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La ansiedad es unroblema de salud mundial que amerita el estudio de nuevas alternativas para su tratamiento terapéutico, entre ellas el enriquecimiento ambiental (EA). El presente trabajo estudió el efecto del EA sobre la ansiedad. 20 ratones C57BL/6 fueron divididos en 2 grupos: Grupo Control (GC, n=10) Grupo Experimental (GE, n=10). El GE recibió EA basado en estímulos sensoriales (olfativos, gustativos, visuales y táctiles) y nichos oscuros, mientras que el GC fue hospedado individualmente en un ambiente restringido de EA. Los ratones fueron evaluados en el Laberinto Elevado en Cruz (LEC), Caja Luz/Oscuridad (CLO) y mediante la prueba preferencia por sacarosa (PS). El EA causó hipermotilidad en LEC con preferencia por los desplazamientos entre brazos cerrados (p

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most frequent group of malignant tumours worldwide. Objectives: The aim of the present research was to analyse mortality associated with NMSC in Spain between 1979 and 2018 and highlight changes regarding trend in mortality and differences according to age groups and gender. Death records and mid-year population data were collected from the National Statistics Institute. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated. Significant changes in mortality trends were identified using Joinpoint regression. The independent effects of age, period and cohort and potential years of life lost due to NMSC were also analysed. Mortality rates associated with NMSC in Spain were reported as 2.49 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1979 (95% CI: 2.24-2.77) and 1.27 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2018 (95% CI; 1.16-1.39) for the overall population. Women who were born after the 70 s showed a significant increase in relative risk of death due to NMSC. Mortality associated with NMSC in Spain shows a decreasing overall trend that appears to have stabilized since 2005, with the exception of women between 35 and 64 years old.

Neste artigo reflete-se sobre o quanto vivemos numa época de crescente complexidade, que parecia já ter superado todos os problemas, dada a segurança que a confiança nos processos científicos e tecnológicos parecia ter-nos devolvido. Mas quando estes processos, como agora acontece na pandemia de Coronavírus, mostram a sua fragilidade, eles revelam-nos, como nunca tinha acontecido, as suas debilidades. Fraquezas essas que resultam de depositar todo o valor objetivo nesses processos, acreditando que neles estava a capacidade de nos redimir de todos os nossos males. O correr atrás da inovação e do sucesso a todo o custo, sem ética, sem respeito pela natureza e pelos outros, sem consideração pelo passado e sem nele ancorar o futuro, reduz a estabilidade e a segurança estrutural das sociedades e dos indivíduos que as compõem., En este artículo se reflexiona sobre el modo en que habitamos una época de creciente complejidad, que semejaba haber superado todos los problemas, dada la seguridad y la confianza que parecían conferirnos los procesos científicos y tecnológicos. No obstante, cuando estos procesos, como ocurre ahora en la pandemia de Coronavirus, muestran su fragilidad, revelan, como nunca anteriormente, sus debilidades. Debilidades que son la consecuencia de depositar todo el valor objetivo en dichos procesos, creyendo que en ellos estaba la capacidad de redimirnos de todos nuestros males. Haber perseguido la innovación y el éxito a toda costa, sin demasiados principios éticos, ni respeto por la naturaleza y por nuestros congéneres; sin tener en cuenta el pasado ni anclarse en el futuro, ha reducido la estabilidad y la seguridad estructural de las sociedades y de los individuos que las integran., This article reflects on how much we live in a time of increasing complexity, which seemed to have already overcome all problems, given the security that confidence in scientific and technological processes seemed to have returned to us. But when these processes, as now happens in the Coronavirus pandemic, show their weakness, they reveal, as never before, their weaknesses. These are the weaknesses that result from depositing all the objective value in these processes, believing that in them was the capacity to redeem us from all our ills. Running after innovation and success at all costs, without ethics, without respect for nature and for others, without regard for the past and without anchoring the future in it, reduces the stability and structural security of the societies and individuals that compose them.

Background Melanoma mortality rates are stabilizing and in certain regions and age groups are trending down. Although there are some studies that predict melanoma mortality in other countries, there are currently no studies that predict mortality in Spain in the coming years. The main aim of this study is to calculate melanoma mortality projections in Spain for the period 2019-2043. Methods This is a population-based ecological study that utilized information from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Analysis included deaths as a result of cutaneous melanoma in Spain in the period 1979-2018, and data was analyzed according to gender and age group. Projections were made until 2043 in five-year periods, calculated in Nordpred (within the R software). Results Our estimates predict that in the period 2019-2043, there will be 30,477.9 deaths from melanoma in Spain, with the age group of >85 years being the group with the highest number of deaths. The expected average annual death rate for melanoma in both genders for the period 2019-2043 is 1,269.9 deaths / year. The predicted age-standardized mortality rates varied between 4.62/100.000 inhabitants in the 2019-2023 period and 3.94/100.000 inhabitants in the 2039-2043 period. Conclusions Overall mortality rate and age-standardized melanoma death rates in older people of both genders will increase in the coming years in Spain, while rates in younger people will stabilize or decrease progressively. In the coming years, prevention efforts should focus on the young, but the emphasis should also be on educating the elderly in early detection of melanoma.

Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune chronic rheumatic disease with a high mortality rate, which continues to be a challenge for clinicians today. Aim To assess changes in mortality trends in the Spanish SSc population between 1980 and 2019, taking into account the independent effects of sex, age, time period and birth cohort. Methods SSc death records and mid-year population data were collected from the National Statistics Institute. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated for the overall population and for each sex (male, female) and age group (5-year groups). Significant changes in mortality trends were identified by joinpoint regressions. An age–period–cohort (APC) analysis and potential years of life lost (PYLL) analysis were performed to identify the burden of SSc. Results Age-standardized mortality rates due to SSc increased from 1.87 (95% CI 1.00–3.02) per 1 000 000 inhabitants between 1980 and 1984, to 2.47 (95% CI 1.74–3.02) per 1 000 000 inhabitants between 2015 and 2019. The relative risk of mortality fell in all groups in cohorts born after 1990. The PYLL rates showed a gradual rise for both sexes. Conclusion There was an increase in overall SSc mortality in Spain during the 39 years evaluated, although there was a progressive drop for men.

Anthropogenic activities in the urban, agrarian, or industrial areas are the main cause of heavy metals in sediments worldwide. Since the 1960s there have been submarine discharges through outfalls of poorly treated or untreated wastewater on the south coast of Mallorca island (Mediterranean Sea). In this study, the pollution of marine sediments is analyzed at a great number of points on the south of the seacoast. Heavy metals concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, V, Zn, Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC), Sulfur, mineralogy, and grain size were analyzed. The objective is to evaluate the concentrations of toxic substances and their spatial distribution and the ranges that can negatively affect marine ecosystems and human health. In addition, the results obtained have been compared with standardized indices for marine sediments and a regional index has been developed with the background values of heavy metals obtained in the sediments of the study area. To obtain consistent conclusions, concentrations of heavy metals were classified with the Igeo Index. The concentrations of heavy metals obtained show as a great number of samples exceeded the limits considered for uncontaminated sediments according to the index applied. Elements such as Hg, Ba, Pb, and Cu showed high concentrations close to the outfalls and lower concentrations in zones far from these points. To support the assessment chemical processes, such as dissolution or chemical precipitation have been studied. The results also show as marine sediments can be a good trap for chemical elements and a good proxy to analyze the impact of anthropogenic activities in areas heavily pressured by humans, and the risk to the environment and human health.

OBJECTIVE To analyse mortality rate trends in Spain for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer (OCOPC) from 1979 to 2018, evaluating differences between oral cavity cancer (OCC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Death certificates and mid-year population data were collected from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated using the direct method. Joinpoint regressions were used to identify significant changes in mortality trends. Independent effects of age, period and cohort (APC) were estimated. RESULTS A total of 52,057 deaths were registered from OCOPC, 38,988 from OCC and 13,069 from OPC between 1979 and 2018. While OCC mortality rates declined, OCOPC rates increased slightly and OPC significantly. OCC and OPC mortality reached their highest values between 1979 and 1992, when OCC rates began to decrease in males and OPC levelled off until 2018. Lip cancer suffered the highest drop. APC models showed a mortality increase in males and females from 40 to 45 and 50 to 55 years of age, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Favourable OCC mortality trends was plausibly influenced by decreased tobacco/alcohol consumption, while OPC rise was probably associated with increased human papillomavirus infection. The importance of closely monitoring these cancers by age group, sex and location, and continuing with preventive measures against known risk factors, is highlighted.

Background Recent studies suggest that cutaneous melanoma mortality rates in Spain are stabilizing and even decreasing in younger cohorts. Objectives To analyse mortality rates of melanoma from the last 40 years, focusing on changes related with the development of new therapeutic approaches. Methods Death records and mid‐year population data were collected from the National Statistics Institute. By using the direct method, age‐standardized mortality rates were calculated for overall population and for each sex and age group. Significant changes in mortality trends were identified by Joinpoint regressions. The independent effects of age, period and cohort (APC) and potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to melanoma were also analysed. Results Age‐standardized melanoma mortality rates rose in Spain from 0.78 to 2.13 deaths per 100 000 from the first to the last quinquennium of the study (1979–1983 to 2014–2018) for the overall population. After a marked increase until 1995, mortality rates levelled off. Following this stabilization, from 2015 to 2018 there was a decrease in mortality rates for the overall population (average annual per cent change (AAPC): −4.3, not significant), more accused in males over 64 years old (yo). A period effect was observed from the beginning of 21st century, with mortality rates dropping to date. Conclusions There is a decrease in melanoma mortality rates from 2015 in all age groups that confirms previous trends in mortality in younger cohorts. Improvement in diagnosis and development of new therapies for advanced melanoma may have a crucial role in this event. Close monitoring of melanoma mortality rates is necessary to confirm these trends.

En: Constelaciones 8.0. ISSN. 2340-177X. n. 8, 2020, pp 189-203 Durante trescientos años de la historia nipona reciente se produjo un evento urbano extremadamente original y antecesor de las ciudades-región de la actualidad. A este evento urbano se le ha llamado en esta investigación 'la ciudad lineal de Tokaido' y aconteció entre los siglos XVII y XIX, un periodo de paz y aislamiento en Japón que aportaría una estructura urbana inédita en el mundo. Esta investigación analiza, trabajando sobre los precisos mapas pictóricos de Hishikawa Moronobu y otros documentos gráficos, esta estructura urbana lineal de quinientos kilómetros de longitud que cruzaría el país de parte a parte uniendo sus dos capitales y con una población cercana a los dos millones de habitantes. Y demuestra la continuidad urbana que la convierte en ciudad lineal. El artículo es un ensayo gráfico formado por pequeños capítulos que sumergirán al lector en una época del Japón ya urbana cuando Europa era todavía preurbana. During 300 years of the recent Japanese history, a very original urban event took place becoming a predecessor of today's region-cities. This urban event will be referred to in this research as 'Tokaido Linear City' and occurred between the 17th and 19th Century, a time of peace and isolation in Japan that would contribute to an unprecedented and global urban structure. This research analyses, working with precise pictorial maps by Hishikawa Moronobu and other graphic documents, this five-hundred-kilometre urban linear structure that would cross the country from side to side connecting the two capitals with a population close to 2 million. This is a graphic work, made up of small chapters that will immerse the reader in an already urbanised Japan by the time Europe was still pre-urban.

Background The Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B) is considered a validated questionnaire to evaluate quality of life after burn. The purpose of this study was to translate the BSHS-B into Spanish and perform its cross-cultural adaptation. Methods First, BSHS-B was translated from English into Spanish. Subsequently, 84 patients answered the Spanish version of BSHS-B and SF-36 scales to assess the reliability (Cronbach’s alpha), construct validity (Spearman rank test), and stability in time (intra-class correlation coefficient). Results The BSHS-B-Sp showed a good internal consistency with a global Cronbach’s alpha of 0.96. Correlations between the major domains of BSHS-B and SF-36 are reported with Spearman’s coefficient ranging from 0.29 to 0.87 in all sub-domains (p p Conclusions The Spanish version of the BSHS-B demonstrated an appropriated internal consistency, construct validity, and stability in time. This fact supports its applicability to evaluate the quality of life of burn patients. Level of evidence: Not gradable

Hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the most challenging, time-consuming, and expensive soil hydraulic properties to estimate. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) of general use for Ks estimation are often site and sample-scale specific and perform poorly when extrapolated to different regions and extents. The present work develops a stepwise methodology for topsoil Ks mapping at a catchment scale based on easy, fast, and inexpensive measurements and auxiliary data (Aguilera et al., 2022). It includes a double-scale sampling of the Ks to account for small-scale variability in the spatial geostatistical interpolation. A supervised selection of variables through correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering of variables precedes the development of site-specific PTFs with machine learning (ML) techniques. The ML model is then used to generate new Ks point data predictions to extend the spatial coverage for mapping. Finally, the consistency of the final Ks map is assessed in terms of a geomorphological base map.The variable selection process filtered out four predictor variables from the initial pool of fourteen predictors. An artificial neural network (ANN) provided the best Ks prediction model with one hidden layer and six input variables (latitude, longitude, silt, clay, medium sand, and land use). Latitude and longitude coordinates and land use are surrogates for other physical and environmental (e.g., anthropic) factors. The relative importance of input variables in the ANN was determined as the sum of the product of raw input-hidden, hidden-output connection weights across all hidden neurons using Olden's algorithm. Longitude, percentage of clay, and percentage of medium sand presented a stronger positive relationship with Ks, while irrigated and dry land uses together with the percent of silt were the variables with a more significant negative influence on Ks. The fact that Ks was positively related to clay content is surprising, and it appears to be related to soil plowing before sampling.The ANN was used to estimate new Ks values from a subsequent sampling of model covariates, which doubled the input information for spatial interpolation using ordinary kriging. Overall, the spatial distribution of Ks was consistent with the lithological variability and other superimposed anthropic factors, as the method adequately considers the spatial variability of Ks added by anthropization to the already high natural heterogeneity. The produced maps will help in the hydraulic planning and flood risk management in the study area where high and low Ks, respectively, are clearly outlined.Reference:Aguilera, C. Guardiola-Albert, L. Moreno Merino, C. Baquedano, E. Díaz-Losada, P. Agustín Robledo Ardila, J.J. Durán Valsero, Building inexpensive topsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity maps for land planning based on machine learning and geostatistics, CATENA, Volume 208, 2022, 105788, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105788. This work is performed within the framework of the RESERVOIR project, part of the PRIMA Programme supported by the European Union. The PRIMA programme is supported under Horizon 2020 the European Union's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. PRIMA RESERVOIR Grant Agreement number is 1924.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a disorder that can lead to serious sequelae and important comorbidities. It has been associated with different mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety or completed suicide. The objective is to analyze the suicide risk (SR) among patients in a monographic HS consultation, as well as to establish individual association factors. Patients older than 18 years seen in our specific HS unit were consecutively included and invited to respond to the self-administered Beck hopelessness scale. Those patients with significant intellectual disabilities or severe mental health conditions, including a history of psychosis, were excluded. In addition, data related to the skin process were collected. Subsequently, it was studied whether there were significant differences between patients with absent-mild SR and those with moderate-severe SR and a logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship of these variables with SR. A total of 136 patients were included in the study, 51.5% men. Of them, 21.3% presented a moderate or severe SR (score ≥ 9 in the Beck test). This risk was significantly related to having a previous or concomitant psychiatric disorder (OR = 2.586, 95% CI 1.044-6.409, p = 0.040) followed by the history of biological treatment (OR = 2.867, 95% CI 1.004-8.182, p = 0.049). The existence of other affected relatives was confirmed as a protective factor (OR = 0.377, 95% CI 0.150-0.951, p = 0.039). The prevalence of SR in patients with HS is higher than that of the general Spanish population. The presence of a psychiatric disorder and the need for biological treatment are established as factors that increase SR, both of which can be interpreted as a more advanced disease. As a protective factor, the presence of other cases in the family is established, which suggests a greater normalization of the disease.

Detecting light at the single-photon level is one of the pillars of emergent photonic technologies. This is realized through state-of-the-art superconducting detectors that offer efficient, broadband and fast response. However, the use of low T C superconducting thin films limits their operation temperature to approximately 4 K and below. Here, we demonstrate proof-of-concept nanodetectors based on exfoliated, two-dimensional cuprate superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8-δ that exhibit single-photon sensitivity at telecom wavelength at a record temperature of T = 20 K. These non-optimized devices exhibit a slow ∼ m s reset time and a low detection efficiency ( ∼ 10 − 4 ). We realize the elusive prospect of single-photon sensitivity on a high-T C nanodetector thanks to a novel approach, combining van der Waals fabrication techniques and a non-invasive nanopatterning based on light ion irradiation. This result paves the way for broader application of single-photon technologies, relaxing the cryogenic constraints for single-photon detection at telecom wavelength.

Background Burns are one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity among children. This study aims to assess the epidemiology of pediatric major burns in a third level hospital in Spain to evaluate demographics, etiology, and outcomes. Methods A retrospective study was held by the Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery department of the hospital. We included 147 patients under 18 admitted to hospital between January 2008 and December 2020 who meet the inclusion criteria: partial thickness burns > 10% total body surface area (TBSA) in patients Results Three groups of age were analyzed. The average %TBSA was 18.7 (SE 0.9). Scalds were the main mechanism of injury (70.1%) and upper extremity was the most frequent location affected (68%). The 28.6% of patients suffered some complication, but the mortality rate was low (0.7%). In our series, the group aged 13–18 showed significantly higher %TBSA, more number of surgeries and blood transfusions. Conclusions Scald burns are the most frequent mechanism of injury in pediatric burns. However, teenagers suffer more severe burns and complications, usually caused by flame. Despite the low mortality rates, more measures of prevention should be taken to increase children security. Level of evidence: Level IV, Risk/Prognostic.

[Background] Vascular malformations are a complex pathology with few treatment options. In previously published studies, oral sirolimus (rapamycin) has shown promising results in the treatment of low-flow vascular malformations, but its usefulness in high-flow vascular malformations is controversial., [Aim] To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sirolimus for the treatment of high-flow vascular malformations in real-life practice., [Methods] In a unit specializing in vascular anomalies, patients treated with oral sirolimus for high-flow vascular malformations were located by consulting the drug dispensations. Reviewing the electronic medical records, data on patient demographics, vascular malformation characteristics, treatments, toxicity and clinical course were collected and statistically analysed., [Results] Nine patients with vascular malformations were included: eight had arteriovenous malformation and one had arteriovenous fistula. Six of these malformations were isolated while three were part of a syndrome. Sirolimus was initiated at a dosage of 1–4 mg/day to be taken as a single dose. Partial response was observed in eight of the nine patients (88.9%) with high-flow vascular malformation, while worsening was observed in the remaining patient. The treatment was well tolerated and at the most recent follow-up, five patients remained on treatment with oral sirolimus., [Conclusion] Our results show that oral sirolimus is a well-tolerated therapeutic option, with an excellent safety profile, which can be useful in the long-term stabilization of patients with high-flow vascular malformations. Single-daily dosage may improve long-term adherence to treatment without worsening its effectiveness.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in adults is a rare and aggressive disease, which lacks standard therapies for relapsed or advanced disease. This retrospective study aimed to describe the activity of BOMP-EPI (bleomycin, vincristine, methotrexate and cisplatin alternating with etoposide, cisplatin and ifosfamide), an alternative platinum-based regimen, in adult patients with relapsed/metastatic RMS. In the study, 10 patients with RMS with a median age at diagnosis of 20.8 years and a female/male distribution of 6/4 received a mean of 2.5 cycles of BOMP-EPI. The best RECIST response was a complete response in 1/10 (10%) patients, a partial response in 5/10 (50%), stable disease in 3/10 (30%) and progression in 1/10 (10%). With a median follow-up in the alive patients from the start of therapy of 30.5 months (15.7–258), all patients progressed with a median progression-free survival of 8.47 months (95% CI 8.1–8.8), and 7/10 patients died with a median overall survival of 24.7 months (95% CI 13.7–35.6). BOMP-EPI was an active chemotherapy regimen in adults with pediatric-type metastatic RMS, with outcomes in terms of survival that seem superior to what was expected for this poor-prognosis population. Low HMGB1 expression level was identified as a predictive factor of better response to this treatment.

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common malignancies worldwide and are, worryingly, increasing in incidence. However, data in the literature on NMSC specific mortality are scarce, because these tumors are excluded from most mortality registries. The main objective of this study is to analyze NMSC’s mortality rates and use them to generate a predictive model for the coming years in Spain. Data on mid-year population and death certificates for the period 1979–2019 were obtained from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. The Nordpred program (Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway) within statistical program R was used to calculate mortality adjusted rates, as well as the mortality projection with an age-period-cohort model. This is the first study to report a prediction about NMSC mortality in the next years. According to our findings, the number of NMSC deaths in older people will grow in both sexes, especially in those older than >85 years old (y.o.). The age-specific mortality rates of NMSC will tend to stabilize or gradually decrease, with the exception of women between 75–79 y.o., who will present a slight increase at the end of the period. Early prevention and screening of NMSC specifically oriented to this population might change this tendency.

International crises generate uncoupling between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the institutional environment. In these settings, industry associations of MNEs have an incentive to engage in institutional change by taking a role as institutional entrepreneurs in order to generate change within the existing, unsuitable institutions. However, MNEs can also try to avoid such institutions or try to adapt to them. Because the antecedents and outcomes of these three forms of engagement in institutional change (institutional avoidance, adaptation, and entrepreneurship) have been scarcely studied in Europe, this reflection examines the case of Spain during the international crisis and analyses the coordinated action of MNEs through their associations in seven industries. The discussion of 30 pieces of evidence regarding the engagement in institutional change in Spain suggests a model that proposes relevant antecedents of different forms of engagement and the expected outcomes resulting from the chosen forms, among them: co-evolution and co-involution.

The artificial lighting of caves adapted for touristic visits, leads to the appearance and propagation of a complex community of phototrophic organisms known as “lampenflora”. Formed mainly by algae and cyanobacteria, they produce the degradation of the colonized substrates and decrease the show value of the caves. This phenomenon became famous worldwide in the 1960s due to the damage caused to the paintings in the Lascaux Cave (France). Since then it has become an issue of serious concern to both managers of show caves and to the international scientific community. Over time, the problem has been approached following two complementary strategies: preventing colonization by the invading organisms or eliminating them once they have become established through the use of chemical products, mainly biocides and strong oxidants. This kind of treatment generates pollutant effluents that can move the problem from the walls of the caves to the groundwater. This paper presents a critical literature review of the problem and the proposed solutions, and emphasizes the need for further study of the optimal doses of treatment chemicals and to develop quantitative methods to determine their effectiveness.