Search

Wood-based building materials are environmentally advantageous because of their lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during manufacturing and capability of storing carbon permanently in their struc...

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and the blood biochemical and physiological parameters of Dorper × Santa Ines lambs receiving three levels of metabolizable energy (ME). A completely randomized design with three treatments (ME levels) and eight replicates (lambs) was used. Twenty-four non-castrated male lambs of four months of age and 21.07 ± 3.91 kg body weight (BW) received a diet composed of 40% Tifton 85 hay and 60% concentrate feed, on a dry matter basis. The amount of feed supplied was adjusted to meet 115, 201, and 288 kcal ME per kg of metabolic weight (MW = BW0.75) daily. Average daily gain and the intake of dry matter (g/day and % BW0.75/day), nutrients, and energy increased linearly (P < 0.001) with ME level. The dry matter intake relative to BW (% BW/day) and feed conversion ratio showed quadratic responses (P < 0.05) to ME level. Serum creatinine decreased linearly (P = 0.038), whereas plasma glucose increased linearly (P = 0.045) with ME level. Serum urea presented a high variation (standard error range = ±1.98–6.07 mg/dL) in response to 288 kcal/kg0.75/day of ME supply, and did not stabilize during the trial. Respiratory rate increased linearly (P < 0.001) with ME level at each time of day (morning/afternoon), but with higher intensity in the afternoon. Heart rate and rectal temperature increased linearly (P < 0.001) with ME level. Given that the range of ME level simulated a restricted-to-ad libitum ME intake, the best response in terms of feed efficiency can be obtained with 252 kcal/kg0.75/day of ME supply, which probably reflects the best balance of metabolic and physiological parameters. Thus, in order to achieve high productive performance in tropical environments, feedlot lambs should be fed with high-concentrate diets.

This study reports the detection by RT-PCR and molecular characterization of partial RdRp gene of picobirnavirus (PBV) dsRNA in fecal samples (n = 100) from a meat sheep flock in southern Brazil. The analysis of the results allowed the identification of two important characteristics of PBV infection. The first was the high frequency of infection in the sheep flock evaluated where 62% of the analyzed fecal samples were PBV-positive. The second was the high genetic variability found in field strains of ovine PBV genogroup I circulating in animals of the same sheep flock.

Environmental effects and genetic parameters were estimated for weights at 365 and 550 days for Nellore cattle raised in the Parana State. Least Squared Means methodology, was used to estimate environmental effects. The model included as fixed effects year and month of birth calf, sex and age of dam at calving as a covariate and error as random effects. The variance components were estimated using an animal model considered as fixed effects contemporary group and age of dam. As random effect were composite of direct and maternal genetic additive effects and permanent environment. The genetic trends for direct and maternal effects were estimated by the regression of annual breeding value means on the animals’ year of birth. The heritability were 0.24±0.03 and 0.35±0.05 for direct genetic effect and 0.08±0.03 and 0.03±0.04 for maternal heritability for weights at 365 and 550 days, respectively. The genetic trends of the direct and maternal effects were 0.506 kg/year and -0.184 kg/year for weights at 365 days; and 0.712 kg/year and 0.187 kg/year for weights at 550 days. The results indicate the existence of adequate genetic variability to enable successful selection of breeding stock and realization of genetic gain.

Monensin is a feed additive produced by a strain of Streptomyces cinnamonensis that has been used to improve milk production and feed efficiency by a mechanism linked to rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows. Evaluation on performance, digestibility and blood parameters of crossbred dairy cows supplemented with monensin is still scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of monensin supplementation on intake, digestibility of nutrients, lactational performance and blood parameters in crossbred dairy cows grazing tropical pasture subjected to rotational stocking and supplemented with concentrate. Sixteen crossbred Holstein-Gyr cows (initial milk yield = 20 kg/d; body weight = 505.5 kg ± 47.64) were blocked according to stage of lactation and milk production, and assigned to two treatments in a crossover design. The treatments were (1) control diet (pasture and concentrate) or (2) control diet plus 300 mg per cow per day of sodium monensin. There were 24 paddocks used of 1750 m2 each (total of 42,000 m2) with Tanzania Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), irrigated and managed under intermittent stocking systems. Concentrate supplementation was offered after milking in individual stalls (12.5 m2). The first 18 days were considered an adaptation period, followed by 10 days of the sampling period of milk, feces, blood, pasture and concentrate. The intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), and concentrate as well as the digestibility of CP were similar between treatments. Monensin supplementation increased the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of DM (P = 0.03) and NDFom of crossbred dairy cows. Blood parameters such as glucose and urea were similar among the two groups. Monensin did not affect milk yield and 3.5% fat-corrected milk, but fat and total solids contents were reduced in cows fed ionophore. There was a tendency for the beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) level to be lower, while the nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was reduced in dairy cows supplemented with feed monensin additive. These results demonstrate that monensin may increase the nutrient digestibility and fiber digestion. Furthermore, ionophore use could be beneficial to reduce fat mobilization as the ionophore tended to reduce BHBA with lower NEFA levels. Therefore, monensin has the potential to be used as an additive for crossbred dairy cows grazing on Tanzania-grass pasture (Panicum maximum) under tropical conditions.

Avaliou-se o consumo de alimento, o desempenho animal, a eficiencia alimentar, e o metabolismo proteico e energetico de cordeiros alimentados com racoes contendo niveis crescentes de ureia (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5% da materia seca - MS). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (niveis de inclusao de ureia) e seis repeticoes por tratamento. Os cordeiros foram alimentados a vontade por 56 dias ate atingirem peso corporal (PC) medio de 35 kg. As racoes foram compostas por 34% de feno de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) e 66% de concentrado, com 17% de proteina bruta (PB) e 65% de nutrientes digestiveis totais (NDT), em media, com base na materia seca (MS). O consumo de materia seca (CMS) e de proteina bruta (CPB) nao foram influenciados pelos niveis de inclusao de ureia na racao, apresentando valores medios de 1,175 e 0,206 kg animal-1 dia-1. O ganho medio diario (GMD), a conversao alimentar (CA) e a eficiencia alimentar bruta (EAB) tambem nao foram influenciados pelos niveis de inclusao de ureia e apresentaram valores medios de 0,225 kg dia-1, 5,33 kg de MS kg de ganho-1 e 0,195 kg de ganho kg de MS-1. Com excecao da ureia e da glicose, os metabolitos sanguineos nao foram influenciados pelos niveis de inclusao de ureia na racao. Os valores medios para as concentracoes sericas de proteinas totais, albumina, globulinas e creatinina foram 7,11 g dL-1, 3,36 g dL-1, 3,75 g dL-1 e 0,91 mg dL-1. A ureia serica apresentou resposta linear decrescente, enquanto a glicose serica de apresentou resposta linear crescente ao aumento da inclusao de ureia. A inclusao de ate 1,5% de ureia na MS em racoes isoproteicas nao afeta o consumo de alimento, o desempenho e a eficiencia alimentar, e nao causa prejuizos metabolicos em cordeiros confinados na fase de terminacao.

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of the inclusion of urea in the ration provided to feedlot lambs. Twenty-four non-castrated male lambs, crossbred Dorper, with 2-5 months of age and a body weight (BW) of 25.0 ± 4.3 kg were used. A completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates was adopted, in which the treatments were urea levels of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% in the ration, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Lambs were fed ad libitum for 56 days and slaughtered at a BW of37.9 ± 5.1 kg. The analyzed economic indexes were the cost of the rations, cost of marginal factor (CMF), revenue of marginal factor (RMF), net revenue (NR) and benefit: cost ratio (BCR). The ration without urea presented the highest cost (0.30 US$/kg DM) and the ration with 1.0% DM of urea had the lowest cost (0.23 US$/kg DM). The CMF had a quadratic response to the urea level, reaching the lowest value (0.28 US$/day) with the addition of 0.9 to 1.0% DM of urea. The lowest and the highest NR values were obtained from the rations without and with 1.5% DM of urea, respectively (0.26 and 0.34 US$/day). The ration without urea had a worse BCR (1.74), whereas the ration with 1.0% DM of urea resulted in a better BCR (2.09). A better economic return for lambs finishing in feedlots is obtained with rations containing 1.0 to 1.5% DM of urea. RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a viabilidade econômica da inclusão de ureia na ração fornecida para cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos não castrados, mestiços Dorper, com 2 a 5 meses de idade e 25,0 ± 4,3 kg de peso corporal (PC). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, onde os tratamentos foram os teores de 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% de ureia na ração, com base na matéria seca (MS). Os cordeiros foram alimentados ad libitum por 56 dias e abatidos com 37,9 ± 5,1 kg de PC. Os índices econômicos analisados foram custo das rações, custo do fator marginal (CFM), receita do fator marginal (RFM), receita líquida (RL) e relação benefício:custo (RBC). A ração sem ureia apresentou o maior custo (0,30 US$/kg MS) e a ração com 1,0% MS de ureia teve o menor custo (0,23 US$/kg MS). O CFM apresentou resposta quadrática aos níveis de ureia, alcançando o menor valor (0,28 US$/dia) com a inclusão de 0,9 a 1,0% MS de ureia na ração. O menor e o maior valor de RL foram obtidos a partir das rações sem e com 1,5% MS de ureia, respectivamente (0,26 e 0,34 US$/dia). A ração sem ureia apresentou a pior RBC (1,74), enquanto a ração com 1,0% MS de ureia resultou na melhor RBC (2,09). O melhor retorno econômico na terminação de cordeiros em confinamento é obtido com rações contendo 1,0 a 1,5% MS de ureia.

Resumo A região Centro-Oeste tem se destacado como produtora de carne bovina e, para tanto, produzir com eficiência tem sido a meta dos produtores. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se estimar parâmetros e tendências genéticas para pesos aos 240 (P240) e 420 (P420) dias de idade em bovinos da raça Nelore, criados na região de Goiás, Brasil. Utilizaram-se 48.580 dados para P240 e 28.685 para P420. Os parâmetros genéticos foram obtidos por análises univariadas em que o modelo continha os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos (estação de nascimento - águas e seca -, ano de nascimento, sexo e fazenda) e a covariável idade da vaca. Como efeito aleatório, utilizou-se o efeito aditivo direto e materno para P240 e apenas direto para P420. As tendências genéticas foram obtidas por meio da análise de regressão do valor genético do animal sobre ano de nascimento. Os resultados obtidos de herdabilidade direta foram 0,15 ± 0,02 para P240 e 0,24 ± 0,00 para P420. O ganho genético anual foi de 0,274 kg para P240 e de 0,506 kg P420. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de se obterem maiores ganhos genéticos por meio da seleção, que está sendo mais eficiente sobre o P420. Abstract The Midwest region has excelled as a beef producer and producing efficiently has been the goal of livestock farmers. This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters and trends for weights at 240(W240) and 420(W420) days of age in Nellore cattle, reared in Goias state, Brazil. A total of 48,580 data for W240 and 28,685 for W420 were used. Genetic parameters were obtained by univariate analysis. The model included the fixed effects of contemporary group (birth season-dry and wet-, year of birth, sex and farm) and covariate age of cow. Direct and maternal effects were used as random effect for W240 and the direct effect for W420. The genetic trends were obtained by regression analysis of the genetic value of the animal on the year of birth. The results of direct heritability were 0.15 ± 0.02 for W240 and 0.24 ± 0.00 for W420. The annual genetic gain was 0.311 kg for W240 and 0.511 kg for 420 days of age (W420). The results indicate the possibility of obtaining higher genetic gains through selection; however, the selection is being more efficient at W420.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the carcass and meat traits, and the non-carcass components of crossbred Dorper lambs fed diets with increasing levels of urea (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of dry matter – DM). The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments (urea inclusion levels) and six replicates per treatment. Lambs were fed ad libitum for 56 days and slaughtered at 37.9 ± 5.1 kg of body weight (BW). The weight and yield of carcass before and after cooling were not influenced by urea levels, with average values of 16.9 kg and 44.6% for cold carcass weight and yield. Urea levels did not affect the morphometric measurements, the fat deposition on the carcass, the weight of carcass cuts and the weight of non-carcass components. There was a quadratic effect of urea levels on the loin yield, which may achieve maximum value of 11.31% with the inclusion of 0.84% DM urea in the feed. The pH and the color coordinates L* (brightness), a* (red intensity) and C* (saturation) of the meat also showed quadratic response to the urea levels, where in the minimum value of 5.53 for pH, maximum value of 48.67 for L* and minimum values of 14.04 and 16.21 for a* and C* may be obtained by including 0.53 to 0.70% DM urea in the ration. The inclusion of 0.84% DM urea in the ration is recommended to obtain maximum yield of loin and meat with attractive characteristics to the consumer, which is characterized by high red intensity and brightness. If consumers have preference for lamb meat with a more intense red color, the inclusion of 1.5% DM urea should be considered in the ration formulation. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar as características de carcaça, dos componentes não-carcaça e da carne de cordeiros mestiços Dorper alimentados com rações contendo níveis crescentes de ureia (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5% da matéria seca – MS). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (níveis de inclusão de ureia) e seis repetições por tratamento. Os cordeiros foram alimentados à vontade por 56 dias e abatidos com 37,9 ± 5,1 kg de peso corporal (PC). Os pesos e rendimentos de carcaça antes e após o resfriamento não foram influenciados pelos níveis de inclusão de ureia, com valores médios de 16,9 kg e 44,6% para peso e rendimento de carcaça fria. Os níveis de inclusão de ureia não afetaram as medidas morfométricas, a deposição de gordura e o peso dos cortes da carcaça; e o peso dos componentes não-carcaça. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de inclusão de ureia sobre o rendimento de lombo, que pode alcançar o valor máximo de 11,31% com a inclusão de 0,84% MS de ureia na ração. O pH e as coordenadas de cor L* (luminosidade), a* (intensidade de vermelho) e C* (saturação) da carne também apresentaram resposta quadrática aos níveis de inclusão de ureia, em que o valor mínimo de 5,53 para pH, valor máximo de 48,67 para L* e os valores mínimos de 14,04 e 16,21 para a* e C* podem ser obtidos com a inclusão de 0,53 a 0,70% MS ureia na ração. Recomenda-se a inclusão de 0,84% MS de ureia na ração para a obtenção de máximo rendimento de lombo e de carne com características qualitativas atrativas ao consumidor, que é caracterizada pela boa intensidade de cor vermelha e de brilho. Se os consumidores têm preferência por carne ovina com cor vermelha mais intensa, a inclusão de 1,5% MS de ureia deverá ser considerada na formulação da ração.

Genetic parameters were estimated and the genotype x environment interaction was evaluated for weight adjusted for 420 days old, age at first calving and first calving interval, in females of the Nelore raised in three regions in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The statistical model contained the genetic effects and direct additive (random effects) and residual, as fixed, the effects of farm and contemporary group. Analyses were performed with univariate and bivariate animal model. Heritability estimates were 0.41; 0.16; 0.09; for W420, AFC and FCI, respectively. When was utilized the Spearman correlation to compare the variation in the ordering of the expected progeny differences, there was noted the change in classification of the sires from region to region. These results show evidence of genotype by environment interaction for the traits studied, with possibility of breeders selected as top genetic merit for a region not be for others.

The ingestive behavior (IB) has been an important tool to guide better decisions on the nutritional management supporting higher animal production. However few works are available relating this parameter to feed efficiency measurements, like the residual intake and body weight gain (RIG), particularly for growing and finishing lambs. The aim of this work was to study the relationship between RIG and IB and diet selection by feedlot lambs. The trial was carried out with 19 non castrated male Dorper x Santa Inês lambs with four months age and 24.13 ± 3.21 kg of body weight, fed ad libitum for 90 days with a diet composed of 64% of roughage and 36% of concentrate feed. To calculate the RIG, residual feed intake (RFI) and residual gain (RG) measurements were made. The IB was evaluated by visual monitoring at each 10 minutes for 24 hours in four evaluation periods, where it was recorded the time of rumination, eating and rest, and calculated the efficiency of rumination and eating. The diet particle selection pattern was evaluated using the Pen State Particle Separator constituted of three sequential mesh layers with different diameter (> 19.0 mm (L1), 7.8 mm (L2), 1.7 mm (L3) and bottom (L4)). The trial was completely randomized with three classes of RIG (efficient: 1.7; intermediate: 0.2 and inefficient: -2.2), with animals distributed between classes assuming 0.5 units of standard deviation from the mean. The proportions of time spent on eating, rumination and resting, the eating efficiency, as well as the diet selection based on the leftovers after feeding did not change (P>0.05) with RIG (Table). The selection of lambs by RIG does not change the ingestive behavior and the pattern of diet selection, but with the better rumination efficiency (P

The supplementation allows the supply of limiting nutrients and increase in efficiency of pasture utilization. The intake of supplement can be controlled by use of urea and mineral salt, avoiding dominancy of some animals over the others. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing phase Nellore steers fed different levels of supplements based on corn meal, during the dry season. The experiment was implanted on pasture of Panicum maximum "Tanzânia", in four paddocks of 1.0 hectare. Four 30 months old and initial weight of 440 kg Nellore steers were used. The animals were distributed in 4x4 Latin square (four levels of supplementation and four periods). Levels of supplements use were: 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kg/animal/day, in addition to a control group receiving mineral mixture. The supplements, except the control, presented decreasing levels of crude protein (52.0 to 42.6% of dry matter) and proportions of mineral mixture:urea:corn meal of 10:10:80, 5:5:90 and 2.5:2.5:95, respectively. Urea was used as supplement intake controller. The experimental periods lasted 16 days each one, in a total of 64 days. The intake and the digestibility were measured with the use of the external indicator chromium oxide and internal indicator iADF. There was increasing linear effect for dry matter intake in kg/animal/day and percentage of BW, and intakes of crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber, non fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients, and there was no effect on the forage intake. There was increasing linear effect for the digestibility coefficient of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. There was no effect for the digestibility coefficient of crude protein, ethereal extract and non fibrous car-bohydrates.

A criacao de novilhas tem contribuicao relevante no custo total de producao de leite e as tecnicas de manejo nela adotadaspodem interferir na expressao dos parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos do animal. Objetivou-se neste trabalho estabelecerrelacoes entre taxa de ganho de peso de novilhas pre-puberes, idade ao primeiro parto e producao de leite na primeiralactacao. Na primeira fase do estudo foram avaliados o crescimento de 84 femeas bovinas da raca Holandesa PO dos 6 aos12 meses, pertencentes a duas propriedades. Na segunda fase, avaliou-se a idade ao parto e a producao de leite na 1alactacao. Os animais foram pesados a cada 30 dias dos 6 aos 12 meses e registrou-se tambem a idade ao primeiro parto.Apos o parto era feito o registro diario da producao de leite. De acordo com o ganho de peso dos 6 aos 12 meses os animaisforam entao alocados em tres grupos (tratamentos): T1 (n=28) GMD menor que 0,70 kg/dia; T2 (n=28) GMD entre 0,701 e0,80 kg/dia e T3 (n=28) GMD superiores a 0,801 kg/dia. Dos seis meses ao parto o manejo adotado nas propriedades erasemelhante. Entretanto, na fase de lactacao os animais da fazenda 1 recebiam menor teor de concentrado na dieta total. Osdados foram submetidos a analise de variância, utilizando-se o programa estatistico SAS (2007) sendo as medias testadaspelo procedimento GLM do SAS. Nao foi verificado efeito do ganho medio diario das novilhas sobre a producao de leitecorrigido para 305 dias; entretanto, verificou-se efeito sobre idade ao primeiro parto. Devido ao manejo diferente adotado naspropriedades, na fase de lactacao, e tambem a genetica verificou-se efeito de fazenda sobre a producao de leite. O elevadodesempenho animal durante a fase de recria pode ser responsavel pela reducao na idade ao primeiro parto sem, portanto,afetar a producao futura de leite.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as principais caracteristicas zootecnicas produtivas e suas correlacoes fenotipicas entreestas como peso ao nascer (PN), peso aos 120 (P120), aos 180 (P180), aos 205 (P205), aos 240 (P240), aos 300 (P300),aos 365 (P365), aos 420 (P420), aos 480 (P480), aos 540 (P540) dias de idade; ganhos de peso do nascimento ate os 120(GPN120), aos 205 (GPN205) dias de idade e o peso dos 120 aos 205 (GP120_205), dos 205 aos 365 (GP205_365) e dos365 aos 540 (GP365_540) dias de idade e estimar a influencia da idade da vaca em 12.440 bezerros da raca Nelorenascidos no estado de Minas Gerais, usando tecnicas de analises multivariadas. O menor (0,101) valor encontrado para ascorrelacoes foi entre P205_365 e P365_540 e o maior (0,996) foi entre P205 e PN205. Os cinco primeiros componentesprincipais justificaram 97,08%, sendo que o primeiro justificou 63,51%, o segundo 12,1% e o terceiro 8,3% e os outros dois,13,17%, respectivamente. O maior peso observado aos 240 dias, 194,1 kg, ocorreu em bezerros nascidos de vacas com 108meses de idade; o menor peso observado foi de 169,5kg para bezerros nascidos de vacas com 240 meses de idade.

Measurement and evaluation of the factors that may influence milk composition has been shown to determine the actual gains in milk quality and quantity. The study was conducted to evaluate the influence of daily milk yield on the physicochemical composition of milk and analyze the correlations between milk yield and somatic cell count (SCC) on the fat, protein, lactose, total solids and nitrogen urea contents in Holstein cows’ milk. A total of 3,544 data collected from 467 cows were evaluated. In the analysis, the animals were divided into groups – I (5-15 kg milk day-1), II (15-30 kg milk day-1) and III (above 30 kg milk day -1) – based on their daily production. Animals of Group I had higher SCC (P < 0.05) and fat and protein percentage when compared with Group III. However, the lactose content was lower (P < 0.05) than Group II and III. No correlation (P > 0.05) between SCC and fat, protein and total solids contents was observed. A lower milk yield is significantly associated with a higher SCC, which, besides hindering the quality of milk, compromises the cow's udder health.

In order to study the stability and adaptability of Tabapuã cattle for the characteristic weight at 120 days of maternal effect, we used methods based on linear regression. The analysis included differences in the expected progeny of five sire sin herds located in four farms in the states of Bahia, (herds 1and 2), Paraná (herd 3) and Minas Gerais (herd 4). The results show that the performance of bulls depend largely on the genetic variability of the matrices for different characteristics in herds studied, allowing the recommendation of a specific breeding herd. Analyses of adaptability and stability discriminated performance differences in herds. Bulls were identified as adapted and perfectly stable, bulls with general adaptation, and with specific adaptation to favorable and unfavorable environments. Com o objetivo de estudar a estabilidade e a adaptabilidade de bovinos da raça Tabapuã para a característica peso aos 120 dias efeito materno, empregou-se metodologias de regressão linear. As análises incluíram as diferenças esperadas nas progênies de cinco reprodutores em quatro rebanhos, localizados nos estados da Bahia (rebanhos 1 e 2), Paraná (rebanho 3) e Minas Gerais (rebanho 4). Os resultados mostraram que o desempenho dos touros depende, em grande parte, da variabilidade genética das matrizes para a característica estudada nos diferentes rebanhos, o que permite a recomendação de reprodutores específicos para cada rebanho. As análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade discriminaram diferenças de desempenho nos rebanhos e identificaram touros perfeitamente adaptados e estáveis, touros com adaptação geral, com adaptação específica a ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis.