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This work investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on different pathways related to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease.To induce alcoholic liver disease, male Swiss mice were divided into three groups: control, ethanol and ethanol supplemented with creatine. To induce non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, mice were divided into three groups: control, high-fat diet and high-fat diet supplemented with creatine. Each group consisted of eight animals. In both cases, creatine monohydrate was added to the diets (1 %; weight/vol).Creatine supplementation prevented high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, demonstrated by attenuated liver fat accumulation and liver damage. On the other hand, when combined with ethanol, creatine supplementation up-regulated key genes related to ethanol metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation and lipid synthesis, and exacerbated ethanol-induced liver steatosis and damage, demonstrated by increased liver fat accumulation and histopathological score, as well as elevated oxidative damage markers and inflammatory mediators.Our results clearly demonstrated creatine supplementation exerts different outcomes in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, namely it protects against high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease but exacerbates ethanol-induced alcoholic liver disease. The exacerbating effects of the creatine and ethanol combination appear to be related to oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated up-regulation of ethanol metabolism.

The role of antioxidant supplementation on muscle recovery after disuse is unknown. The aim was to investigate the effect of Vitamin C and E supplementation on muscle recovery after hindlimb suspension. Twenty-two Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups: exercise with supplementation (VIT, [Formula: see text]); exercise with placebo (PLA, [Formula: see text]); hindlimb suspension (SUSP, [Formula: see text]), and control (CON, [Formula: see text]). All groups, except for CON, were submitted to a hindlimb suspension protocol for 10 days. Then, VIT and PLA underwent 10 days of a rehabilitation protocol consisting of exercise on a treadmill. VIT received vitamin C (250 mg/kg/day) and E (360 mg/kg) during rehabilitation. Samples of soleus and tibialis anterior were prepared for cross-sectional area (CSA) and biochemical analysis. Both VIT (1265.6[Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]2, 95% CI: 1234.6–1290.3) and PLA (1280.9[Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]2, 95% CI: 1296.4–1354.9) presented higher CSA of the soleus in relation to CON (816.66[Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]2, 95% CI: 866.3–904.0, [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 0.05) with no difference between them. Both VIT (1276.9[Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]2, 95% CI: 1378.7–1484.6) and PLA (1573.3[Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]2, 95% CI: 1553.9–1651.5) presented higher tibialis anterior CSA in relation to CON (1041.56[Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]2, 95% CI: 1119.1–1185.2, [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 0.05). In this muscle, CSA of PLA was higher than VIT ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 0.05). Vitamin’s supplementation attenuated tibialis anterior hypertrophy following the rehabilitation protocol.

Physical exercise has been identified as a major non-pharmacological agent, assuming a protective role in the treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, especially in hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The levels of physical activity as well as its intensity are of great impact for the full benefits to come of this practice. We know that the level of physical activity is a relevant factor for maintaining good health, however, little attention has been paid to what is established in relation to high-intensity daily exercise adjusted to cardiac damage or adaptation. The objective was to reflect on the prescription of physical activity in the treatment of hypertensive and diabetic patients and how eccentric exercise is related to the cardiomyocyte tissue in the damage process. We observed that the highest level of physical activity was associated with better quality of life, and that active patients have an 80% chance of survival when compared to sedentary ones. Thus, despite the potential benefits from the metabolic point of view, public health efforts should also focus on maintaining and protocols of physical activity levels since our study showed that intense eccentric physical activity had harmful effects at the cardiac level.