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Este trabajo de investigación histórica trata de analizar uno de los instrumentos que sostuvieron la estructura espiritual de la Monarquía Católica durante la Modernidad. El 20 de julio de 1591, Gregorio XIV elevó en archicofradía la hermandad de la Santísima Resurrección, radicada en Roma. Entre otras prerrogativas, concedió a sus oficiales el privilegio de poder agregar las demás cofradías que llevaran este título en las distintas villas y ciudades de la Monarquía Hispánica. Además, les autorizó a transmitirles las mismas gracias espirituales, indulgencias e inmunidades que gozaban por concesión del papa desde su fundación, en 1579. En la práctica, las cofradías que se afiliaron a la archicofradía romana, al menos 118, desde Manila hasta Ciudad de México, crearon una red sobrenatural que fortaleció el sentimiento de pertenencia a un proyecto plurinacional, la Monarquía Católica, con dos ejes bien delimitados: el rey y la confesión de fe católica y romana.

Este trabajo de investigación histórica trata de interpretar el cisma que tuvo lugar en la diócesis de Ávila entre 1821 y 1822. La enfermedad física e intelectual del obispo y las consecuencias de la política liberal del coronel Rafael del Riego complicaron la situación. En un intento de solución, intervinieron el nuncio Giacomo Giustiniani y el cardenal Ercole Consalvi, secretario de Estado del Vaticano. El problema de comunión eclesial solo se resolvió, en parte, con la muerte del obispo, en julio de 1822. La propuesta del Gobierno de nombrar sucesor en la persona de José Antonio García Tejero, que había protagonizado el cisma, reabrió el debate sobre la relación entre la Iglesia y el Estado en la España contemporánea.

Abstract Background 3D printing and distributed manufacturing represent a paradigm shift in the health system that is becoming critical during the COVID-19 pandemic. University hospitals are also taking on the role of manufacturers of custom-made solutions thanks to 3D printing technology. Case Presentation We present a monocentric observational case study regarding the distributed manufacturing of three groups of products during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic from 14 March to 10 May 2020: personal protective equipment, ventilatory support, and diagnostic and consumable products. Networking during this period has enabled the delivery of a total of 17,276 units of products manufactured using 3D printing technology. The most manufactured product was the face shields and ear savers, while the one that achieved the greatest clinical impact was the mechanical ventilation adapters and swabs. The products were manufactured by individuals in 57.3% of the cases, and our hospital acted as the main delivery node in a hub with 10 other hospitals. The main advantage of this production model is the fast response to stock needs, being able to adapt almost in real time. Conclusions The role of 3D printing in the hospital environment allows the reconciliation of in-house and distributed manufacturing with traditional production, providing custom-made adaptation of the specifications, as well as maximum efficiency in the working and availability of resources, which is of special importance at critical times for health systems such as the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Este trabajo trata de interpretar cómo se pudo alcanzar la restauración de la estructura diocesana en Ávila, durante los siglos XI y XII, en un proceso más amplio de repoblación de los Extrema Durii castellanos. Frente al modelo propuesto por Sánchez-Albornoz, la historiografía contemporánea ya no contempla la hipótesis sobre la despoblación total de los valles y las serranías centrales durante los siglos IX y X. Pero hoy tampoco hay duda de que en este territorio, durante la Alta Edad Media, la estructura de poder institucional de la Iglesia quedó desmantelada. La obra de Alfonso VI y Raimundo de Borgoña parece estar detrás de la reinstalación de los titulares de la mitra en la ciudad de Ávila.

This work analyzed the use of Microsoft HoloLens 2 in orthopedic oncological surgeries and compares it to its predecessor (Microsoft HoloLens 1). Specifically, we developed two equivalent applications, one for each device, and evaluated the augmented reality (AR) projection accuracy in an experimental scenario using phantoms based on two patients. We achieved automatic registration between virtual and real worlds using patient-specific surgical guides on each phantom. They contained a small adaptor for a 3D-printed AR marker, the characteristic patterns of which were easily recognized using both Microsoft HoloLens devices. The newest model improved the AR projection accuracy by almost 25%, and both of them yielded an RMSE below 3 mm. After ascertaining the enhancement of the second model in this aspect, we went a step further with Microsoft HoloLens 2 and tested it during the surgical intervention of one of the patients. During this experience, we collected the surgeons’ feedback in terms of comfortability, usability, and ergonomics. Our goal was to estimate whether the improved technical features of the newest model facilitate its implementation in actual surgical scenarios. All of the results point to Microsoft HoloLens 2 being better in all the aspects affecting surgical interventions and support its use in future experiences.

Patient-specific instruments (PSIs) have become a valuable tool for osteotomy guidance in complex surgical scenarios such as pelvic tumor resection. They provide similar accuracy to surgical navigation systems but are generally more convenient and faster. However, their correct placement can become challenging in some anatomical regions, and it cannot be verified objectively during the intervention. Incorrect installations can result in high deviations from the planned osteotomy, increasing the risk of positive resection margins. In this work, we propose to use augmented reality (AR) to guide and verify PSIs placement. We designed an experiment to assess the accuracy provided by the system using a smartphone and the HoloLens 2 and compared the results with the conventional freehand method. The results showed significant differences, where AR guidance prevented high osteotomy deviations, reducing maximal deviation of 54.03 mm for freehand placements to less than 5 mm with AR guidance. The experiment was performed in two versions of a plastic three-dimensional (3D) printed phantom, one including a silicone layer to simulate tissue, providing more realism. We also studied how differences in shape and location of PSIs affect their accuracy, concluding that those with smaller sizes and a homogeneous target surface are more prone to errors. Our study presents promising results that prove AR’s potential to overcome the present limitations of PSIs conveniently and effectively.

Primary patellar tumors are highly unusual. Most are benign neoplasms with giant-cell tumors being the most common, followed by chondroblastomas and aneurysmal bone cysts. Intralesional curettage and bone grafting is the treatment of choice for most giant-cell tumors in the patella. The use of adjuvants can reduce the high recurrence rate. This is a case report of a giant-cell tumor in a 61-year-old man who was diagnosed with a pathological fracture in the patella after minimal trauma. Extended curettage through an osteotomy made in the medial cortical of the patella was performed. The tumor cavity was filled with high viscosity bone cement and the medial cortical was repositioned. Histological analysis showed mononuclear cells and numerous multinucleated giant cells, confirming the diagnosis. Twenty-four months after surgery, the patient was asymptomatic and there was no evidence of local recurrence. Epidemiology, symptomatology, imagenology, histopathology, treatment options and prognoses of giant-cell tumors of the patella are discussed herein. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2017; 6(2.000): 112-116]

El interés por la relación existente entre la corrupción y el sector privado se ha incrementado en los últimos tiempos. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar este asunto con efectos sociales desde una doble perspectiva; por una parte, conocer la realidad actual de la divulgación sobre corrupción en las empresas españolas del Ibex 35 para, posteriormente, tratar de analizar cuáles son las motivaciones subyacentes de tales prácticas y las posibles implicaciones en la gestión interna. Para alcanzar este objetivo, inicialmente realizamos un análisis exploratorio de la información relativa a la corrupción emitida por las empresas del Ibex 35 en sus memorias de sostenibilidad y, posteriormente, –basándonos en la Teoría de la Legitimidad– realizamos una entrevista en profundidad con un ejecutivo responsable de la RSC, con el objetivo de detectar las motivaciones y las implicaciones en la gestión. Las conclusiones alcanzadas son: en primer lugar, la información sobre corrupción aportada por las empresas se puede concretar en tres aspectos generales (política contra la corrupción, auditorías y sistemas de control, y los mecanismos de implementación). En segundo lugar, hemos identificado tres clusters en las empresas, destacando en este agrupamiento por su particular comportamiento, la compañía Telefónica. Por último, al analizar el caso de esta compañía, hemos observado cómo pretende mantener un nivel alto de legitimidad; para ello, intenta cumplir con las normas socialmente establecidas, y emplea la divulgación para continuar con su estatus de “empresa legítima”, e intenta generar valor y confianza. Sin embargo, los procedimientos en relación a la gestión de la corrupción parecen no haber alcanzado el nivel de concreción que en la actualidad se les exige.

In recent decades, publications of sustainability reports from a variety of organisations all over the world have significantly increased. Most of these companies are large and belong to the secondary and tertiary sector. This paper uses stakeholder theory to attempt to contribute to the development of sustainability reports specifically related to farming operations. This paper also uses the Delphi methodology to collect information from different stakeholders that, in turn, represent different groups of agents within the organisations involved. The conclusions indicate a difference in the assessments from the three subgroups of experts that comprise the panel.

The aim of this study is to analyse the incentives for Spanish organisations that have adopted a voluntary code of conduct such as the United Nations Global Compact – GC. In the light of the sociological approach of neoinstitutional theory, we sought to determine the main isomorphic processes that result from joining the GC and factors of the institutional field that might undermine the legitimacy of organisations participating in this voluntary initiative. On the one hand, the main results, while not conclusive, showed that Spanish participants in the GC have more than one reason for joining the initiative. The study's findings suggest that both institutional processes of mimetic isomorphism and normative isomorphism explain participation in the GC, which emphasizes the improvement in employee satisfaction, an improvement in customer satisfaction and also the fact of being part of sustainable development efforts. On the other hand, it can be asserted that the respondent organisations do not perceive major threats from the institutional environment that might undermine the legitimacy gained by joining the GC. Nonetheless, the Spanish organisations participating in the GC highlight the fact that the main institutional factor that might undermine the organization's legitimacy is weak governance and corruption.

During the last decade, orthopedic oncology has experienced the benefits of computerized medical imaging to reduce human dependency, improving accuracy and clinical outcomes. However, traditional surgical navigation systems do not always adapt properly to this kind of interventions. Augmented reality (AR) and three-dimensional (3D) printing are technologies lately introduced in the surgical environment with promising results. Here we present an innovative solution combining 3D printing and AR in orthopedic oncological surgery. A new surgical workflow is proposed, including 3D printed models and a novel AR-based smartphone application (app). This app can display the patient’s anatomy and the tumor’s location. A 3D-printed reference marker, designed to fit in a unique position of the affected bone tissue, enables automatic registration. The system has been evaluated in terms of visualization accuracy and usability during the whole surgical workflow. Experiments on six realistic phantoms provided a visualization error below 3 mm. The AR system was tested in two clinical cases during surgical planning, patient communication, and surgical intervention. These results and the positive feedback obtained from surgeons and patients suggest that the combination of AR and 3D printing can improve efficacy, accuracy, and patients’ experience.

Surgical navigation techniques have shown potential benefits in orthopedic oncologic surgery. However, the translation of these results to acral tumor resection surgeries is challenging due to the large number of joints with complex movements of the affected areas (located in distal extremities). This study proposes a surgical workflow that combines an intraoperative open-source navigation software, based on a multi-camera tracking, with desktop three-dimensional (3D) printing for accurate navigation of these tumors. Desktop 3D printing was used to fabricate patient-specific 3D printed molds to ensure that the distal extremity is in the same position both in preoperative images and during image-guided surgery (IGS). The feasibility of the proposed workflow was evaluated in two clinical cases (soft-tissue sarcomas in hand and foot). The validation involved deformation analysis of the 3D-printed mold after sterilization, accuracy of the system in patient-specific 3D-printed phantoms, and feasibility of the workflow during the surgical intervention. The sterilization process did not lead to significant deformations of the mold (mean error below 0.20 mm). The overall accuracy of the system was 1.88 mm evaluated on the phantoms. IGS guidance was feasible during both surgeries, allowing surgeons to verify enough margin during tumor resection. The results obtained have demonstrated the viability of combining open-source navigation and desktop 3D printing for acral tumor surgeries. The suggested framework can be easily personalized to any patient and could be adapted to other surgical scenarios.

Este artículo estudia la situación del clero de la Península Ibérica durante la Reforma Gregoriana, en el siglo XI. La existencia de las iglesias y monasterios propios, la injerencia laica en la provisión de los beneficios, y los clérigos nicolaítas y simoníacos exigieron la actuación decidida de los reformadores enviados directamente por el papa León IX (1049-1054) y por sus sucesores, en particular Alejandro II (1061-1073) y Gregorio VII (1073-1085), que dio nombre a la reforma. La peculiaridad hispánica de la reforma, imbuida durante siglos en la repoblación cristiana del territorio, exigió algunos de los instrumentos más importantes de este momento: los sínodos diocesanos, convocados y presididos por los legados pontificios, y la erección de comunidades de canónigos regulares, según la Regla de san Agustín.

Objective – This paper analyzes whether the anti-corruption reporting practices of the companies are a reflection of adequate anti-corruption systems put in place by companies, or whether the disclosure is merely a tool for companies to improve their reputation and thus maintain their legitimacy. Design/methodology/approach – We apply the PLS method to the collected data in a content analysis of the sustainability reports of 31 companies within the Ibex 35 in December 2008. Theoretical foundation – In the analysis, we use both the legitimacy theory and the stakeholder theory, because we consider them as complementary theories and consistent with our approach. Findings – The results show that regarding the corruption issue there is a negative relationship between disclosure and performance, that is, companies with poor performance disclose more. On the other hand, the results reflect the existence of a positive relationship between disclosure and reputation, i.e. report information to interested parties enhances the perception of stakeholders about the company. This finding could be justified by the above two theories. However, we can’t conclude that companies with good performance disclose information to key stakeholders in order to strengthen relations, as stated by the stakeholder theory. Practical implications – this study provides evidence of how companies use non-financial reporting-specifically anti-corruption data- to improve corporate reputation. It is also noted that reporting practices not necessarily have to be in accordance with the actual anti-corruption practices of firms.

Vascular injuries are a rare complication after arthroscopic knee surgery. Pseudoaneurysm of the superior lateral genicular artery occurred in a 14-year-old patient after a routine lateral release arthroscopy. The diagnosis was confirmed on a computed tomography scan with intravenous contrast. An arteriogram also demonstrated the pseudoaneurysm that was successfully obliterated with microcoils. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of pseudoaneurysm of a superior lateral geniculate artery after an entirely arthroscopic knee surgery. Moreover, this is the first case of pseudoaneurysm around the knee in a pediatric patient after this procedure. Diagnosis and treatment options of arterial pseudoaneurysms following knee arthroscopy are discussed. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2017; 6(1.000): 38-40]

In this research, the performance and movements of amateur and professional cyclists were analyzed. For this, reflective markers have been used on different parts of the body of the participants in conjunction with sports cameras and a mobile power meter. The trajectories of the markers have been obtained with the software Kinovea and subsequently analyzed using error ellipses. It is demonstrated that the error ellipses help determine movement patterns in the knees, back, and hip. The covariance of the error ellipses can be indicative of the alignment and symmetry of the frontal movement of the knees. In addition, it allows verifying the alignment of the spine and the symmetry of the hip. Finally, it is shown that it is necessary to consider the uncertainty of the power devices since it considerably affects the evaluation of the cyclists’ performance. Devices with high uncertainty will demand a greater effort from the cyclist to meet the power required in the endurance test developed. The statistical magnitudes considered help to analyze power and evaluate the cyclists’ performance.

The regular canons of Saint ruf of Avignon, after 1039, were the first communities of priest which, as a permanent, continuous and exportable model, followed the rule of Saint Augustine as a fundamental norm and clear realization of the evangelical provisions for their life. This work studies their implantation in the Iberican Peninsula after 1069 and their presence, after various advances and some frustrated attempts, throughout all the High Middle ages, in some prominent monasteries.

The aim of this study is to analyse the incentives for Spanish organisations that have adopted a voluntary code of conduct such as the United Nations Global Compact – GC. In the light of the sociological approach of neoinstitutional theory, we sought to determine the main isomorphic processes that result from joining the GC and factors of the institutional field that might undermine the legitimacy of organisations participating in this voluntary initiative.On the one hand, the main results, while not conclusive, showed that Spanish participants in the GC have more than one reason for joining the initiative. The study’s findings suggest that both institutional processes of mimetic isomorphism and normative isomorphism explain participation in the GC, which emphasizes the improvement in employee satisfaction, an improvement in customer satisfaction and also the fact of being part of sustainable development efforts.On the other hand, it can be asserted that the respondent organisations do not perceive major threats from the institutional environment that might undermine the legitimacy gained by joining the GC. Nonetheless, the Spanish organisations participating in the GC highlight the fact that the main institutional factor that might undermine the organization’s legitimacy is weak governance and corruption.RESUMENEl presente trabajo examina la incidencia que la adopción del Pacto Mundial de Naciones Unidas –PM– ha tenido en organizaciones españolas. En concreto, el objetivo es aportar evidencia sobre las motivaciones que impulsan a un grupo de entidades a participar en esta iniciativa voluntaria. Basándonos en el enfoque sociológico de la teoría neoinstitucional, analizamos los principales procesos de isomorfismo resultantes del proceso de adhesión, así como aquellos factores del entorno institucional que pueden llegar a mermar su legitimidad.Los resultados, aunque no concluyentes, muestran que las organizaciones españolas tienen más de una razón que justifica su participación en la iniciativa del PM. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos, los procesos de isomorfismo mimético e isomorfismo normativo explicarían las razones de la adhesión. “Aumentar la satisfacción de los empleados”, “sentirnos parte de los esfuerzos en pos del desarrollo sostenible” y “aumentar la satisfacción de los clientes”, son las opciones que mayor índice de respuesta han obtenido.En relación a los factores institucionales que pueden llegar a mermar la legitimidad de las organizaciones adheridas al PM en nuestro país, las organizaciones encuestadas afirman que el principal factor institucional estaría relacionado con la gestión pública débil y la corrupción.

El interés por la relación existente entre la corrupción y el sector privado se ha incrementado en los últimos tiempos. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar este asunto con efectos sociales desde una doble perspectiva; por una parte, conocer la realidad actual de la divulgación sobre corrupción en las empresas españolas del Ibex 35 para, posteriormente, tratar de analizar cuáles son las motivaciones subyacentes de tales prácticas y las posibles implicaciones en la gestión interna. Para alcanzar este objetivo, inicialmente realizamos un análisis exploratorio de la información relativa a la corrupción emitida por las empresas del Ibex 35 en sus memorias de sostenibilidad y, posteriormente, –basándonos en la Teoría de la Legitimidad– realizamos una entrevista en profundidad con un ejecutivo responsable de la RSC, con el objetivo de detectar las motivaciones y las implicaciones en la gestión. Las conclusiones alcanzadas son: en primer lugar, la información sobre corrupción aportada por las empresas se puede concretar en tres aspectos generales (política contra la corrupción, auditorías y sistemas de control, y los mecanismos de implementación). En segundo lugar, hemos identificado tres clusters en las empresas, destacando en este agrupamiento por su particular comportamiento, la compañía Telefónica. Por último, al analizar el caso de esta compañía, hemos observado cómo pretende mantener un nivel alto de legitimidad; para ello, intenta cumplir con las normas socialmente establecidas, y emplea la divulgación para continuar con su estatus de “empresa legítima”, e intenta generar valor y confianza. Sin embargo, los procedimientos en relación a la gestión de la corrupción parecen no haber alcanzado el nivel de concreción que en la actualidad se les exige.Interest in the relationship between corruption and the private sector has increased in recent times. This paper aims to explore this issue with social effects from a double perspective: on one hand, knowing the reality of the disclosure of corruption in the IBEX 35 Spanish companies, and later try to analyze what are the underlying motivations for such practices and possible implications for internal management. To achieve this goal, initially conducted an exploratory analysis of information on corruption issued by the Ibex 35 companies in their sustainability reports and then –based on the Legitimacy Theory– conducted an in depth interview with a person responsible for CSR, in order to detect the motivations and implications in management. The conclusions reached are: firstly, the information on corruption provided by the companies can specify in three general aspects (anti-corruption policy, audit and control systems, and mechanisms of implementation). Secondly, we have identified three clusters in the companies, highlighting the company Telefonica because of it particular behaviour. Lastly, when analyzing the case of this company, we have seen how it intends to maintain a high level of legitimacy, for it attempts to comply with rules socially constructed, and used the disclosure to continue its status as a “legitimate business” and try to create value and confidence. However, the procedures relating to the management of corruption not seem to have reached the level of specificity that is currently required.

Desde su aparición en la década de 1970, el tema de la corrupción ha sido objeto de un creciente número de estudios académicos desde diferentes disciplinas. La lucha legal contra la corrupción cobró especial impulso a través del Convenio de la OECD para combatir el soborno a los funcionarios públicos en transacciones de negocios internacionales y también a través de la adopción del primer instrumento acordado a nivel global: el Convenio de la ONU contra la corrupción, acordado en octubre de 2003. Distintos organismos internacionales también han promovido herramientas de implantación voluntaria con objeto de ayudar a las organizaciones a gestionar sistemas de control para erradicar la corrupción. En este trabajo se presentan las principales herramientas internacionales orientadas a agotar las prácticas corruptas haciendo especial hincapié en el 10mo Principio en contra de la corrupción contenido en el Pacto Mundial de las Naciones Unidas. Como sucede con los otros nueve principios, se alienta a las empresas a que informen sobre su avance en la implementación del 10mo Principio a través de los Informes de Progreso, incluyendo:  Una descripción de las acciones prácticas que se han tomado para implementar los principios,  y la medición de los resultados obtenidos. Para informar sobre la medición de los resultados, el Pacto Mundial recomienda el uso de los indicadores de la GRI (Global Reporting Initiative). Este trabajo analiza cómo las empresas españolas adheridas al Pacto Mundial de Naciones Unidas informan sobre la Corrupción en sus Memorias de Sostenibilidad a través del indicador SO2 de la GRI.

RESUMEN: Este artículo trata de aportar nuevos elementos al estudio de la reforma católica en Castilla durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos a partir de un ejemplo: el sínodo diocesano celebrado en Ávila en 1481 a cargo del obispo Alfonso de Fonseca. En él se contribuye a poner en cuestión la concepción historiogràfica tradicional que centraba todo el protagonismo reformador en el concilio de Trento (1545-1563) y, de acuerdo a los nuevos estudios, adelanta más de setenta años, antes incluso de las tesis de Martín Lutero, el inicio de la reforma en la Iglesia Católica. La petición que hace el canon sexto del cuarto concilio de Letrán (1215) provoca la celebración de numerosos sínodos en distintas diócesis cuya contribución a la reforma se quiere poner de manifiesto en este artículo.ABSTRACT: This paper presents new elements for the study of Catholic reform in Castile during the reign of the Catholic Monaschs through one example: the diocesan synod which took place in Ávila in 1481 under the leadership of bishop Alfonso de Fonseca. It intends to put into question the traditional historiographie idea which considers the Council of Trent (1545-63) as the only force of reform, by dating the begining of the Catholic Church reform over 70 years ealier, that is, even before Martin Luther's theses. The request made by the sixth canon of the 4th Lateran council (1215) led to a number of synods held in different dioceses, whose contribution to the reform is highlighted in this paper.