocation of citrus trees in highdensity orchards is satisfactory and is an effective strategy to replace the traditional visual inspection method to determine the number of plants in orchards trees. Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Fac Engn Architecture & Urbanism & Geog, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Fac Comp Sci, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Western Sao Paulo, Fac Agron, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Western Sao Paulo, Fac Engn & Architecture, Sao Paulo, Brazil Soo Paulo State Univ, Dept Cartog Sci, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil Univ Western Sao Paulo, Fac Comp Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Waterloo, Dept Geog & Environm Management, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Syst Design Engn, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada CNPq: 433783/2018-4 CNPq: 304173/2016-9 CAPES: 88881.311850/2018-01 Fundect: 59/300.066/2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar alteracoes no teor de materia orgânica e nas propriedades fisicas de um Argissolo apos a fertirrigacao com vinhaca e diferentes sistemas de colheita da cana de acucar, no oeste paulista. A coleta de dados ocorreu em uma empresa de bioenergia de Presidente Prudente, SP, seguindo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5x5, caracterizado pelos manejos sem aplicacao de vinhaca e colheita sem queima; com aplicacao de vinhaca e colheita sem queima; com aplicacao de vinhaca e colheita com queima; sem aplicacao de vinhaca e colheita com queima; mata nativa, profundidades de amostragem de solo (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 cm), em quatro repeticoes. A area MN foi utilizada como testemunha para demonstracao das alteracoes nas propriedades quimicas e fisicas do solo pela aplicacao dos manejos. Nas amostras coletadas foram determinados os parâmetros materia orgânica, densidade do solo, densidade de particulas, porosidade total e umidade de saturacao. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância e as medias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nivel de 5 % de probabilidade. O teor de materia orgânica e a densidade do solo nao foram influenciados pela aplicacao de vinhaca, formas de colheita de cana crua ou queimada. A porosidade total e a umidade de saturacao do solo foram reduzidas a partir de 20 cm de profundidade, independente do manejo. A fertilidade e a fisica de solo devem ser monitoradas por um periodo maior tempo.

Atualmente, mudas de diversas fruteiras são produzidas no cultivo protegido, com o uso de substratos aliados a adubações. Há necessidade de substrato de fácil aquisição e que proporcione mudas de boa qualidade. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes substratos comerciais e doses de nitrogênio sobre o desenvolvimento de mudas de maracujazeiro em condições protegidas. Os tratamentos consistiram de três substratos comerciais (Bioplant®, Fibra de coco e Vivato®) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0; 150; 300 e 600 mg dm-³ N). Após 120 dias, avaliou-se a altura de planta, número de folhas, peso da matéria seca de parte aérea (MSPA), raizes (MSR) e total (MST) e o teor de clorofila (SPAD). Na altura das plantas, a Fibra de Coco diferiu significativamente dos demais substratos. A altura máxima de 122 cm foi obtida na dose de 600 mg dm-³ de N. No número de folhas a Fibra de coco proporcionou a melhor resposta com média de 20 folhas, sendo superiores Bioplant® e Vivatto®. Na MSPA a Fibra de Coco e Bioplant® foram superiores em relação ao Vivatto®, e na avaliação de MST observou-se o acúmulo máximo de 19 g de matéria seca das mudas na dose de 600 mg dm-³ de N nas plantas desenvolvidas com Bioplant®. No teor de clorofila os melhores resultados foram obtidos no substrato Bioplant® com média de valores SPAD de 40, mas não houve diferença para a Fibra de coco.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-11-01 Nitrogen is one of the main required nutrients for the production of citrus plants. Farmers have used the chemical analysis of leaf tissue to determine the amount of nitrogen needed in a crop. However, its possible to directly classify the leaf nitrogen content (LNC) using remote sensing data. But, the accuracy of this methodology is yet low and is unknown how to enhance it. We propose a new approach to estimate the LNC in Valencia orange trees applying spectral analysis algorithms in multispectral images of high spatial resolution. Here we show an accuracy upper than 87% in determining the LNC in Valencia orange tree. Previous research, that also used multispectral images of high spatial resolution, obtained an accuracy lower than 65%. A total of 320 spectral measurements were obtained with a field spectroradiometer and the multispectral images were acquired with a Parrot Sequoia camera mounted in an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). We calculated the mean values of 10 spectral measurements and created 32 spectral signatures with different nitrogen content. Each spectral signature was assigned for three LNC classes; low ( 27 and 29 g.kg(-1)). A band simulation was performed to Parrot Sequoia images for each spectral signature. We adopted 7 spectral analysis algorithms to determine the LNC: Constrained Energy Minimization; Linear Spectral Unmixing; Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering; Minimum Distance; Orthogonal Subspace Projection; Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and; Spectral Information Divergence. All these algorithms were trained using the simulated spectral signatures as input data. We used the 32 spectral signatures as training data and approximately 30,000 pixels as testing data, corresponding to the identified nitrogen content in orange-trees. The performance of the algorithms was evaluated with a confusion matrix and Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. The SAM algorithm presented the highest accuracy (overall of 87.6% with a kappa coefficient of 0.75) to determine LNC in orange trees. The proposed methodology may reduce the number of leaf tissue analysis and also optimize the monitoring process of orange orchards. Univ Western Sao Paulo, Program Agron, BR-19067175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil Univ Western Sao Paulo, Program Environm & Reg Dev, BR-19067175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Program Cartog Sci, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Program Nat Resources & Environm Technol, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MG, Brazil Program Nat Resources & Environm Technol, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Program Comp Sci, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MG, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Program Cartog Sci, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil

Castor bean is an important raw material to produce biofuel in Brazil and can be grown in several regions of the country due to its good adaptation and tolerance to high temperatures and water deficit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity of castor bean plants intercropped at different plant densities with Urochloa ruziziensis. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications, using a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of four plant densities (13,574, 24,512, 36,816, and 40,723 plants ha-1) of castor bean and two crop systems (single crop, and intercrop with Urochloa ruziziensis). The data were subjected to analyses of variance and regression, and means were compared by the Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The intercrop system reduced the number of pods per plant by 15%, but it did not significantly affect the castor bean grain yield. Increasing plant density reduced linearly the proportion of plants harvested, reaching 22.1%, from the lowest to the highest plant density used; the highest grain yield was achieved using 36,816 plants ha-1 for both intercrop and single crop systems. Intercropping castor bean with U. ruziziensis does not reduce the castor bean grain yield and is an alternative to produce biomass for following crops, especially in production environments with low fertility soils, high temperatures, and infrequent rainfall. RESUMO A mamoneira é uma importante matéria-prima para a produção de biocombustível, podendo ser cultivada em diversas regiões do país devido sua boa adaptação e tolerância às altas temperaturas e déficit hídrico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade da mamona em diferentes populações de plantas consorciadas com Urochloa ruziziensis. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao caso em esquema fatorial de 4 x 2 com 4 repetições, o primeiro fator foi composto pelas densidades de plantas de mamona (13574, 24512, 36816, 40723 plantas ha-1), e o segundo fator constou da presença ou da ausência de Urochloa ruziziensis. A análise estatística constou da análise de variância e de regressão, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). O consórcio reduziu em 15% o número de bagas por planta, mas não afetou significativamente a produtividade. O aumento da população de plantas reduziu linearmente a proporção de plantas colhidas (22,1% da menor para a maior população) e a produtividade máxima foi atingida com 36816 plantas ha-1, tanto para a mamona consorciada quanto para a solteira. Concluiu-se que o consórcio da mamona com U. ruziziensis não reduz a produtividade da mamoneira e é uma alternativa para produção de palhada para as culturas sucessoras, especialmente em ambientes de produção com solos de baixa fertilidade, altas temperaturas e inconstância pluviométrica.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:12:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 The usage of Remotely Piloted Aircrafts (RPAs) in environmental studies increased over the past years due to the possibility of performing low-cost aerial image acquisition. However, these studies often need to extract physical information regarding the spectral conditions of a determined target. This paper aims to describe some of the fundamental steps on imagery acquisition and their calibration by using the empirical line method. A general workflow procedure was generated, and a case study applying the empirical line calibration application for RPA obtained imagery is discussed. We expect that the workflow serves as a guide for RPAs users throughout field planning and imagery processing in order to help they standardize and systematize their data acquisition and correction. Universidade do Oeste Paulista – UNOESTE, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, Bairro do Limoeiro Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP, Rua Doutor Cyro Bueno, 40, Jardim Cinquentenário Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. – UFMS Faculdade de Engenharia Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Avenida Costa e Silva – Pioneiros, Cidade Universitária Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP, Rua Doutor Cyro Bueno, 40, Jardim Cinquentenário

The aim of this work was to evaluate commercially available substrates and levels of potassium on the development of passion fruit seedlings in protected conditions. The experiment was conducted at the city of Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo within the period from April to September of 2010. The treatments were made with three different substrates (Bioplant®, Coconut fiber and Vivatto®) and four levels of potassium (0, 150, 300 and 600 mg-1 of K dm-³), arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial design with five repetitions. The following parameters were analyzed 120 days after seedlings transplanting: Plant height, number of leaves, length of root, dry matter of shoot, root, total matter and chlorophyll content. The dose of 600 mg dm-3 of K provided the highest seedling height, 85.83 cm independent of the substrate. The commercial substrates Bioplant® and Coconut fiber with a dose of 150 mg dm-3 of K influenced the maximum accumulation of total dry matter of seedlings. However, Vivatto® substrate provided the highest accumulation of total dry matter with application dose of 600 mg dm-3 of K. Mineral potassium fertilization in the substrate Bioplant® and Coconut fiber with a dose of 150 mg dm-3 reduced the length of passion fruit’s roots. Key words: Passiflora edulis Sims., mineral nutrition, protected cultivation.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:46:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-02 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) FAPESC Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The traditional method of measuring nitrogen content in plants is a time-consuming and labor-intensive task. Spectral vegetation indices extracted from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and machine learning algorithms have been proved effective in assisting nutritional analysis in plants. Still, this analysis has not considered the combination of spectral indices and machine learning algorithms to predict nitrogen in tree-canopy structures. This paper proposes a new framework to infer the nitrogen content in citrus-tree at a canopy-level using spectral vegetation indices processed with the random forest algorithm. A total of 33 spectral indices were estimated from multispectral images acquired with a UAV-based sensor. Leaf samples were gathered from different planting-fields and the leaf nitrogen content (LNC) was measured in the laboratory, and later converted into the canopy nitrogen content (CNC). To evaluate the robustness of the proposed framework, we compared it with other machine learning algorithms. We used 33,600 citrus trees to evaluate the performance of the machine learning models. The random forest algorithm had higher performance in predicting CNC than all models tested, reaching an R-2 of 0.90, MAE of 0.341 gkg(-1) and MSE of 0.307 gkg(-1). We demonstrated that our approach is able to reduce the need for chemical analysis of the leaf tissue and optimizes citrus orchard CNC monitoring. Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Fac Engn Architecture & Urbanism & Geog, Ave Costa E Silva, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Western Sao Paulo, Environm & Reg Dev, R Jose Bongiovani,700-Cidade Univ, BR-19050920 Presidente Prudente, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Cartog Sci, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Fac Comp Sci, Ave Costa E Silva, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Waterloo, Dept Geog & Environm Management, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Syst Design Engn, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Santa Catarina State Univ UDESC, Forest Engn Dept, Ave Luiz de Camoes 2090, BR-88520000 Conta Dinheiro, SC, Brazil Univ Western Sao Paulo, Agron Dev, R Jose Bongiovani,700 Cidade Univ, BR-19050920 Presidente Prudente, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Cartog Sci, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, Brazil CAPES: p: 88881.311850/2018-01 FAPESC: 2017TR1762 CNPq: 313887/2018-7

The Brazilian agricultural sector stands out as an activity, which besides being fundamental to the economy (trade surplus) is also extremely important to the economic, social and environmental situation. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Brazil came in 2010 at R $ 3.675 trillion, and this value agriculture accounts for 6.5% (R $ 180.80 billion) (IBGE, 2011), thus underscoring the sector's importance to the development of Brazil. Thus, the purpose of this review is to discuss the use of various forms of Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest (ILPF) for Brazilian agriculture as a way to ensure the prominence and competitiveness of the sector. The Crop-Livestock Integration-Forest (ILPF) is a system that, in addition to adapting the existing agricultural activities practiced by Brazilian farmers, the templates related to environmental issues, especially in the neutralization of the gases emitted by livestock and agriculture to help accelerate the process of global warming may also increase the profitability of agriculture and settle in the field, reducing the rural exodus. However, there is need for increased research related to ILPF system, aiming at harmonization and maximum production.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:47:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) FAPESC Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Modeling the hyperspectral response of vegetables is important for estimating water stress through a noninvasive approach. This article evaluates the hyperspectral response of water-stress induced lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) using artificial neural networks (ANN). We evenly split 36 lettuce pots into three groups: control, stress, and bacteria. Hyperspectral response was measured four times, during 14 days of stress induction, with an ASD Fieldspec HandHeld spectroradiometer (325-1075 nm). Both reflectance and absorbance measurements were calculated. Different biophysical parameters were also evaluated. The performance of the ANN approach was compared against other machine learning algorithms. Our results show that the ANN approach could separate the water-stressed lettuce from the non-stressed group with up to 80% accuracy at the beginning of the experiment. Additionally, this accuracy improved at the end of the experiment, reaching an accuracy of up to 93%. Absorbance data offered better accuracy than reflectance data to model it. This study demonstrated that it is possible to detect early stages of water stress in lettuce plants with high accuracy based on an ANN approach applied to hyperspectral data. The methodology has the potential to be applied to other species and cultivars in agricultural fields. Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Fac Engn Architecture & Urbanism & Geog, Av Costa & Silva, BR-79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Western Sao Paulo, Environm & Reg Dev, R Jose Bongiovani 700, BR-19050920 Presidente Prudente, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Cartog Sci, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, Brazil Univ Western Sao Paulo, Agron Dev, R Jose Bongiovani 700, BR-19050920 Presidente Prudente, Brazil Univ Waterloo, Dept Geog & Environm Management, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Waterloo, Dept Syst Design Engn, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Univ Estado Santa Catarina, Forest Engn Dept, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Cartog Sci, BR-19060900 Presidente Prudente, Brazil CAPES: p: 88881.311850/2018-01 FAPESP: p: 2013/20328-0 FAPESC: 2017TR1762 CNPq: 313887/2018-7

The research had as objective to study the influence of the doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on soil fertility and nutritional status of yellow passion fruit plants. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in an incomplete fractioned factorial 1/2 (4 × 4 × 4), with four doses of N (150, 300, 600 and 1200 Kg-1 ha-1 yr-1 N); four doses of P2O5 (200, 400, 800 and 1600 kg-1 ha-1 yr-1) and four doses of K2O (100, 300, 500 and 700 kg-1 ha-1 yr-1). The fertilizers used were the ammonium nitrate = 32% N; triple superphosphate = 44% P2O5 and potassium chloride = 60% K2O. In the fertility of the nitrogen fertilization increased the content of phosphorus and sulfur. The doses of P2O5 increased the concentration of P in the soil. The doses of K2O influenced the increase in the content of K in the soil in the harvest 2013/2014. There was an interaction of the doses of N and K2O in the availability of K in the soil in the harvest 2012/13 with the maximum levels of K, in the doses of 200-400 kg N ha-1 and 600 to 700 kg ha-1 of K2O. In the nutritional state the yellow passion fruit plants was influenced by the doses of N for the sulfur content of the leaves. The maximum content of S leaf concentration of 3.63 g kg-1 was obtained in the dose estimated at 1120 kg ha-1 of P2O5.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T14:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000297942600018.pdf: 811012 bytes, checksum: 3b6c4c03e5b0ceb73e759965ce10ec43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:48:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000297942600018.pdf: 811012 bytes, checksum: 3b6c4c03e5b0ceb73e759965ce10ec43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:21:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000297942600018.pdf: 811012 bytes, checksum: 3b6c4c03e5b0ceb73e759965ce10ec43 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000297942600018.pdf: 811012 bytes, checksum: 3b6c4c03e5b0ceb73e759965ce10ec43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-01 Boron (B) fertilization can result in high yield and better sweet potato storage roots quality. However, there is few works about this subject. The objective was to evaluate the yield of sweet potato crops in response to B sources, rates and application form. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks, in factorial outline ((2x2x2)+1), with three replications, which resulted of the combination of sources of B (boric acid and borax), application form (via soil and via foliar) and doses of B (1 and 2 kg ha(-1)) and a control treatment (without B). There was no interaction between the factors studied for the commercial yield of sweet potato. No significant differences was found between B sources and application form, but they showed higher yield than the control treatment. Additionally, sweet potato yield increade with application of 2 kg ha(-1) of B. Univ Estadual Paulista, FCA UNESP, Dept Prod Vegetal, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Acad Univ Oeste Paulista, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, FCA UNESP, Dept Prod Vegetal, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Boron (B) fertilization can result in high yield and better sweet potato storage roots quality. However, there is few works about this subject. The objective was to evaluate the yield of sweet potato crops in response to B sources, rates and application form. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks, in factorial outline ((2x2x2)+1), with three replications, which resulted of the combination of sources of B (boric acid and borax), application form (via soil and via foliar) and doses of B (1 and 2 kg ha-1) and a control treatment (without B). There was no interaction between the factors studied for the commercial yield of sweet potato. No significant differences was found between B sources and application form, but they showed higher yield than the control treatment. Additionally, sweet potato yield increade with application of 2 kg ha-1 of B.A adubação boratada pode proporcionar aumentos na produtividade e na qualidade das raízes tuberosas de batata-doce, no entanto poucos trabalhos contemplam esse assunto. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade da cultura da batata-doce em resposta a fontes, doses e modos de aplicação de B. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial ((2x2x2)+1), com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram aplicados em cobertura, sendo resultados da combinação de fontes de B (ácido bórico e bórax), formas de aplicação (via solo e via foliar) e doses de B (1 e 2 kg ha-1) mais uma testemunha. Não houve interação entre os fatores estudados sobre a produtividade comercial de batata-doce. As formas de aplicação, via solo e via foliar bem como as fontes ácido bórico e bórax não apresentaram diferenças entre si, mas proporcionaram produtividades superiores ao tratamento sem B. A produtividade de batata-doce foi favorecida com a aplicação de 2 kg ha-1 de B.

This article addresses the establishment of integrated diagnostics and recommendation system (DRIS) standards for irrigated bean crops (Phaseolus vulgaris) and compares leaf concentrations and productivity in low- and high-productivity populations. The work was carried out in Santa Fe de Goias, Goias State, Brazil, in the agricultural years 1999/2000 and 2000/2001. For the nutritional diagnosis, leaf samples were collected, and leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were established in 100 commercial bean crops. A database was set up listing the leaf nutrient content and the respective productivities, subdivided into two subpopulations, high and low productivity, using a bean yield value of 3000 kg ha−1 to separate these subpopulations. Sufficiency values found in the high-productivity population matched only for the micronutrients B and Zn. The nutritional balance among ...

The objective this work was to evaluate specific economic data of the production of yellow passion fruit under influence of different doses of NPK, in the form of N, P2O5 and K2O, in an area with incidence of virose in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo. The following doses of NPK were evaluated: N (150 to 1200 kg ha-1), P2O5 (200 to 1600 kg ha-1) and K2O (100 to 700 kg ha-1). Miyake et al. (2016) describe the methodology used in the formation of seedlings, fertilization and cultural treatments of passion fruit. The data used in the economic analysis were: productivity, commercial production, percentage and fruits of each commercial classification, cost of production and profitability of passion fruit. At the economical part, structures of the COE and TOC and four indicators of profitability were used. It was observed percentage difference in the operational cost of production of 4.0% between the highest and the lowest dose of N, of 5.8% among doses of P2O5 and 1.7% among doses of K2O. The total operating cost ranged from $29,119.77 to $31,113.09 per hectare. The profitability indicators were not favorable. It was concluded that the region of Presidente Prudente-SP, in areas with an incidence of viral infection, it is not recommended the plantation of passion fruits. However, at times with high selling price of fruit (average above R$ 1.95 kg-1), the dose of NPK indicated refers to 300 kg of N, 400 kg of P2O5 and 500 kg of K2O ha-1.

Os Latossolos e Argissolos apresentam elevada taxa de intemperização dos seus materiais constituintes, com pouca ou nenhuma reserva mineral de potássio (K) e normalmente, baixos teores de matéria orgânica do solo, principal fonte de boro (B) às plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade da cultura da batatadoce em resposta à combinação de doses de adubação potássica e boratada. O experimento foi conduzido entre os meses de agosto de 2007 e janeiro de 2008, em lavoura comercial de batata-doce, cv. Canadense, em Presidente Prudente-SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 4x4: doses de adubação potássica (0; 50; 100 e 200 kg ha-1 de K2O) e doses de adubação boratada (0; 1; 2 e 3 kg ha-1 de B), ambas aplicadas em cobertura. Os tratamentos foram aplicados aos 62 dias após o plantio. A maior produtividade obtida foi de 27,7 t ha-1, com a combinação das doses de 2 kg ha-1 de B aliada à aplicação de 200 kg ha-1 de K2O. O teor foliar de B aumentou conforme o aumento da dose de B e de K. Doses de 1 e 3 kg ha-1 de B não influenciaram o teor de Mg nas folhas, mas em doses de 0 e de 2 kg ha-1 de B o teor de Mg apresentou comportamento quadrático em função do aumento da adubação potássica.

Plant nutrition is one of the most important factors for successful cultivation of tomatoes, especially in the greenhouse, and Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) is an alternative for fertilizer recommendation. This study aimed to establish DRIS norms for tomato plants growing in greenhouse located at Norte Pioneiro do Paraná region (Paraná State, Brazil). Chemical analysis of nutrients on leaves (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) of hybrid tomatoes (Colibri, Pizzadoro, Debora Max and Granadero), and respective yields of 61 growing areas in greenhouses (24.4 ha) were used. Samples were collected during April to December 2010, in five cities. Five levels of tomato yield (6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 kg plant-1) were used for establishing a database with all binary relationships among all the nutrients studied in all samples. The average, standard deviation and variance for each concentration of nutrient were calculated and it was done for relationship among nutrients, also, in each sub-population. We used 55 relationships which showed the highest ratio in the variance between sub-populations. The nutritional content of each nutrient and the nutrient balance index (IBN) of each production level were calculated. The best correlation between IBN and tomato yield was obtained with 8 kg plant-1 of tomato and this value was defined as an index to be used for DRIS. The nutritional diagnosis carried out in crops with yields below 6 kg plant-1 showed relative deficiencies of K and B and relative excess of Mg. Um dos fatores de maior importância ao sucesso do cultivo do tomateiro é a nutrição da planta, especialmente em cultivo protegido, sendo o Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS), uma alternativa para recomendação de adubação dessa cultura. Objetivou-se estabelecer normas DRIS para a cultura do tomateiro em cultivo protegido na região Norte Pioneiro do Paraná. Foram utilizados teores de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) em folhas de híbridos de tomate (Colibri, Pizzadoro, Débora Max e Granadero) e as respectivas produtividades de 61 lavouras cultivadas sob estufas com cobertura plástica (24,4 ha). Para a formação do banco de dados foram utilizados cinco níveis produtivos (6, 7, 8, 9, e 10 kg planta-1), com o estabelecimento de todas as relações binárias entre os nutrientes estudados em todas as amostras. Com estes dados, calculou-se a média, o desvio padrão e a variância para cada concentração de nutriente e para as relações entre estes, em cada subpopulação. Foram mantidas 55 relações que apresentaram a maior razão na variância entre as subpopulações. Calculou-se o índice nutricional de cada nutriente e o índice de balanço nutricional (IBN) de cada nível produtivo. Definiu-se assim a produção de 8 kg planta-1 como índice a ser usado por ser o que apresentou melhor correlação entre o IBN e as produções analisadas, sendo as normas DRIS estabelecidas utilizando este padrão de produção. O diagnóstico nutricional realizado em lavouras com produtividades abaixo de 6 kg planta-1 mostrou deficiências relativas de K e B e excesso relativo de Mg.

The main objective of this work was to verify the effect of the substitution of phosphate by its related compound phosphite on the in vitro growth of sweet potato nodal segments. Segments from a previous culture were incubated in MS media with the following combinations of phosphate:phosphite: Control (100 / 0%); T1 (87.5 / 12.5%); T2 (75 / 25%); T3 (50 / 50%) and T4 (0 / 100%) in a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement, with five treatments (Control, T1, T2, T3 and T4) and five evaluation periods (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days). The design was completely random, with three replicates of two explants per period. The evaluations were made weekly by counting the number of shoots and the length and dry weight of shoots and roots. Increasing the phosphite concentration decreased all attributes measured, including growth velocity, length and dry weight. These results indicate that phosphite cannot be used as substituted of phosphate in sweet potato tissue cultures.

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o crescimento vegetativo da parte aérea de plantas de milho, assim como alterações em atributos químicos do solo em função da aplicação de doses excessivas de gesso agrícola, independentemente de critérios de recomendação. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, de Abril a Maio de 2005, com as seguintes doses de gesso: 0, 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32 t.ha-1. As porções de solo foram adubadas com 150 mg.dm-3 de P (MAP), 120 mg.dm-3 de K (KCl) e 25 mg.dm-3 de N (Nitrato de Amônio). O crescimento aéreo das plantas de milho respondeu positivamente à gessagem. A adição de gesso, com doses de até 32 t.ha-1, não reduz a acidez ativa e a acidez potencial do solo. A gessagem aumenta os teores de Ca do solo, porém com incrementos expressivos somente a partir de 4 t.ha-1 de gesso. A disponibilidade de Mg do solo é reduzida devido à gessagem. Os teores de SO42- do solo são aumentados em até 10 vezes com a adição de 4 t.ha-1 de gesso.

A marcha de absorção estuda a relação existente entre a quantidade de nutrientes, o acúmulo de massa seca e a idade da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a marcha de absorção de nutrientes e a produção de massa fresca e seca dos órgãos da batatadoce, cultivar Canadense. O experimento foi conduzido entre os meses de agosto e dezembro de 2007, em lavoura comercial, em Presidente Prudente-SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em oito épocas de coleta iniciadas aos 40 dias após o transplantio, com intervalo entre coletas de 15 dias. As raízes tuberosas proporcionaram maior produção de massa fresca e seca no momento da colheita em relação aos demais órgãos. O N e o Mn foram os macro e micronutrientes mais absorvidos pelas folhas, ramas e raízes tuberosas de batata-doce, enquanto na raiz, observou-se maior absorção de Ca e Mn. O período de maior absorção de N e K pelas raízes tuberosas foi entre 115-145 e 115-130 dias após o transplantio, respectivamente. The absorption march studies the relationship between the amount of nutrients, dry mass accumulation and the plant age. The absorption march of nutrients, fresh mass and dry mass production of sweet potato organs was determined on the cultivar Canadense. The experiment was carried out between August and December, 2007, in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo State, Brazil, on a commercial farm. The completely randomized experimental design was adopted, with three repetitions. The treatments consisted of eight collection dates, beginning 40 days after transplanting, at 15-day intervals. The storage roots provided higher production of fresh and dry mass at harvest in comparison to other organs. N and Mn were the macro and micronutrients more absorbed by leaves, stems and storage roots of sweet potato, while higher absorption of Ca and Mn was observed in the roots. The period of larger absorption of N and K by storage roots was between 115-145 and 115-130 days after transplanting date, respectively.

Conduziu-se um experimento de campo, em Sapezal – MT, no ano agricola de 2007/2008, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das fontes de potassio sobre os componentes de producao, a produtividade, a qualidade da fibra e os aspectos economicos do algodoeiro ( Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivar FMT 701). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco repeticoes. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicacao em cobertura via solo na dose de 100 kg ha -1 de K 2 O, parcelada em duas aplicacoes, nas fontes KCl, K 2 SO 4 , KNO 3 e K 2 SO 4 .2MgSO 4 . O numero de nos, a altura da planta, o numero de capulhos no terco superior e o peso do capulho no terco medio foram maiores no tratamento com K 2 SO 4 .2MgSO 4, em relacao ao KNO 3 . Os adubos potassicos nao influenciaram o rendimento de fibra, mas a adubacao potassica de cobertura na fonte K 2 SO 4 .2MgSO 4 mostrou-se superior em termos de produtividade de algodao em caroco e em pluma, apesar da uniformidade do comprimento da fibra ser menor em relacao ao K 2 SO 4 . O indice de agio da pluma foi maior na fonte KNO 3 . O custo de producao foi mais elevado na fonte K 2 SO 4 .2MgSO 4 e em funcao do menor custo de producao, o KCl apresentou receita liquida superior aos demais tratamentos.

Conduziu-se um experimento de campo, em Sapezal – MT, no ano agricola de 2007/2008, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das fontes de potassio sobre o estado nutricional do algodoeiro. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicacao em cobertura via solo na dose de 100 kg ha -1 de K 2 O, parcelada em duas aplicacoes, nas fontes KCl, K 2 SO 4 , KNO 3 e K 2 SO 4 .2MgSO 4 . Avaliou-se os teores de nutrientes nas folhas de algodao no florescimento, sendo interpretados pelo metodo do nivel critico e pelo DRIS. O teor de S nas folhas de algodao e o Indice S foram maiores com a utilizacao do adubo K 2 SO 4 .2MgSO 4 . O IBN apresentou coerencia entre os seus valores e as produtividades dos tratamentos, sendo as maiores produtividades obtidas com o menor IBN na adubacao potassica de cobertura na fonte K 2 SO 4 .2MgSO 4 .

Num experimento de campo em Cambe, PR (23o16’45” S, 51o16’45” W e 650 m) com o cultivar de soja BRS 133, foram aplicados 20 tratamentos em parcelas sub-sub-divididas, com quatro repeticoes em delineamento de blocos casualizados. Os tratamentos foram combinados, potassio no momento da calagem - CALPOT (0,0 e 2,35 t.ha-1) nas parcelas, fontes de fosforo (STP e SSP) nas subparcelas, doses de P (40 e 60 kg. P2O5.ha-1) nas sub-sub-parcelas e densidade de plantas (9 e 18 plantas.m-1) nas sub-sub-sub-parcelas. De acordo com as variaveis analisadas, os maiores efeitos se restringiram a diferenca entre as populacoes de plantas, com vantagem significativa para o acumulo de materia seca por planta (g) para populacao de 200.000 plantas por hectare (9 plantas por m). O equilibrio de bases no solo por meio da aplicacao de CALPOT contribui para maximizar esses efeitos.

CONTEÚDO: O cultivo do amendoim normalmente é realizado em áreas de renovação de canavial, cujos solos comumente apresentam-se exauridos após os sucessivos cortes de cana, sendo que a exaustão é mais intensa em solos arenosos tropicais, acarretando em baixos teores de cátions básicos (Ca) e micronutrientes (B). Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da gessagem e da adubação boratada sobre os componentes de produção da cultura do amendoim. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, nas parcelas foram realizadas gessagem em superfície na quantidade de 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 Mgha-1, e nas sub-parcelas foram realizadas pulverizações foliares com 0; N0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 kg ha-1 de B com a fonte ácido bórico. Aos 122 dias após a semeadura no estádio de maturação fisiológica dos grãos foi avaliada a produtividade de vagens e de grãos, o rendimento (%), número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem e massa de 100 grãos. Não houve efeitos significativos da aplicação de gesso agrícola em superfície sobre os componentes de produção do amendoim. A adubação boratada promoveu incrementos sobre o número de vagens por planta, produtividade de vagens e produtividade de grãos, sendo que os melhores desempenhos produtivos do amendoim se deram com as doses entre 1,0 e 1,1 kg ha-1 de B. ABSTRACT: The cultivation of peanut is usually carried out in sugarcane renovation area, where soils commonly present depleted after successive sugarcane cultivation and the exhaust is more intense in tropical sandy soils, resulting in low basic cations (Ca) and micronutrients (B) . In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gypsum and fertilization with boron on yield components of peanut. The experimental design was a randomized block, with treatments arranged in split-Plot, the plots were made gypsum surface in the amount of 0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 ton ha-1, and the subplot foliar applications of boron, in doses of 0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 kg ha-1. At 122 days after sowing in the physiological maturity of the grains were evaluated pod yield and grain yield, percentage of yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and weight of 100 grains. There were no significant effects of the application of gypsum surface on peanut yield components, already borated fertilization promoted increases on the number of pods per plant, pod yield and grain yield, and the best productive performance of peanut was given at doses between 1. 0 and 1. 1 kg ha-1 B.

A correção e fertilização dos solos cultivados são práticas indispensáveis quando os solos não são mais capazes de fornecer os nutrientes necessários ao crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. As formas com que são aplicadas estas técnicas são variadas, mas nenhuma leva em consideração o teor entre os elementos em função da capacidade de troca de cátions do solo e o equilíbrio entre outros elementos. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi a fertilização do solo baseado nos conceitos de Albrecht, que atribuiu para um equilíbrio químico do solo o balanço entre os cátions em função da CTC do solo. A fertilização foi realizada de forma que todos os elementos foram aplicados em uma única mistura dos fertilizantes potássico e fosfatado e corretivo, o calcário. Os elementos aplicados foram Ca, Mg, K, P e Si utilizando-se os compostos, carbonatos de cálcio e magnésio, cloreto de potássio, super fosfato simples e escória de siderurgia. A mistura do composto corretivo, calcário e o fertilizante potássico foi denominada CALPOT. O objetivo secundário foi verificar o comportamento do solo através da sua solução e seus extratores químicos durante o período de incubação de 0, 10, 25, 40, 50, 70 e 100 dias a 80 % da capacidade de campo para os tratamentos. Foi utilizado um latossolo roxo distroférrico com os seguintes tratamentos: 1) testemunha; 2) CALPOT + Si + P; 3) CALPOT + P; 4) CALPOT + Si; 5) Si + P; 6) Calcário; 7) CALPOT e 8) Testemunha + P. Para o entendimento das reações e interações ocorridas no solo foi realizada a caracterização completa do solo em estudo, o que indicou se tratar de um solo altamente intemperizado, de baixa fertilidade, com altos teores de óxidos de ferro, portanto um solo com alta capacidade de adsorção de fósforo. Os estudos mostraram que através dos extratores do solo (análises de rotina em laboratório de solo) não foi possível verificar diferenças entre os tratamentos que receberam CALPOT e o tratamento Calcário, pois os teores totais dos cátions trocáveis no solo atingiram os teores previamente calculados e adicionados. Entretanto na análise da solução do solo foi possível observar as diferenças proporcionadas pelo balanço, indicando que a fertilidade do solo aumenta quando o modelo do equilíbrio químico é adotado (CALPOT + P + Si), sendo assim a disponibilidade dos cátions na solução. A correlação entre os elementos verificada nos extratores e na solução indicou que eles são uma função direta do equilíbrio, assim os teores na solução tanto dependem dos teores trocáveis como dos teores entre eles. Portanto, infere-se para uma averiguação mais detalhada da fertilidade e disponibilidade dos elementos são necessárias às realizações das análises através dos extratores e da solução do solo. Desta forma, a co-aplicaçao dos elementos na forma de CALPOT (Ca, Mg e K), restabelece e mantém o balanço entre os elementos através do equilíbrio entre íons, o que possibilita maior teor dos elementos em solução, assim sua disponibilidade, indicando que a forma de manejo visando o balanço entre os elementos é viável e deve ser adotada para proporcionar melhores produtividades com maior qualidade em função da maior disponibilidade dos nutrientes na solução do solo. The soil fertilization is an essential aim when the soils are not able to give the necessary nutrients to plant growing and development. Diverse are applications forms, but neither taking in consideration the elements balance in function the CEC and the balance among others elements. So, the main aim this work was fertilize the soil based in Albrecht?s concepts, that seek the chemistry soil balance through the balance among cations as function the CEC. The soil fertilization was accomplished as one mix of all elements. The Ca, Mg, K, P e Si were applied elements and the calcium, magnesium carbonates, potassium chloride, single super phosphate and metallurgy scoria were the composts used. The mix of corrective compost, lime and potassium fertilizer was denominate CALPOT. The secondary aim was verified the behavior of soil to the treatments through soil solution and chemistry extractors during 0, 10, 25, 40, 50, 70 e 100 days in incubation period under 80 % of the field capacity. The oxisol was incubating in three replicates with the treatments: 1) Check; 2) CALPOT + Si + P; 3) CALPOT + P; 4) CALPOT + Si; 5) Si + P; 6) Lime; 7) CALPOT e 8) Check + P. To reaction and interaction knowledge in soil was make the complete soil characterization in study, and this indicated to be the greater weathering material, low fertility, with great oxides iron, so with greater adsorption phosphorus capacity. The studied showed that through soil extractors was not possible to verify among treatments that received CALPOT and the treatment Lime, because the total content exchange cation in soil reached the content before calculate and add. However, in soil solution analyze it was possible to see differences provided by chemical balance, indicating that the soil fertility increased when if is used the chemical balance (CALPOT + P + Si), so the cation in solution availability. The correlation among ions in solution activity and exchange showed greater significance to Ca, Mg and K elements, what result in dependency among variables, thereby the capacity of elements reposition in soil solution depend of exchange content as the content among them. Therefore to a verification more detailed of the process is necessary realization of analyses through extractors and in soil solution. The co-application of elements as CALPOT (Ca, Mg e K) forms did not decrease the element content in its individual form, this is true to soil solution and extractors analyze effect, and show that the management used is viable and may be accept to provide better yield with greater quality in function of larger nutrients available in soil solution.