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This study identifies and analyzes the plant communities that allow the definition of the geographic limits between Temperate and Mediterranean macrobioclimates, for the center of Portuguese mainland. The altitude of Serra da Estrela, Açor and Lousã, combined with the increase in atmospheric humidity, allows the presence of vegetation typical of a Temperate macrobioclimate. Thus, based on the phytosociological methodology, floristic relevés were carried out in order to identify the series of vegetation existing in these territories. Through these relevés carried out, four new plant associations were identified: Cytisetum grandifloro-striati ass. nova, Scrophulario grandiflorae-Sambucetum nigrae ass. nova, Pruno lusitanicae-Coryletum avellanae ass. nova that lives in the submediterranean bioclimatic variant, mesotemperate humid to hyper-humid. A new association namely Genisto falcatae-Quercetum broteroanae ass. nova with two subassociations were also identified. Based on the vegetation distribution, new biogeographic limits are proposed. Thus, it was intended to identify the southern limits of the European Atlantic Province (Atlantic Orolusitania Subrovince) based on the vegetation cover, namely the distinction between the Estrela Sierran District and a new Biogeographical District, the Alvo-Gardunhense.

Herbaria phycological collections have approximately one million 700 thousand specimens preserved in European herbaria, a significantly lower number when compared to vascular plants, due to factors such as greater sampling difficulty and fewer specialists. Several studies report that coastal systems have undergone dramatic ecological changes in the last 150 years, with macroalgae being a particularly affected group. Thus, macroalgal herbaria are essential sources for the study and conservation of this biodiversity, as well as a pillar that responds to several ecological questions. Despite having a large coastline, Portugal’s phycological collections are scarce, poorly developed, and practically inaccessible digitally. In 2021/2022, all the phycological specimens present at LISI were the focus of this exploratory project whose objective was to catalog them, taxonomically review the specimens and place them at the service of the scientific community through the incorporation of digitized vouchers into online databases. Three marine collections were constituted and studied, accounting for a total of 852 vouchers and more than 1800 specimens, being the Portuguese Marine Macroalgae Collection, the oldest digitized phycological collection available in Portugal. This project provides an opportunity for other educational institutions to embrace their long-neglected collections as well.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar a duração e distribuição de pausas preenchidas, que possuem um segmento vocalizado, em relação a classes de palavras de pacientes com esquizofrenia e pessoas sem essa condição. As hipóteses deste trabalho são: I) existe diferença significativa na duração de pausas preenchidas entre pacientes e não pacientes II) existe diferença significativa entre a duração de pausas diante de certas classes de palavras entre os dois grupos. Metodologicamente, são comparadas 112 pausas preenchidas, extraídas de 13 áudios do C-ORAL-ESQ (Rocha, 2019), corpus representativo da fala de pacientes com esquizofrenia e 11 áudios do C-ORAL-BRASIL I (Raso; Mello, 2012), corpus representativo do português brasileiro falado informal. Para classificar as classes de palavras, foi utilizado um etiquetador do tipo brill tagger treinado no Mac-Morpho (Aluísio et al., 2003) com 92,24% de acurácia e adaptado para dados orais por meio de normalização ortográfica em linguagem Python. Os resultados mostram que há diferença estatística significativa (p = 0,003) entre a duração de pausas preenchidas entre pacientes e não pacientes. Em relação às classes de palavras, foi observado que os pacientes realizam pausas preenchidas maiores na maioria das classes de palavras, exceto em advérbios, mas há diferença relevante apenas entre pausas diante de pronomes pessoais (p = 0,007).

Introdução: As anemias correspondem a distúrbios hematológicos que podem apresentar manifestações na cavidade oral e face. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura acerca dos principais tipos de distúrbios anêmicos e suas manifestações orofaciais, considerando os aspectos de interesse aos cirurgiões-dentistas. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, em que foram selecionados artigos em português e inglês, indexados nas bases de dados do Scielo, Medline/Pubmed e no Lilacs, com os descritores: Anemia, Oral Manifestations, Jaw Abnormalities e seus correspondentes na língua portuguesa. Revisão de literatura: Os distúrbios anêmicos associados aos sinais e sintomas orofaciais incluem principalmente a Anemia Ferropriva, Megaloblástica, de Fanconi, Falciforme, Talassemia e Anemia Aplástica. As manifestações variam de ardência e sintomatologia dolorosa em língua, palidez de lábios e mucosa, estomatite, glossite atrófica, queilite angular, suscetibilidade a candidíase e doença periodontal. Ainda, englobam-se as alterações dentárias, hipossalivação, má oclusão, osteomielite da mandíbula, parestesia do nervo mental e dor orofacial. Conclusão: Essas alterações podem ser os primeiros sinais da presença da anemia, o que confere ao cirurgião-dentista um importante papel no seu diagnóstico precoce e condução adequada ao tratamento odontológico.

In the present article, the proposal of a new suballiance, Lavandulo luisieri-Cistenion albidi, is presented, constituted by chamaephytic and nanophanerophytic communities in eroded decarbonated soils derived from limestones (leptosols, chromicluvisols and cambisols) in the dry to lower hyperhumid, thermo-mesomediterranean bioclimatic levels. It is distributed throughout the western Iberian Peninsula in the Coastal Lusitan- Andalusian and Lusitan-Extremadurean biogeographical territories. It is positioned in the Ulici argentei-Cistion ladaniferi, Lavanduletalia stoechadis, Cisto-Lavanduletea. The new associations Anthyllido maurae-Ulicetum jussiaei, Sedo albi-Cistetum crispi and Thymetum congesti are also described. The multivariate analysis confirmed the segregation of this new suballiance, as well as the new associations.

Abstract Background The worldwide incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) are increasing. DM has a high social and economic burden due to its complications and associated disorders. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is closely related to DM. More than 85% of patients with DM will develop PAD in their lifetime, and between 10 and 25% of patients with DM will have a foot ulcer. In such cases, it is important to determine for each patient whether it is necessary and feasible to revascularise the affected limb as well as the optimal technique. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is designed to restore blood flow through the vessel lumen by various devices including balloons, drug-coated balloons, bare stents, drug-eluting stents and endovascular atherectomes. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of PTA in the treatment of lower limb arterial ulcers in diabetic patients. Methods We will search randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs in the following databases (e.g., MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Lilacs, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ibecs, CINAHL, AMED, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, and OpenGrey). Our search strategy will use the following free-text terms and controlled vocabulary (e.g., Emtree, MeSH) for ‘foot ulcer’, ‘leg ulcer’, ‘diabetic foot’, ‘Peripheral Arterial Disease’, ‘Diabetes Complications’, ‘Peripheral Vascular Diseases’, ‘critical limb ischemia’, ‘below the knee ulcer’, ‘angioplasty’, ‘stents’, ‘stenting’, and ‘endovascular procedures’. There will be no limits on date or language of publication. Two authors will, independently, select studies and assess the data from them. Risks of bias (RoB) of included studies will be evaluated using the Cochrane’s RoB tool. If possible, we will perform and report structured summaries of the included studies and meta-analyses. Results are not available as this is a protocol for a systematic review, and we are currently in the phase of building a sensitive search strategy. Discussion While there are several available endovascular techniques for revascularisation, it is unclear which technique has better outcomes for ulcers below the knee in diabetic patients. A systematic review is required to validate and demonstrate these techniques and their outcomes to allow an evidence-based clinical decision. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42017065171

Este trabalho constitui a primeira análise fitossociológica de sapais da costa angolana. Sessenta e cinco inventários foram realizados resultando na descrição de seis novas associações de plantas. Estes sapais são caracterizados por uma menor riqueza florística quando comparadas aos sapais holárticos. Dezoito táxons foram identificados, alguns deles suculentos. Os sapais ocorrem desde a foz do rio Cunene até ao rio Cuanza, embora nesta última parte já estejam muito empobrecidos. No rio Cuanza, os sapais ocupam apenas uma faixa estreita no setor interno dos mangais em contato com os ecossistemas continentais e geralmente são constituídos por um único táxon, Sarcocornia natalensis subsp. affinis. Os mangais atingem o seu limite sul na cidade de Lobito, embora estejam quase extintos. A ocorrência e distribuição dos sapais são afetados pela Corrente Fria de Benguela, que influencia a costa oeste da África entre o Cabo da Boa Esperança e Benguela. A altura das plataformas do sapal colonizadas por plantas halófitas, subhalófitas ou halotolerantes determina o período de inundação e, portanto, a composição florística das comunidades vegetais. A granulometria do solo também desempenha um papel importante na organização espacial das comunidades de plantas. Uma das principais originalidades dos sapais angolanos é o predomínio de solos de textura arenosa fina ou franco-arenosa, em consequência da proximidade com o deserto do Namibe. A ACP segregou as diferentes comunidades de plantas descritas.

We describe four new vegetation units and propose 17 new typifications and 24 altered names of syntaxa belonging to Isoeto-Nanojuncetea. Information is also provided on the publication dates of the alliances Isoetion and Preslion.

Abstract We conducted a systematic review to compare the effectiveness and safety of exercise versus no exercise for patients with asymptomatic aortic aneurysm. We followed the guidelines set out in the Cochrane systematic review handbook. We searched Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, LILACS, PeDRO, CINAHL, clinicaltrials.gov, ICTRP, and OpenGrey using the MeSH terms “aortic aneurysm” and “exercise”. 1189 references were identified. Five clinical trials were included. No exercise-related deaths or aortic ruptures occurred in these trials. Exercise did not reduce the aneurysm expansion rate at 12 weeks to 12 months (mean difference [MD], −0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.13 to 0.03). Six weeks of preoperative exercise reduced severe renal and cardiac complications (risk ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31–0.93) and the length of intensive care unit stay (MD, −1.00; 95% CI, −1.26 to −0.74). Preoperative and postoperative forward walking reduced the length of hospital stay (MD, −0.69; 95% CI, −1.24 to −0.14). The evidence was graded as ‘very low’ level.

The Macaronesian islands constitute an enormous reservoir of genetic variation of wild carrots (subtribe Daucinae; Apiaceae), including 10 endemic species, but an accurate understanding of the diversification processes within these islands is still lacking. We conducted a review of the morphology, ecology, and conservation status of the Daucinae species and, on the basis of a comprehensive dataset, we estimated the genome size variation for 16 taxa (around 320 samples) occurring in different habitats across the Macaronesian islands in comparison to mainland specimens. Results showed that taxa with larger genomes (e.g., Daucus crinitus: 2.544 pg) were generally found in mainland regions, while the insular endemic taxa from Azores and Cabo Verde have smaller genomes. Melanoselinum decipiens and Monizia edulis, both endemic to Madeira Island, showed intermediate values. Positive correlations were found between mean genome size and some morphological traits (e.g., spiny or winged fruits) and also with habit (herbaceous or woody). Despite the great morphological variation found within the Cabo Verde endemic species, the 2C-values obtained were quite homogeneous between these taxa and the subspecies of Daucus carota, supporting the close relationship among these taxa. Overall, this study improved the global knowledge of DNA content for Macaronesian endemics and shed light into the mechanisms underpinning diversity patterns of wild carrots in the western Mediterranean region.

A cavidade oral apresenta uma grande diversidade de microrganismos. A microbiota bucal encontra-se normalmente em harmonia com o hospedeiro, porém, em condições anormais tem o potencial de gerar infecções bucais e sistêmicas graves. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a importância da microbiota oral no processo saúde-doença. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura, por meio de pesquisa nas bases de dados: LILACS, BBO, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), tendo como critérios de inclusão: artigos científicos que tratassem sobre a temática, publicados entre 2000 e 2018 em português, inglês e espanhol. Os resultados demonstraram que a microbiota oral sofre influência da temperatura, pH, presença de oxigênio, disponibilidade de nutrientes e os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro. Ao ocorrer desregulações desses parâmetros a microbiota é alterada, o que desencadeia a colonização por patógenos. As infecções sistêmicas (cardiopatias e infecções respiratórias) correlacionadas apresentam relações diretas e bidirecionais, onde o desfecho quase sempre é o óbito. Entretanto, observa-se a necessidade de pesquisas mais detalhadas para esclarecer esta real influência.

Introduction: About 25% of the living donors analyzed for kidney donation are ABO incompatible, but ABO incompatibility can be successfully overcome by using various desensitization protocols. Data have been published on incompatible ABO transplants in Asia, Europe and North America. Brazilian data on this subject is not yet available and there is always a concern whether patients from developing countries would be more prone to rejection and infection specially when submitted to more intense immunosuppressive protocols Objective: To analyze the patient and the graft survival of the first cohort of Brazilian patients receiving ABO-incompatible transplants. Patients and Methods: From October 2012 to June 2016, we performed 10 ABO incompatible kidney transplantation (KT) procedures from a living donor. The desensitization protocol was based on rituximab and PP. All patients received induction with Thymoglobulin and long-term steroids. Tacrolimus and mycophenolate sodium were initiated at the time of desensitization and continued after the transplant. Pre-transplant agglutinin titers varied from 1/32 to 1/512. Five patients also presented anti-HLA specific antibodies, being three T and B positive FCXM at baseline. Results: After a mean follow-up of 30 ( ± 13) months, all patients are alive. One patient lost the graft due to cellular rejection that occurred after reduction of immunosuppressive therapy for an aggressive HPV-related vulvar cancer. The mean serum creatinine concentration is 1.4 ± 0.5 mg/dl. Three episodes of rejection occurred in 3 patients: two cellular and one anti-HLA mediated. Conclusion: Desensitization with Rituximab and PP allowed us to perform transplants from living donors to ABO incompatible recipients in a Brazilian population with good results, even in highly-sensitized patients and in those presenting high anti-ABO agglutinin titers.

The flora and vegetation of the archipelago of Cabo Verde is dominated by Macaronesian, Mediterranean, and particularly by African tropical elements, resulting from its southernmost location, when compared to the other islands of the Macaronesia (i.e., Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, and Canary Islands). Very likely, such a geographical position entailed higher susceptibility to extreme climatic fluctuations, namely those associated with the West African Monsoon oscillations. These fluctuations led to a continuous aridification, which is a clear trend shown by most recent studies based on continental shelf cores. Promoting important environmental shifts, such climatic fluctuations are accepted as determinant to explain the current spatial distribution patterns of taxa, as well as the composition of the plant communities. In this paper, we present a comprehensive characterization of the main plant communities in Cabo Verde, and we discuss the role of the climatic and topoclimatic diversity in shaping the vegetation composition and distribution of this archipelago. Our study reveals a strong variation in the diversity of plant communities across elevation gradients and distinct patterns of richness among plant communities. Moreover, we present an overview of the biogeographical relationships of the Cabo Verde flora and vegetation with the other Macaronesian Islands and northwestern Africa. We discuss how the distribution of plant communities and genetic patterns found among most of the endemic lineages can be related to Africa’s ongoing aridification, exploring the impacts of a process that marks northern Africa from the Late Miocene until the present.

Nanocompósitos de poli(succinato de butileno) (PBS) e argila montmorilonita organofílica foram sintetizados via polimerização in situ, em três diferentes concentrações (4, 6 e 8% em massa). Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados por diversas técnicas. Entre elas, a difração de raios X foi útil para comprovar o aumento do espaçamento interlamelar da argila devido à incorporação das cadeias de polímero. As técnicas de análise térmica mostraram que o método de polimerização in situ gerou materiais com menores estabilidades térmicas, comparadas ao polímero puro, devido à dificuldade de crescimento das cadeias de polímero na presença da argila. A técnica de RMN de baixo campo permitiu identificar que a estrutura esfoliada predomina nos nanocompósitos.

PURPOSE: To validate the gastroschisis experimental model in female rats and the effects on the glutamine fetal morphology during pregnancy.METHODS: Twelve pregnant rats Wistar were separated in two groups: Group I (n = 6 rats, 71 fetuses) took glutamine and Group II (n = 6 rats, 75 fetuses) took isocaloric supplementation. At the 18th day of pregnancy, female rats were taken to hysterotomy and the fetuses which were selected for the act of gastroschisis were partially removed from the womb and by the laparotomy technique, the exclusion of the intestine was done. After that, fetuses were put in the womb cavity again and the rats' abdomen sutured. At the 21st day of pregnancy, date before delivery, by C-section ordinary animals and the ones with gastroschisis were removed and studied separately. The morphometrical parameters studied were the body weight (PC); the intestine weight (PI); the intestine length (CI) and its relations (PI/PC, PI/CI e PC-PI).RESULTS: The intestine weight (PI) and the intestine length (CI) were different in fetuses with gastroschisis (p

A esquistossomose é uma doença parasitária que, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública associados à morbidade severa, sendo boa parte crianças. A administração de medicamentos em crianças constitui uma tarefa difícil, principalmente quando não há formulações pediátricas, quando altas doses de fármaco são requeridas e o fármaco apresenta um sabor amargo, como é o caso do praziquantel. Nanopartículas poliméricas são sistemas promissores para o desenvolvimento de fármacos com baixa hidrossolubilidade e gosto ruim, apresentam estabilidade físico-química, biocompatibilidade e fáceis processos de produção. Podem ainda proporcionar o aumento da biodisponibilidade e redução da variabilidade do tratamento entre pacientes. O polímero poli (metacrilato de metila) com o praziquantel encapsulado foi sintetizado pelo processo de polimerização em miniemulsão para compor uma suspensão farmacêutica pediátrica. As nanopartículas foram caracterizadas em termos das propriedades físico-químicas, toxicológicas e da atividade biológica em camundongos. Os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios, taxa de encapsulamento de 90%, ausência de interação química fármaco-polímero e presença de atividade biológica. Uma abordagem colaborativa foi utilizada para esse desenvolvimento, envolvendo parcerias nacionais e mecanismos de financiamento independentes, uma maneira nova e poderosa de desenvolver medicamentos para doenças negligenciadas.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that, according to the World Health Organization, constitutes a major public health problem associated with severe morbidity, mostly children in preschool age. The administration of drugs in children always constitutes a difficult task, especially when formulations are not developed specifically for pediatric use, when high doses of drug are required and the drug has a bitter taste, as in the case of praziquantel. Polymer nanoparticles are promising systems for development of encapsulated drugs with low water solubility and bitter taste, due to the good physical and chemical stability, adequate biocompatibility and simple manufacturing processes. Moreover, they can enhance the bioavailabili-ty and reduce variability of treatment among patients. Poly (methyl methacrylate) doped with praziquantel was produced through a miniemulsion polymerization pro-cess to compose a pediatric pharmaceutical suspension. Nanoparticles were cha-racterized in terms of physico-chemical properties, toxicological properties and biological activity in mice, being concluded that obtained results were satisfactory. The results were encapsulation rate around 90%, absence of chemical interaction drug - polymer and the presence of biological activity. A collaborative approach was used for this development, involving national partnerships and independent funding mechanisms, a powerful pathway for development of drugs for neglected diseases.

CONTEXTO: Por ser o laser um método novo no tratamento das varizes, há muitos mitos e dúvidas com relação à sua eficácia; assim, surgiu a necessidade de compará-lo a substância esclerosante mais utilizada em nosso meio (glicose hipertônica). OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficiência do laser diodo 980 nm à glicose 75% na oclusão de veias em orelha de coelho. MÉTODOS: Ensaio aleatório em animais de laboratório por 21 dias. A amostra consistiu de orelhas de coelhos machos adultos. Grupo L (laser): 15 orelhas tratadas com laser; grupo G (glicose 75%): 15 orelhas tratadas com glicose a 75%. Variáveis primárias: veias esclerosadas e/ou ocluídas. Variáveis complementares: volume da substância administrada, complicações e peso. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 30 orelhas. Foi realizado o teste exato de Fisher associado ao Risco Relativo (RR), calculando-se o intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% para as variáveis acima. RESULTADOS: A incidência de esclerose ou oclusão venosa no grupo G foi de 53% (8/15; IC95%: 27-79) e no grupo L, 20% (3/15; IC95%: 4-49). O p bicaudal foi de 0,1281, o RR usando a aproximação de Katz foi de 2,66; IC95%: 0,87-8,15. CONCLUSÃO: A eficiência do laser diodo 980 nm em comparação à da glicose 75% na oclusão de veias para o modelo experimental estudado foi equivalente.BACKGROUND: The laser is a new treatment to varicose veins and there is several myths and doubts in relation to its efficacy; then, there is the need to compare it with the most commonly sclerosing solution (hypertonic glucose) used in our specialty. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficiency of the diode laser 980nm to the glucose 75% in the occlusion of veins from the ear of rabbits. METHODS: Aleatory trial in laboratory animals during 21 days. The sample consisted of ears from male adult rabbits. Group L (laser): 15 ears treated with laser; group G (glucose 75%): 15 ears treated with glucose 75%. Primary variables: sclerotic and/or occluded veins. Complementary variables: volume of the managed substance, complications and weight of rabbit. The sample size was estimated in 30 ears. The statistical analysis was carried out by Fisher''s exact test associated to the Relative Risk (RR), calculating the confidence interval of 95% for the mentioned variables. RESULTS: The incidence of sclerosis or venous occlusion in group G was 53% (8/15; 95%CI: 27-79) and in group L was 20% (3/15; 95% CI: 4-49). Two-tailed p was 0.1281, RR using the approximation of Katz was 2.66; 95%CI: 0.87-8.15. CONCLUSION: The efficiency of the diode laser 980 nm in comparison to glucose 75% in occlusion of veins in this experimental model was equivalent.

A POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION MAP OF CALDAS DA RAINHA . This article presents and discusses a Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) Map of the Caldas da Rainha Municipality. After outlining the concept, an assessment is made of the conditioning factors that affect the PNV (soil, geology, lithology, bioclimate). A model allowing for the estimation of the PNV is then put forward based on a correspondence drawn between the PNV and the relevant biotopic variables. The resulting PNV map was validated through comparison with the vegetal communities effectively present in the field. The PNV Map of Caldas da Rainha shows that almost the entire area of this Municipality corresponds to potential cork-oak, Portuguese-oak, elm and willow forests. Cork-oak forests are associated with podzolic soils, made up of sand and sandstone; Portuguese-oak forests (Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi) occur in the presence of limestones, clays, and dolomites; whereas willow and elm forests are associated with the floodplains of the hydrographical unit called the Ribeiras do Oeste. Finally, it is worth noting that the most relevant features in terms of protection and conservation (due both to their rarity and to the presence of endemic species) are to be found in complex communities: halophytic (Óbidos lagoon), psammophilous, rupicolous and peat bogs.

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito do tempo de isquemia sobre as alterações oxidativas, a capacidade antioxidante total e o óxido nítrico, no músculo, no rim e no plasma de ratos submetidos à isquemia e reperfusão de membros posteriores. MÉTODOS: 40 ratos machos foram distribuídos aleatóriamente em quatro grupos experimentais com 10 animais cada. Laparotomia, isolamento da aorta abdominal infra e justa renal. Grupos 1 e 3 (simulados) passagem do fio monofilamentar de polipropileno 7-0 ao redor da aorta sem liga-la e espera de 1 hora para o grupo 1 e de 6 horas para o grupo 3. Retirada do fio, espera de 15 minutos, eutanásia e colheita do material. Grupos 2 e 4 (experimentos), ligadura da aorta abdominal com o mesmo fio e isquemia de 1 hora no grupo 2 e de 6 horas no grupo 4. Retirada do fio e reperfusão por 15 minutos. Eutanásia e colheita de sangue por escoamento, músculo da pata posterior esquerda e rim esquerdo. Os parâmetros verificados foram: malondialdeído, capacidade antioxidante total e óxido nítrico. RESULTADOS: Utilizou-se o teste "t"de Student e o teste de MANN-WHITNEY como testes não paramétricos e fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% o nível de rejeição. Houve alterações estatísticamente significantes do malondialdeído no rim. A capacidade antioxidante total apresentou alterações significantes no rim, no músculo e no plasma enquanto que, o óxido nítrico, alterou apenas no plasma. CONCLUSÃO: A variação do tempo de isquemia provocou alterações significantes do malondialdeído, da capacidade antioxidante total e do óxido nítrico.

Purpose: Ischemia-reperfusion lesions are a form of acute inflammation in which leukocytes are considered to play a pivotal role. This study was made with the objective of determining whether the blockage of intracellular adhesion molecule-1, involved in the diapedesis of leukocytes, is efficacious in minimizing this lesions in the skeletal musculature of the posterior limbs of rats. Methods: The juxta-infrarenal aorta of three groups of six adult rats was clipped for six hours. After this, one group was sacrificed (control group) and the others underwent 24 hours of reperfusion, one with 0.9% physiological saline (reperfusion group) and the other with anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (ICAM-1 group). A myeloperoxidase assay was utilized for estimating the infiltrate of neutrophils. Biopsies were obtained to make thin sections of hematoxylin-eosin and NADH. Blood samples were collected for making assays of biochemical parameters (creatinine; potassium; DHL; leukogram; venous pH; CK). Results: The myeloperoxidase levels were raised in the reperfusion (p < 0.001) and ICAM-1 (p < 0.019) groups in relation to the control group. The oxidative activity of the muscle fibers was significantly raised in the groups that underwent reperfusion. The other parameters did not present significant differences. Conclusions: The reperfusion lesion was bigger than the ischemic lesion. There was an increase in oxidative activity and inflammatory infiltrate with the reperfusion, without significant muscle necrosis being seen under the optical microscope. The blockage of ICAM-1 diminished the inflammatory infiltrate but not the rise in oxidative activity observed with the reperfusion.Objetivo: As lesões de isquemia-reperfusão (I/R) são uma forma de inflamação aguda na qual os leucócitos são considerados como tendo um papel fundamental. Este estudo foi feito com o objetivo de determinar se o bloqueio das Moléculas de Adesão Intercelular -1 (ICAM-1), envolvidas na diapedese dos leucócitos, é eficaz em minimizar estas lesões na musculatura esquelética dos membros posteriores de ratos. Métodos: A aorta infra-renal de três grupos de seis ratos adultos foi clampeada por seis horas. Logo após, um grupo foi sacrificado (grupo controle) e os outros foram submetidos a 24 horas de reperfusão, um com solução salina fisiológica 0,9% (grupo reperfusão) e outro com anticorpos monoclonais anti-ICAM-1 (grupo ICAM-1). A quantificação da enzima mieloperoxidase foi utilizada para estimar o infiltrado de leucócitos na musculatura. Biópsias foram obtidas e coradas com hematoxilina-eosina e NADH. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas e parâmetros bioquímicos foram analisados (creatinina; potássio; DHL; leucograma; pH venoso, CK). Resultados: Os níveis de mieloperoxidase foram aumentados nos grupos reperfusão (p

OBJETIVO: Estudar a ação do ultra-som na veia auricular de coelhos. MÉTODOS: Vinte coelhos foram divididos em dois grupos de dez animais diferindo com relação ao local da aplicação, do ultra-som, o modo e o intervalo de tempo para a análise histopatológica (3 e 7 dias). Os animais foram submetidos à aplicação de ultra-som contínuo e pulsado em dois segmentos venosos da orelha previamente determinados. Cada animal foi o seu próprio controle. Empregou-se a freqüência de 3MHz, intensidade de 3W/cm² nos ciclos pulsado e contínuo por 10 minutos, de forma estacionária. O grupo I foi submetido a eutanásia após 3 dias e o grupo II em 7 dias contemplando a fase aguda do processo inflamatório. Empregou-se o teste exato de Fisher e o teste de Mc Nemar para análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se trombose venosa e aumento de linfócitos de forma significativa (p= 0,032) nos grupos tratados com o modo contínuo. O modo pulsado não provocou efeitos deletérios. Outros achados foram congestão, edema, hemorragia e lesão da parede vascular. CONCLUSÕES: O ultra-som pulsado não provoca qualquer alteração na parede vascular nas condições do experimento.O ultra-som contínuo induz a trombose venosa e aumento dos linfócitos de forma significativa.PURPOSE: The purpose of this experimental work was evaluate the effects of low intensity in the auricular vein of rabbits. METHODS: Twenty rabbits were divided in two groups of ten animals. The groups differed about the place where the continuous and pulsed ultrasound were applied and the period that the material was collected for the morphologic examination (3 and 7 days). Acoustic coupling gel was used on marginal ear vein, each animal underwent continuous and pulsed ultrasound treatment, in segments previously marked with indelible ink. Each animal provided its own control. Ultrasound was used in the frequency of 3MHz, intensity of 3W/cm² in the pulsed and continuous modes during 10min in a stationary way. The group I was euthanized after 3 days and the group II after 7 days contemplating the acute phase of the inflammatory process. We applied the Fisher and Mc Nemar's tests for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Venous thrombosis and lymphocytes increment occurred significantly (p= 0,032) due continuous mode ultrasound. Other minor findings were congestion, edema, rupture of vessel wall and hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: continuous ultrasound causes venous thrombosis and lymphocytes increment.

This report describes the epidemiological and clinical-evolutive characteristics of eight patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A positive history of contact with rodents was present in 100% of the cases. The time between the onset of symptoms and hospital care was, on average, 3.6 days. All patients showed clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of HPS. Elevated urea and creatinine levels were observed in 6 (75%) cases, PO2 was < 60 mmHg in 100% of the cases, and a chest X-ray demonstrated a bilateral interstitial-alveolar infiltrate. The diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of IgM antibodies against Sin Nombre virus by ELISA. Three patients died as a direct consequence of HPS.

Substâncias químicas têm sido empregadas no tratamento de varizes esofagogástricas na prevenção de hemorragia digestiva e no seu tratamento pela esclerose ou obliteração venosa, como uma alternativa ao tratamento cirúrgico. O adesivo sintético, etil-cianoacrilato, mostrando rápida polimerização, baixo custo, disponibilidade comercial e boa fluidez para a injeção intravenosa, é útil neste propósito. OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos do etil-cianoacrilato na parede venosa de cães. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 42 cães, sem raça definida, adultos, machos, com peso variando entre 10 a 13 kg, distribuídos de modo aleatório, em três grupos: grupo 1, avaliados após 7 dias, grupo 2 , 14 dias e grupo 3 , 21 dias. O procedimento foi realizado em duas fases. A primeira constou da injeção de 1 ml de etil-cianoacrilato, por punção única, na veia cefálica do membro torácico do cão. A segunda, realizada 7, 14 e 21 dias após, constou da retirada da peça operatória, contendo o polímero no seu interior e da veia contralateral, sem o mesmo, como controle. Para estudo histológico utilizou-se o método da hematoxilina-eosina. Variáveis estudadas: obliteração, reações inflamatórias: aguda e crônica, tecido de granulação e lesão de parede das veias. RESULTADOS: A obliteração ocorreu em todos cães estudados, nos períodos de 7, 14 e 21 dias. A reação inflamatória surgiu no período de 7 dias e foi encontrada em todos animais aos 14 e 21 dias. O tecido de granulação após 21 dias. A lesão de parede venosa ocorreu em todas veias estudadas. CONCLUSÃO: O etil-cianoacrilato em contato com a parede interna de veia superficial provoca obliteração da veia e lesão da parede venosa de cães.

Automata, Logic and Semantics

The Portuguese Divisory Sector is an original biogeographical unit within the Gaditano-Onubo-Algarvish Province of the Mediterranean chorological region. There are four superdistricts along its coastal area: "Olissiponense", "Sintrano", "Costeiro Português" (Portuguese Coastal) and "Berlenguense". The portuguese Coastal superdistric has not been sufficiently studied; it is the largest and its transitional biogeographical character lies between those of the Mediterranean and Eurosiberian regions due to its paleo-ecological history and joint position in relation to Atlantic and Mediterranean floristic migratory pathways. Due to these multiple influences a wealth of original taxa and syntaxa are found there which make large areas of the region suited for biodiversity conservation. In this work we characterise briefly 27 plant associations of dunes and sea-cliffs. Endemic or protected taxa and communities are cited. We also propose four new syntaxes.

Com base na RDC/ANVISA 67/2007, avaliou-se o serviço prestado na dispensação de sinvastatina cápsulas em farmácias magistrais. Vinte e quatro (16%) das 150 farmácias magistrais foram aleatoriamente selecionadas nas regiões de Belo Horizonte-MG, observando a distribuição geográfica. A qualidade do produto, os aspectos da dispensação e o custo foram considerados em estudos de correlação. Os resultados foram submetidos a análises estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Em apenas 25% destas farmácias, o fax da prescrição foi solicitado. Todos os pedidos foram entregues no prazo, porém sem comprovação da dispensação. Em uma das entregas, o medicamento era o incorreto. Seis (25%) dos produtos apresentaram rotulagem incompleta (ausência de posologia 16,3% ou de identificação do médico/paciente 8,7%). Apenas 11 (45,8%) das amostras apresentaram qualidade satisfatória. O custo do medicamento manipulado variou entre R$20,40 e R$44,00 com valor médio R$31,18. Não se observou associação entre a qualidade do medicamento e os aspectos do custo, prazo de entrega e localização geográfica. Verifica-se que a maioria das farmácias magistrais ainda precisa adequar-se à legislação para garantir à população uma assistência farmacêutica de qualidade.

This article discusses a survey on the technology of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in various areas of knowledge and applied particularly in polymers, with scientific articles and patents as sources of information. All the data were mined using “computational”, “fluid” and “dynamic” as keywords. It was observed that private companies are responsible for regulatory filings and universities, research centers and institutes hold patents related to CFD. Moreover, most of the papers selected have authors affiliated with universities and research institutes. From the found papers, 25% are related to polymers, surpassing the percentage of 10% found in the analysis of patents.

Entrevista concedida por ocasio do VIII Seminrio Nacional de Literatura, Histria e Memria1, realizado nos dias 21,22 e 23 de outubro de 2008, na Unioeste, campus de Cascavel PR Brasil. Entrevistadores: Prof. Jos Carlos da Costa2 e Prof. Nilceu Jacob Deitos

Lesão isquêmica e reperfusão das extremidades pode resultar em síndrome metabólica sistêmica, grave e complexa, caracterizada por insuficiência renal aguda, mioglobinúria, acidose metabólica, produção acentuada de radicais livres e hipercalemia. Neste estudo, investigamos as alterações funcionais e histológicas dos rins após isquemia e reperfusão dos músculos esqueléticos dos membros posteriores. Os ratos foram submetidos à ligadura da aorta infra-renal por 6 e 12 h. Os animais foram randomizados em quatro grupos de 10 ratos: Grupo I, 6 h de isquemia e 24 h de reperfusão; Grupo II, 12 h de isquemia e 24 h de reperfusão; Grupo III, 6 h de isquemia e 10 dias de reperfusão; Grupo IV sham, sem isquemia ou reperfusão. Amostras de sangue ao término da experiência e o volume de urina nas primeiras 24 h de reperfusão no grupo I e II; e no último dia no grupo III foram coletadas para análise funcional. Os parâmetros da função renal estudados foram: creatinina plasmática, depuração de creatinina e a relação urinária do sódio urinário/creatinina. Histologicamente, avaliamos semi-quantitativamente, o índice de lesões túbulo-intersticiais. Os resultados evidenciaram aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de creatinina e alterações estruturais nos rins dos animais dos grupos com isquemia e reperfusão. Dez dias após a reperfusão houve recuperação da função renal embora as alterações histológicas ainda persistissem.

The Portuguese Divisory Sector is an original biogeographical unit within the Gaditano-Onubo-Algarvish Province of the Mediterranean chorological region. There are four superdistricts along its coastal area: "Olissiponense", "Sintrano", "Costeiro Português" (Portuguese Coastal) and "Berlenguense". The portuguese Coastal superdistric has not been sufficiently studied; it is the largest and its transitional biogeographical character lies between those of the Mediterranean and Eurosiberian regions due to its paleo-ecological history and joint position in relation to Atlantic and Mediterranean floristic migratory pathways. Due to these multiple influences a wealth of original taxa and syntaxa are found there which make large areas of the region suited for biodiversity conservation. In this work we characterise briefly 27 plant associations of dunes and sea-cliffs. Endemic or protected taxa and communities are cited. We also propose four new syntaxes.

The development of the postnephrectomy arteriovenous fistula (PNAVF) between the renal vessels stumps is rare. Here we present a case report of PNAVF, and review the diagnosis, treatment and prevention.The most common clinical features include a loud murmur over the previous nephrectomy scar, and heart failure resistant to common medical treatment. A 58-year-old white woman was admitted to the hospital for a complete evaluation of an unexplained congestive heart failure with no response to common medical treatment. She had had a right nephrectomy for pyonephrosis 13 years before. The diagnosis of PNAVF was suspected because over the right lumbar region a definite trill was palpated, and on auscultation a harsh, machinery-like murmur was heard.The diagnosis was confirmed by aortogram and selective renal arteriography. In May 1989, the right arteriovenous was excised through a right subcostal transperitoneal approach. The renal vessel stumps were individually ligated and sutured separately close to aorta and vena cava. The patient's postoperative course was entirely uneventful in the following seven years. We conclude that during nephrectomy, the renal vessels should be ligated separately, and the transfixation in mass of the stumps avoided to prevent arteriovenous fistula.

The anatomical variations of renal veins observed during 342 nephrectomies in living donors are described, 311 cases on the left side and 31 on the right. The following anatomy of the renocava veins was observed: 1. On the left side the renal vein was always unique (311/311) and had two tributaries (suprarenal and gonadal veins) in 100 per cent and one or more renolumbar veins in 65.27 per cent, encircling the aorta in 1.07 per cent, was retroaortic in 1.4 per cent; and the inferior vena cava was double in 0.64 per cent; B- on the right side the renal vein was double in 29 per cent (9/31) and had only one tributary (gonadal vein) in one case, for 3.22 per cent (1/ 31); three or more renal veins in 9.7 per cent (3/31). We concluded that the left renal vein is always unique, presenting variations principally in its tributaries and trajectory. On the right side, the renal vein was double or triple in 38.79 per cent

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography is currently used in investigating many vascular diseases, especially for guiding vascular access. OBJECTIVE: The objective here was to summarize the evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews (SRs) on the effects of ultrasound-guided vascular access as an intervention approach. DESIGN AND SETTING: Review of SRs, conducted in the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHODS: A broad search was conducted in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to retrieve any Cochrane SRs that assessed the effects of ultrasound guidance as a therapeutic approach towards performing any vascular access. The key characteristics and results of all the reviews included were summarized and discussed. RESULTS: Three SRs on venous access at all ages and one review on arterial access in pediatric participants were included. There was low to moderate certainty of evidence that ultrasound increased the success rate from the first puncture and the overall success rate of the procedure; and reduced the total rate of perioperative and postoperative adverse events, number of punctures, time needed to achieve success and rate of failure to place catheters. CONCLUSION: Evidence of low to moderate quality showed that ultrasound-guided vascular access seems to reduce the total rate of perioperative and postoperative complications/adverse effects, number of punctures, time needed to achieve success and rate of failure to perform venous catheterization in adults and arterial punctures in children. There is a lack of information regarding ultrasound-guided arterial puncture in adults. Further studies are still imperative for reaching solid conclusions, especially regarding arterial ultrasound-guided access.

OBJECTIVE: The ligation of the left renal vein (LLVR) in man is a contraversial procedure in view of the risks of lesion to the renal parenchyma. With the objective of studying the morphologic and functional alterations caused by these lesions, we conducted experimental research with rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 64 male adult EPM1-WISTAR rats were used, divided into 8 groups - 4 for LLRV and four for control. Each LLRV group and corresponding control group were sacrificed progressively on the 7th, 15th, 30th and 60th day after the initial surgery. RESULTS: We found morphofunctional alterations only in animals that underwent LLRV in the four periods of sacrifice.The proteinuria creatinine in serum, testosterone in serum and serum corticosterone in serum showed practically no alteration in relation to the normal values for rats. Statistically significant severe histological lesions were found in the kidneys and testes of the LLRV groups. Lesions in the suprarenal glands were also present in these groups, but no sufficient to demonstrate statistical significance CONCLUSION: Based on these results we can conclude that the ligation of the left renal vein is a procedure of high risk in these animals.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência, o perfil clínico e as estratégias operatórias dos ferimentos de Veia Cava Inferior (VCI). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 76 doentes com ferimento de VCI atendidos nos dois prontossocorros de Manaus, no período de janeiro de 1997 a julho de 2002. Mecanismo de lesão, mortalidade, estado hemodinâmico, índice de trauma abdominal penetrante (PATI), achados intra-operatórios e conduta cirúrgica foram estudados. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e nove (65%) doentes sofreram lesão por arma branca, 26 (34%) por arma de fogo e um por traumatismo abdominal fechado. Quarenta e um (54%) doentes sobreviveram. Quase todos chegaram acordados, entretanto 40% estavam hipotensos (pressão arterial sistólica < 70mmHg). O índice de trauma abdominal penetrante (PATI) médio foi maior que 40. À laparotomia, todos demonstraram sangramento retroperitoneal ativo ou hematoma retroperitoneal em expansão. Vinte e um pacientes possuíam lesão de VCI retro-hepática, enquanto nos outros 55 a lesão era infra-hepática. O reparo operatório predominante foi a venorrafia lateral em 65 doentes. Houve necessidade de tóraco-freno-laparotomia em quatro doentes do total de oito doentes que foram à toracotomia direita por lesão retro-hepática. Foram realizados shunts átrio-cavais em seis doentes, dos quais três sobreviveram. CONCLUSÕES: O ferimento de VCI é uma lesão de alta letalidade e possui uma relação intrínseca com a violência urbana. A sobrevivência depende de uma imediata e vigorosa reposição de volume, um manejo operatório adequado e todo esforço em evitar-se hipotermia.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The present study was performed to measure kidney weight and volume among living donors of both sexes in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional survey carried out between December 2001 and August 2004. METHODS: Kidney transplantations from 219 living donors were analyzed for this study. The kidneys were weighed in grams on a single-pan digital balance just after drainage of the perfusion fluid and removal of the perirenal fat. The kidney volume was determined in milliliters by water displacement. RESULTS: The mean age at nephroureterectomy was 44 ± 9.5. The donor organs came from the left side in 172 cases and from the right side in 47 cases. The weights and volumes of the right and left kidneys were, respectively, 169.83 ± 29.91 g and 157.38 ± 31.84 ml; and 173.00 ± 33.52 g and 160.34 ± 34.40 ml. The differences between the sides were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: According to the present study, kidney weight cannot be the only factor determining the side on which nephroureterectomy is performed, because of the lack of statistical significance between the two sides. On average, females donate lower nephron doses than males do, which could in some transplants result in allograft damage.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The timing of surgery for recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis remains controversial. Early cerebral revascularization may prevent a disabling or fatal ischemic recurrence, but it may also increase the risk of hemorrhagic transformation, or of dislodging a thrombus. This review examined the randomized controlled evidence that addressed whether the increased risk of recurrent events outweighed the increased benefit of an earlier intervention. OBJECTIVES: To assess the risks and benefits of performing very early cerebral revascularization (within two days) compared with delayed treatment (after two days) for people with recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. METHODS: Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register in January 2016, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; The Cochrane Library 2016, issue 1), MEDLINE (1948 to 26 January 2016), EMBASE (1974 to 26 January 2016), LILACS (1982 to 26 January 2016), and trial registers (from inception to 26 January 2016). We also handsearched conference proceedings and journals, and searched reference lists. There were no language restrictions. We contacted colleagues and pharmaceutical companies to identify further studies and unpublished trials Selection criteria: All completed, truly randomized trials (RCT) that compared very early cerebral revascularization (within two days) with delayed treatment (after two days) for people with recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Data collection and analysis: We independently selected trials for inclusion according to the above criteria, assessed risk of bias for each trial, and performed data extraction. We utilized an intention-to-treat analysis strategy. MAIN RESULTS: We identified one RCT that involved 40 participants, and addressed the timing of surgery for people with recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. It compared very early surgery with surgery performed after 14 days of the last symptomatic event. The overall quality of the evidence was very low, due to the small number of participants from only one trial, and missing outcome data. We found no statistically significant difference between the effects of very early or delayed surgery in reducing the combined risk of stroke and death within 30 days of surgery (risk ratio (RR) 3.32; confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 29.23; very low-quality evidence), or the combined risk of perioperative death and stroke (RR 0.47; CI 0.14 to 1.58; very low-quality evidence). To date, no results are available to confirm the optimal timing for surgery. AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS: There is currently no high-quality evidence available to support either very early or delayed cerebral revascularization after a recent ischemic stroke. Hence, further randomized trials to identify which patients should undergo very urgent revascularization are needed. Future studies should stratify participants by age group, sex, grade of ischemia, and degree of stenosis. Currently, there is one ongoing RCT that is examining the timing of cerebral revascularization.