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Abstract The soil fauna of the tropics remains one of the least known components of the biosphere. Long-term monitoring of this fauna is hampered by the lack of taxonomic expertise and funding. These obstacles may potentially be lifted with DNA metabarcoding. To validate this approach, we studied the ants, springtails and termites of 100 paired soil samples from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The fauna was extracted with Berlese-Tullgren funnels and then either sorted with traditional taxonomy and known, individual DNA barcodes (“traditional samples”) or processed with metabarcoding (“metabarcoding samples”). We detected 49 ant, 37 springtail and 34 termite species with 3.46 million reads of the COI gene, at a mean sequence length of 233 bp. Traditional identification yielded 80, 111 and 15 species of ants, springtails and termites, respectively; 98%, 37% and 100% of these species had a Barcode Index Number (BIN) allowing for direct comparison with metabarcoding. Ants were best surveyed through traditional methods, termites were better detected by metabarcoding, and springtails were equally well detected by both techniques. Species richness was underestimated, and faunal composition was different in metabarcoding samples, mostly because 37% of ant species were not detected. The prevalence of species in metabarcoding samples increased with their abundance in traditional samples, and seasonal shifts in species prevalence and faunal composition were similar between traditional and metabarcoding samples. Probable false positive and negative species records were reasonably low (13–18% of common species). We conclude that metabarcoding of samples extracted with Berlese-Tullgren funnels appear suitable for the long-term monitoring of termites and springtails in tropical rainforests. For ants, metabarcoding schemes should be complemented by additional samples of alates from Malaise or light traps.

Robust data to refute or support claims of global insect decline are currently lacking, particularly for the soil fauna in the tropics. DNA metabarcoding represents a powerful approach for rigorous spatial and temporal monitoring of the taxonomically challenging soil fauna. Here, we provide a detailed field protocol, which was successfully applied in Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama, to collect soil samples and arthropods in a tropical rainforest, to be later processed with metabarcoding. We also estimate the proportion of soil/litter ant, springtail and termite species from the local fauna that can be detected by metabarcoding samples obtained either from Berlese-Tullgren (soil samples), Malaise or light traps. Each collecting method detected a rather distinct fauna. Soil and Malaise trap samples detected 213 species (73%) of all target species. Malaise trap samples detected many ant species, whereas soil samples were more efficient at detecting springtail and termite species. With respect to long-term monitoring of soil-dwelling and common species (more amenable to statistical trends), the best combination of two methods were soil and light trap samples, detecting 94% of the total of common species. A protocol including 100 soil, 40 Malaise and 80 light trap samples annually processed by metabarcoding would allow the long-term monitoring of at least 11%, 18% and 16% of species of soil/litter ants, springtails and termites, respectively, present on BCI, and a high proportion of the total abundance (up to 80% of all individuals) represented by these taxa.

Few data are available about the regional or local extinction of tropical butterfly species. When confirmed, local extinction was often due to the loss of host-plant species. We used published lists and recent monitoring programs to evaluate changes in butterfly composition on Barro Colorado Island (BCI, Panama) between an old (1923-1943) and a recent (1993-2013) period. Although 601 butterfly species have been recorded from BCI during the 1923-2013 period, we estimate that 390 species are currently breeding on the island, including 34 cryptic species, currently only known by their DNA Barcode Index Number. Twenty-three butterfly species that were considered abundant during the old period could not be collected during the recent period, despite a much higher sampling effort in recent times. We consider these species locally extinct from BCI and they conservatively represent 6% of the estimated local pool of resident species. Extinct species represent distant phylogenetic branches and several families. The butterfly traits most likely to influence the probability of extinction were host growth form, wing size and host specificity, independently of the phylogenetic relationships among butterfly species. On BCI, most likely candidates for extinction were small hesperiids feeding on herbs (35% of extinct species). However, contrary to our working hypothesis, extinction of these species on BCI cannot be attributed to loss of host plants. In most cases these host plants remain extant, but they probably subsist at lower or more fragmented densities. Coupled with low dispersal power, this reduced availability of host plants has probably caused the local extinction of some butterfly species. Many more bird than butterfly species have been lost from BCI recently, confirming that small preserves may be far more effective at conserving invertebrates than vertebrates and, therefore, should not necessarily be neglected from a conservation viewpoint.

El estado de Chihuahua se ha caracterizado en los últimos años por ser un excelente productor de carne de ganado bovino, Para obtener el articulo completo pueden contactar al Editor de la Revista Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios en el siguiente correo electrónico era@ujat.mx y se les enviará sin algún costo.

Abstract Although studies of insect decline have recently dominated headlines worldwide, their interpretation requires caution since for most species, we lack long‐term population baselines. In the tropics, where most insect species thrive, our knowledge is even more limited and so reliable insect assessments must originate from well‐established long‐term monitoring efforts. Combining the extensive monitoring data from the Arthropod Program of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, we compare whether known arthropod diversity can be detected through metabarcoding of bulk insect samples obtained through automatic light‐trapping. Our study detected 4402 species based on Barcode Index Numbers (BIN) and detected fine‐scale differences between wet and dry seasons and sampling localities. We further refined our analysis to indicate which families and genera explained seasonal turnover. Using samples collected in parallel, but sorted manually as part of the ongoing arthropod monitoring program, we compared these methods. Out of 538 BINs recovered through manual sorting, there was a 70% overlap with the metabarcoding data; however, it represented 30% of the total BINs detected through metabarcoding. Expecting higher detection through metabarcoding, we also compare the results with the 14 years of sampling in BCI to better understand how well the monitoring program has captured the diversity of focal groups. Our results revealed a ~50% overlap between both methods and similar total catch. Barcode Index Numbers manually detected but not recovered by metabarcoding highlight some of the limitations of molecular detection methods such as primer bias. Contrastingly, BINs detected with metabarcoding, but not recovered by the traditional monitoring scheme, highlight the importance of local and regional barcode reference libraries.

The magnitude of worldwide insect decline is hotly debated, with multiple examples of stable or increasing insect populations. In addition, time series data for tropical insects are scarce, notably in rainforests where insect diversity is poorly known but reaches a peak. Despite social insects (ants, termites, bees and allies) being key organisms in these habitats, long-term monitoring data for these groups are crucially lacking. For many of these insects, the difficulty of locating nests in rainforests could be one reason. In this context, species occurrence in samples is often used as a surrogate for abundance to evaluate species distribution in space/time, but the loss of information is difficult to assess. In a tropical rainforest in Panama, we employed various sampling methods to examine the time series of seven insect assemblages with differing degrees of sociality: termite workers and soldiers, termite alates, bess beetles, litter ant workers, army ant alates, orchid bees, and nocturnal sweat bees. We used five community variables and six models related to occurrence and abundance, to test for significant trends in assemblages over a 13-year period (2009–2021). While assemblages of bess beetles increased, those of termite workers and soldiers, army ant alates, and orchid bees remained relatively stable. Termite alate, litter ant worker, and nocturnal bee assemblages showed signs of decline, demonstrating the need for monitoring distinct assemblages. Significant trends in generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) were observed in three out of five assemblages that could be tested. Our study indicates that trends in assemblages may be more informatively reported with abundance than with occurrence. We recommend (1) monitoring multiple insect assemblages as ecological indicators responsible for diverse ecosystem services; and (2) reporting species richness, changes in faunal composition, occurrence, and, when possible, using time-explicit analyses (such as GAMM models) for evaluating population trends over time.

Resumen: Introducción: la hipertensión arterial es un problema de salud pública que aumenta la mortalidad en todos los escenarios clínicos, pero es, además, el principal factor de riesgo modificable. Es una enfermedad altamente prevalente; cerca de un cuarto de la población del mundo la padece. Pocos pacientes la conocen y pocos están tratados de manera óptima. Objetivo: evaluar las características de pacientes a quienes se les realizó una monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial en un Hospital Universitario, con miras a describir el perfil clínico y demográfico. Métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, llevado a cabo en pacientes sometidos a monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial de 24 horas durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2015. Resultados: se confirmó hipertensión (de reciente diagnóstico o conocida) en el 75% de los estudios realizados. Se descartó hipertensión arterial en el 31% de los pacientes previamente clasificados como hipertensos. El 61% de los pacientes que se encontraban bajo tratamiento estaban bien controlados, la mayoría de ellos con un solo medicamento, principalmente antagonistas del receptor de angiotensina II. El patrón circadiano más prevalente en esta cohorte de pacientes fue el dipper (48%) seguido por el patrón de non-dipper (29%). Conclusiones: el monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial permite evaluar con exactitud el estado de la presión arterial de los pacientes con sospecha de hipertensión arterial. Esto aclara si los pacientes son realmente normotensos o hipertensos y discrimina las condiciones de la bata blanca y la hipertensión enmascarada, con lo cual se evitan tratamientos innecesarios y se favorece un mejor control de la presión arterial. Abstract: Introduction: Arterial hypertension is a public health problem that increases mortality in all clinical situations. It is also the main modifiable risk factor. It is a highly prevalent condition that is suffered by around 25% of the world population. Few patients are aware of it, and few receive the optimum treatment. Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of the patients on whom ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was carried out in a University Hospital, with a view to describing the clinical and demographic profile. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted on patients subjected to 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, during the months of October and December 2015. Results: Hypertension (recently diagnosed or known) was confirmed in 75% of the studies performed. Arterial hypertension was ruled out in 31% of the patients previously classified as hypertensive. Of the patients that were receiving treatment, 61% were well-controlled, with the majority of them with a single drug, mainly an angiotensin II receptor agonist. The dipper was most prevalent circadian pattern, with 48%, followed by the non-dipper pattern in 29%. Conclusions: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring helps in the evaluation of the blood pressure status accurately in patients with a suspicion of arterial hypertension. This clarifies whether the patients are really normotensive or hypertensive and discriminates between the “white coat” and masked hypertension conditions. This avoids unnecessary treatments and favours a better control of the blood pressure.

Abstract Plants and pollinators are linked but their dynamics are scarcely known. Chemical monitoring of male “orchid bees” at two sites revealed 75% of species were stable or increasing. Forest bees of 33 species, with live sighting at Pipeline Road (PR), and trapping on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), included 132,000 individuals. No species or community changes occurred in strong El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate events, which lasted 145 total months during more than 70 bee generations. Parasite and host bees fluctuated in unison. A few very common species, adapted to relatively disturbed habitat, diminished over time at PR, while sightings and traps revealed stable abundance ranks in Euglossa 40 years on BCI. Bee abundance and biomass were stable but 50% of species had few records. Orchid bees appear more stable in older forest, they were evidently insulated from ENSO disturbance, and probably benefit from the increasing abundance of flowering lianas and vines.

El objetivo fue evaluar el benzoato de estradiol (BE) o GnRH en tiempo al estro (TE; h), porcentajes de estros (PE) y gestación (PG), área del cuerpo lúteo (aCL; cm2) y niveles séricos de progesterona (NSP4; ng/mL) en vaquillas sincronizadas con progesterona y PGF2; en dos tratamientos: T1 (n=23), CIDR por siete días y 2 mg de BE (día 0), al retirarlo 25 mg de PGF2 y 24 h después 1 mg de BE; T2 (n=23) CIDR por siete días y 100 μg de GnRH (día 0), al retirarlo 25 mg de PGF2 y a la IA 100 μg de GnRH. La IA fue de 12-18 h de iniciado el estro y las que no mostraron estro se IATF 56 h de retirado el CIDR. Los NSP4 y aCL se evaluaron diez días después de la IA. El TE, NSP4 y aCL se analizaron con GLM y el PG con GENMOD considerando el efecto de tratamiento, NSP4 y aCL. El PE fue analizado con CATMOD. Para determinar la correlación entre aCL y NSP4 se utilizó CORR. No se encontró efecto de tratamiento (P>0.05) para TE, PG y aCL; El PE fue mayor (P0.05). El uso de BE incrementó el porcentaje de vaquillas en estro sin mejorar la fertilidad, los niveles séricos de progesterona fueron mayores con GnRH y en gestantes. Abstract The objective was to evaluate the use of estradiol benzoate (EB) or GnRH on time to estrus (TE), estrus percentage (EP), pregnancy rate (PR), luteal area (aCL; cm2) and the serum progesterone levels (NSP4) in heifers synchronized with progesterone and PGF2 in two treatments: T1 (n =23), 7-d CIDR (d =0) and 2 mg of EB at withdrawing 25 mg of PGF2 and 24 h later 1 mg of EB; T2 (n =23), 7-d CIDR and 100 ug of GnRH (d =0), at withdrawing 25mg of PGF2 and at AI 100 ug of GnRH. The AI was performed 12–18 h after estrus detection and for those heifers that were not detected in estrus FTAI at 56 h, was performed after CIDR removal. The NSP4 and aCL were evaluated ten days after AI. TE, NSP4 and aCL were analyzed by PROC GLM. The PR with GENMOD, considering the effect of thetreatment, NSP4 and aCL. The EP was analyzed with CATMOD. A correlation analysis was performed between aCL and NSP4 with CORR. Treatment effect was not found for TE, PR and aCL (P>0.05). The EP was 100% T1 vs 60.8 ± 10.1% T2 (P0.05) between treatments. The NSP4, were 4.9 ± 0.3 T2 vs 3.7 ± 0.4 ng/mL T1 and 4.9 ± 0.4 in pregnant heifers vs 3.8 ± 0.3 ng/mL in open heifers (P0.05). The use of EB increases the percentage of heifers in estrus without improving fertility, the serum progesterone levels were higher with GnRH and in pregnant. Keywords: corpus luteum, beef cattle, artificial insemination, progesterone.

Se evaluó el efecto de propionato de calcio (CaP) y selenio de sodio (Se) sobre la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), espesor de grasa dorsal (EGD), condición corporal (CC) y la tasa de preñez (PR) en vacas Criollas de Rodeo (CR). Se utilizaron 45 vacas sin cría, divididas en cuatro tratamientos nutricionales: TN1 (n=11), concentrado, TN2 (n= 11), 10.95 mg Se/50 kg de peso vivo (Se/ PV); TN3 (n=11), concentrado + 100 g CaP y TN4 (n=12), Se/PV + concentrado + 100 g CaP. Vacas con cuerpo lúteo (n=34) se asignaron a dos tratamientos hormonales (TR); el d=0, un dispositivo intravaginal liberador de progesterona (CIDR) y 100 mcg de hormona liberadora de gonadotropina (GnRH), el d=8, retiro del CIDR e inicio de tratamientos TR1 (n=18), 25 mg de prostaglandina F2 (PGF2) y 400 UI de gonadotropina coriónica equina (eCG), a 56 h de retirado el dispositivo 100 mcg de GnRH e inseminadas a tiempo fijo (IATF). En TR2 (n=16), igual a TR1 sin eCG. La CC fue similar (P>0.05) entre los TN, el CaP tuvo un efecto negativo (P0.05). El Se no tuvo efecto en CC, ni el Se o CaP mejoraron (P > 0.05) la PR. La eCG no mejoró la fertilidad (31.58% y 46.67%, P>0.05, respectivamente) con GnRH al momento de la IATF. La administración de Se y CaP no mejoraron la CC, EGD y la fertilidad. Abstract The effect of calcium propionate (CaP) and sodium selenium (Se) on average daily gain (ADG), backfat thickness (BF), body condition (BCS) and on pregnancy rate (PR) was evaluated in Creole Rodeo cows (CR). Forty-five dry CR cows were randomly assigned to TN1 (n = 11), concentrate only; TN2 (n = 11), 10.95 mg Se/50 kg BW; TN3 (n = 11), concentrate + 100 g CaP and TN4 (n = 12), 10.95 mg Se/50 kg of BW + concentrate + 100 g CaP. Cows with a corpus luteum (n = 34) were assigned to two hormonal treatments (TR) and received an eight day controlled releasing intravaginal devise (CIDR) and 100 mcg of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). On d=8 the CIDR was removed and in TR1 (n=18) received 25 mg PGF2, 400 IU eCG and 56 h later 100 mcg GnRH, and were fixed-time AI (FTAI). In TR2 (n=16), the same procedure as in TR1 without eCG. BCS was similar (P > 0.05) between TN, CaP had a negative effect (P 0.05). The use of Se had no effect on BCS and supplementing Se or CaP had no effect (P > 0.05) on PR; similarly, eCG did not improved fertility (31.58 % and 46.67 %, P > 0.05, respectively) in GnRH treated CC at FTAI. The administration of Se and/or CaP supplementation did not improved the BSC, BF or PR in CC. Keywords: Creole Rodeo cows, calcium propionate, selenium, ovulation synchronization.

Se realizaron dos experimentos para la producción de proteína microbiana (PM) a partir de bagazo de manzana (BM) por fermentación en estado sólido (FES). En el primer experimento se utilizó un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial de 2x3 y se mezcló BM con dos porcentajes de urea (1.5 y 2.0%) y tres niveles de maíz molido (MM) (0, 10 y 20%). En el segundo experimento se empleó un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial de 4 x 3 usando BM mezclado con 0, 10 y 20% de MM bajo cuatro tiempos de preparación (1, 2, 3 y 4 d). Los resultados encontrados en el primer estudio mostraron interacción en la producción de proteína cruda (PC) (P

Comportamiento reproductivo de vacas criollas con amamantamiento restringido y sincronización del estro. Los objetivos fueron conocer el comportamie nto reproductivo posparto de vacas criollas de rodeo con amamantamie nto restringido, la respuesta a la sincronización del estro con protocolos hormonales, los niveles séricos de progesterona y estradiol, la actividad ovárica y la tasa de concepción, con el empleo de inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo. En el Municipi o de Soto Maynes, Chihuahua, México durante el verano de 2008, se observó el comportamie nto de 27 vacas amamantando durante 95 días y se determinó el inicio de su actividad ovárica posparto por detección de estros, ultrasonografía y niveles séricos de progesterona. En el primer tratamie nto, once vacas recibie ron un dispositivo intravaginal con 1,9 g de progesterona, inyección intramuscular con 1 mg de íβ-estradiol + 50 mg de P4. Se retiró el dispositivo intravaginal el día sie te más inyección intramuscular de 30 mg de prostaglandina. A las 24 h se aplicó 1 mg de β- estradiol y la IA TF se realizó a las 54 h posteriores al retiro del dispositivo intravaginal. El segundo tratamie nto con once vacas fue similar, pero la inyección intramuscular al recibir el dispositivo intravaginal sólo contenía íβ-estradiol. Se observó un comportamie nto agresivo durante el amamantamie nto restringido. El reinicio de actividad ovárica, fue a los 11,66 días de haber expuesto a vacas criollas a amamantamie nto restringido, 11,11% mostraron estro durante este periodo, todas presentaron estro después de los protocolos hormonales. Hubo interacción T*DS (P=0,06) para niveles séricos de progesterona y estradiol. La tasa de concepción fue de 18,8%. Adicionar progesterona con un dispositivo intravaginal no incrementaron los niveles séricos de progesterona.